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White  Pine  (Finns  Strobiis.  sec  pa^^c  jj).  in  a  mixed  forest  of 
spruce,  birch,  and  poplar,  along  the  ]\Ianitou  River.  Lake  County.  I'^rom 
a  ])hotoo;raph  bv  Mr.  C.  j.  Hibliard. 


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.,.             ■■'                       '                '■''    .                '#«-*' 

Minnesota  Trees  and  Shrubs 


An  Illustrated  Manual  of  the  Native  and 
Cultivated  Woody  Plants  of  the  State 


FREDERIC  E.  CLEMENTS 

HEAD  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  BOTANY  AND  STATE  BOTANIST 

C.  OTTO  ROSENDAHL 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY 

FREDERIC  K.  BUTTERS 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR   OF   BOTANY 


Report  of  the  Botanical  Survey 
IX 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINNESOTA 

1912 


PUBLISHED  BY  AUTHORITY 

OF  THE 

REGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 

FOR  THE 

PEOPLE  OF  MINNESOTA 

AUGUST  15.  1912 

EDITION  3000 


THE  INDEX  PRESS 


Preface 


The  present  book  is  the  third  of  a  series  intended  to  render  more 
familiar  and  usable  the  plants  of  the  important  or  interesting  groups 
found  in  the  State.  It  is  less  technical  than  "Minnesota  Algae", 
though  more  technical  than  "Minnesota  Mushrooms",  but  it  is  hoped 
that  the  abundant  illustrations  will  made  the  book  as  useful  to  the 
layman  as  to  teachers  and  students  of  botany,  to  foresters  and  others. 
All  of  the  native  woody  species  known  with  certainty  to  occur  within 
the  State  have  been  included,  while  a  few  hitherto  reported  have  been 
'Omitted  owing  to  the  lack  of  specimens  or  other  authentic  evidence 
'of  their  occurrence.  In  the  desire  to  make  the  book  as  helpful  as 
possible,  a  few  herbaceous  species  which  resemble  shrubs  closely  have 
also  been  included.  It  has  naturally  been  impossible  to  take  into 
:account  all  of  the  rare  exotic  trees  and  shrubs  grown  in  the  State. 
Some  effort  has  been  made  to  discover  which  of  these  occur  in  at 
least  three  places,  and  all  such  cultivated  species  have  been  described. 

The  descriptions  have  been  drawn  largely,  and  in  some  groups 
wholly,  from  Minnesota  material  contained  in  the  Herbarium  of  the 
University.  In  addition,  fresh  material  has  also  been  used  in  certain 
groups,  particularly  for  the  drawings.  The  latter  have  likewise  been 
made  chiefly  from  Minnesota  specimens,  though  a  few  have  neces- 
sarily been  borrowed  from  Sargent's  "Silva",  Britton  and  Brown's 
"Illustrated  Flora"  and  Bailey's  "Cyclopaedia  of  Horticulture".  The 
drawings  have  been  made  to  scale  and,  except  where  indicated,  they 
are  natural  size.  A  number  of  drawings  were  made  by  Professors 
Rosendahl  and  Butters,  and  a  few  by  Miss  Misz  and  Miss  Jensen  of 
the  departmental  staff.  The  majority  of  the  drawings  were  made  by 
advanced  students  in  botany  under  the  supervision  of  the  respective 
authors.  The  half  tones  have  been  made  from  photographs  taken  by 
various  members  of  the  Botanical  Survey  from  time  to  time.  The 
Minnesota  ranges  of  the  species  have  been  taken  from  the  compre- 
hensive unpublished  catalogue  of  the  flora  of  the  State,  prepared 
several  years  ago  by  the  botanical  staff  from  many  sources,  Upham's 
■"Catalogue",     MacMillan's     "Metaspermae",     etc.       The    continental 


iv  MINNESOTA   TREES  AND    SHRUBS 

ranges  have  been,  drawn  chiefly  from  Sargent's  "Silva"  and  "Alanual" 
for  the  trees,  and  from  Britton  and  Brown's  "Illustrated  Flora"  and 
Gray's  "JMamial"  for  the  shrubs.  The  information  in  regard  to  the 
properties  and  uses  of  the  wood  of  the  various  species  has  been  ob- 
tained almost  wholly  from  Sargent's  "Silva".  The  illustrations  of  leaf 
forms  have  been  drawn  from  Gray's  "Lessons  in  Botany,"  and  the 
authors  are  under  obligation  to  the  publishers,  the  American  Book 
Company,  and  to  the  holders  of  the  copyright  of  the  bopk  for  kind 
permission  to  use  them. 

Questions  of  nomenclature,  of  synonyms  and  of  English  names 
have  been  largely  determined  by  each  writer  for  his  own  portion, 
though  it  is  hoped  that  the  results  are  fairly  consistent.  In  a  some- 
what popular  manual,  it  has  seemed  chiefly  important  that  the  reader 
should  be  able  to  refer  readily  and  certainly  to  the  standard  manuals 
and  to  Sargent's  "Silva".  The  sequence  of  families  followed  in  the 
text  is  that  of  the  "Besseyan  System",  the  Monocotyledons  being 
placed  after  the  other  phyla,  partly  because  of.  their  supposedly  hter 
origin,  as  well  as  to  avoid  separating  the  Ranales  from  the  other 
Dicotyledons.  Of  the  descriptive  text,  Professor  Rosendahl  has  writ- 
ten about  half,  comprising  Ranales,  Rosales,  Celastrales,  Sapindales, 
Umbellales,  Rubiales  and  Asterales,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
genera.  Professor  Butters  litis  written  somewhat  more  than  a  fourth, 
comprising  the  Gymnosperms,  the  Heaths,  and  the  genera,  Rosa, 
Quercus,  Lonicera  and  Diervilla.  In  addition,  he  has  written  the  part 
of  the  introduction  dealing  with  the  distribution  of  the  woody  vegeta- 
tion, and  has   prepared  the  map  showing  the  forest  regions. 

The  text  deals  with  loo  genera,  represented  by  274  species  and 
about  25  varieties.  All  the  genera  are  illustrated,  with  the  e.xception 
of  one  not  certainly  known  to  occur  in  jMinnesota.  Of  the  274  species, 
15  are  not  represented  by  figures.  The  total  number  of  illustrations 
is  118,  of  which  103  are  line  drawings,  and  15  half-tones. 

The  botanical  publications  of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History 
Survey  constitute,  with  the  present  book,  nine  volumes,  under  the 
general  heading,  "Botanical  Series''.  Four  of  these  volumes  belong 
to  the  subseries,  "^Minnesota  Botanical  Studies",  the  fourth  volume 
of  which  is  current.  Botanical  publication  in  the  Survev  was  sus- 
pended from  1904  to  1908,  and  on  resuming  publication,  it  seemed 
wise  to  make  the  first  number  of  the  "Botanical  Studies"  part  one  of 
volume  four.  A'olume  three  thus  contains  but  three  parts,  the  title 
page  and  index  to  which  are  found  in  part  two  of  volume  four.  In 
addition,   a   popular   series,   entitled    "Minnesota    Plant    Studies"    was 


PREFACE 


begun  in  1908.  A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Botanical 
Survey  follows : 

I.     REPORTS  OF  THE  SURVEY. 

Minnesota    jMetaspermae    1892 :    Conway    IMac^Iillan. 
INIinnesota  Botanical  Studies,  volume  i,  parts  1-12,  1894-98. 
Minnesota   Plant   Life    1899:   Conway   MacAIillan. 
Minnesota  Botanical  Studies,  volume  2,  parts  1-6,  1898- 1902. 
Minnesota   Plant  Diseases   1905 :  Edward  M.  Freeman. 
Minnesota  Botanical  Studies,  volume  3,  parts  1-3,  1903-04. 
Minnesota  Botanical  Studies,  volume  4,  parts  i,  2,  1909- 
jMinnesota  Algae  1910:  Josephine  Tilden. 
Minnesota  Trees  and  Shrubs  1912: 

II.     MINNESOTA  PLANT  STUDIES. 

1.  Guide  to  the  Spring  Flowers;  F.  E.  Clements,  C.  O.  Rosen- 

dahl,  F.  K.  Butters.    First  edition,  ^larch   1908;   second 
edition,  April,  1910. 

2.  Guide  to  the  Trees  and    Shrubs :    F.   E.    Clements,    C.   O. 

Rosendahl,  F.  K.  Butters.     First  edition,  October,   1908 ; 
second  edition,  September,  1910. 

3.  Guide  to  the    Ferns   and   Fern   Allies,   July,    1909 :     C.    O. 

Rosendahl.  F.   K.   Butters. 

4.  Minnesota   Mushrooms,   September,   1910:  F.  E.  Clements. 
The  Guide  to  Autumn  Flowers  has  been  printed  in  key  form  and 

used  with  classes  for  the  past  two  years,  but  it  has  not  been  published 
for  distribution.  The  above  publications  of  the  Survey  are  sent  upon 
request  to  residents  of  Minnesota,  and  to  the  schools  and  colleges  of  the 
State.  Thev  are  also  sent  free  to  working  botanists  and  botanical  de- 
partments and  institutions  upon  the  exchange  list  of  the  Survey.  To 
all  others,  the  publications  are  for  sale  at  the  following  prices : 
Minnesota  Plant  Diseases  (edition  nearly  exhausted),  $2;  Minne- 
sota Algae,  $1  ;  Minnesota  Trees  and  Shrubs,  $1 ;  Guides  to  Spring 
Flowers,  Trees  and  Shrubs,  and  Ferns,  loc.  each;  Minnesota  Mush- 
rooms, paper  50c.,  cloth  $1.  Minnesota  ^letaspermae  and  the  first 
three  volumes  of  Minnesota  Botanical  Studies  are  sent  for  the  cost  of 
transportation  to  those  who  can  use  these  technical  works.  The  edition 
of  Minnesota  Plant  Life  is  entirely  out  of  print,  but  copies  can  still 
be  obtained  from  the  New  York  dealers  in  second  hand  books. 

Frederic  E.  Clements, 
Minnehaha-on-Ruxton,  Head  of  the  Department  of 

Manitou,    Colorado,  Botany  and  State  Botanist. 

July  31,   191 2. 


Contents 


Introduction — 

How   to   Use  the   Keys        -         -         -         -         -         -         -      ix 

The  Names  of  Plants       -------         xiv 

Pronunciation         -  ____---     xv 

A'erification  and  Determination  of  Specimens    -         -         -  xv 

Explanation  of  the  Chart      -------     xv 

Chart  of  Evolution  and  Relationship         -         -         -         _        xvii 
\'egetation   Regions      -------  xviii 

\'egetation  Map        --------  xx 

Key  to  the  Genera  -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -ii 

Flower  Key  to  the  Families       ------  i6 

GyMNOSPERMS  ---------      ip 

Pine  Order       ---------  ig 

Ginkgo  Order        ---------     ^^ 

Angiosperms  ---------  44 

Buttercup   Order  --------44 

Pink  Order       ---------  51 

]\Iallow   Order       ---------     yo 

Geranium  Order        --------  go 

Heath  Order         ---------     84 

Phlox  Order     ---------        106 

Gentian  Order       ---------  107 

Snapdragon  Order    -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -116 

Rose  Order  -         -         -         -         -        -         -         -         -118 

Bittersweet  Order     --------        194 

]\Iaple   Order         -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -215 

Carrot  Order    ---------        270 

]\Iadder  Order       ---------  275 

Aster  Order      ---------        297 

Lily  Order    ----------  298 

Glossary         ----------        ^03 

Index  -----------  ^509 


Introduction 


HOW  TO  USE  THE  KEYS. 

Since  all  the  genera,  e.  g.,  elm,  oak,  willow,  pine,  etc.,  and  nearly 
all  the  species,  e.  g.,  red  elm,  cork  elm,  red  oak,  white  oak,  bur  oak, 
etc.,  are  illustrated,  it  will  often  be  possible  to  find  the  name  of  a 
tiee  or  shrub  by  turning  directly  to  the  illustration.  This  is  especially 
true  when  the  plant  is  known  to  belong  or  thought  to  belong  to  a 
]:articular  family  or  genus.  For  the  be'gmner,  however,  this  method 
would  usually  prove  long  and  tedious,  as  well  as  uncertain  in  its  re- 
sults. Much  the  better  method  is  to  make  use  of  the  two  keys  found 
{jn  pages  ii  and  i6.  The  first  key  is  based  chiefly  upon  the  leaves 
and  twigs,  and  is  for  use  from  the  time  the  leaves  unfold  until'  they 
drop  in  the  fall.  The  second  key  is  based  primarily  upon  the  structure 
of  the  flower,  and  hence  can  be  used  only  with  flowering  specimens. 
It  is  especially  helpful  in  the  spring  for  the  large  number  of  deciduous 
trees  in  which  the  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves,  as  well  as  for 
many  woody  plants  in  which  the  leaf  characters  are  similar.  While 
it  is  possible  to  determine  the  names  of  trees  and  shrubs  in  their  winter 
condition,  it  is  so  difficult  for  anyone  who  does  not  already  possess 
considerable  knowledge  of  them,  that  such  a  key  has  been  omitted. 
The  best  plan  for  the  beginner  to  follow  is  to  become  acquainted 
with  individual  trees  and  shrubs  during  the  summer,  and  then  learn 
the  habits  and  appearance  of  these  same  individuals  during  the  winter. 

Both  keys  are  made  after  the  same  plan,  namely,  of- making  a 
choice  for  the  most  part  between  two  alternatives.  For  example,  if 
one  wishes  to  find  the  name  of  the  common  upland  oak  by  means  of 
a  leaf  twig,  he  would  turn  to  the  "Key  to  the  Genera"  on  page  ii. 
Here  the  first  choice  must  be  made  between  "I.  Leaves  needle-like  or 
scale-like",  and  "II.  Leaves  not  needle-like  or  scale-like."  The  former 
are  the  leaves  of  pines,  spruces  and  tamaracks,  the  latter  of  the  broad- 
leaved  woody  plants,  such  as  elms,  oaks,  willows,  lilacs,  etc.  LInder 
"II",  the  oak  clearly  belongs  in  "i.  Trees",  and  not  in  "2.  Shrubs  or 
vines"   (page   13).     Again,  under  "i",  choice  must  be  made  between 


X  INTRODUCTION 

"a.  Leaves  simple"  (figs.  I  and  II)  and  "b.  Leaves  compound"  (fig. 
VI).  After  the  former,  the  lobed  leaf  of  the  oak  brings  one  to 
"(2).    Leaves  lobed"    (page   15),  and  under  this  the  choice   goes  to 

I.     Outlines  of  Simple  Leaves. 


12                               3  6                           7                             8 
4                                      5 
1.  Rounded.      2.  Cordate    (heart-shaped).  3,  4.  Reniform    (kidney-shaped).      5.  Peltate    (shield- 
shaped).      6.  Sagittate    (arrow-shaped).  7.  Auriculate    (eared).      8.  Hastate     (halberd-shaped). 

"(b)  Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled".  Lender  the  latter,  the  oak  agrees 
with  "y.  Leaves  neither  fan-shaped  nor  fascicled",  and  then  with 
"(y)  Leaves  more  than  two-ranked".  After  the  latter,  the  choice  falls 
upon  "n.  Leaves  less  lobed;  bark  not  white",  and  then  upon  "(n) 
Leaf-margin  entire".  This  brings  one  to  the  oak  genus,  O  u  e  r  c  u  s, 
which  is  described  on  page  257.     Here  the  first  step  is  to  read  care- 

II.     Outlines  and  Bases  of  Simple  Leaves. 


123  4  5  6  789  10 

1.  Linear.         2.  Lanceolate     (lance-.=haped).         3.  Oblong.         4.  Elliptic.         5.  Oval.         6.  Ovate 
(egg-shaped).        7.  Oblanceolate.        8.  Spatulate    (spatula-like).        9.  Obovate    (reversed    ovate). 

10.  Cuneate    (wedge-shaped). 

fully  the  description  of  the  genus  to  make  sure  that  one  has  reached 
the  right  place.  The  second  step  is  to  turn  to  the  key  to  the  species 
on  page  258,  and  to  find  the  species  by  making  choice  between  "i"  and 
"2",  "a"  and  "b",  etc.  The  bur  oak  with  the  deep  rounded  blunt  lobes 
of  the  leaf  falls  under  "2",  and  then  under  "a".  Here  the  leaves,  but 
especially   the  acorn  cup,  guide  one  to   "(2)    Quercus    macro- 


HOW  TO  USE  KEYS  xi 

carp  a".  This  determination  is  then  checked  by  turning  to  pages 
264  and  265,  where  the  description  and  iUustration  of  the  species  are 
found. 

If  the  pine  is  taken  for  determination,  the  choice  first  falls  upon 
"i.    Leaves  needle-like  or  scale-like".     The  pine  with  its  needles   in 

III.     Leaf  Edges. 


12  3  4  5  6 

1.  Serrate  (saw-toothed).  2.  Dentate  (tooth- 
ed). 3.  Crenate  (scalloped).  4.  Undulate 
(wavy).  5.  Sinuate  (bayed).  6.  Incised 
(jagged). 

groups  of  2-5  then  goes  in  "i.  Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled",  and 
beneath  this,  not  in  "a",  but  in  "b.  Leaves  or  some  of  them  fascicled". 
Under  this,  the  few  evergreen  leaves  in  a  fascicle  lead  one  to  "(2) 
Leaves  persistent,  2-5  in  each  fascicle"  .  .  .  Pinus :  pine".  On 
page  30  is  found  the  description  of  the  pine  genus,  and  below  this  the 
key  to  the  various  pines.  The  five  needles  of  the  white  pine  at  once 
determine  this  to  be  Pinus  S  t  r  o  b  u  s,  while  the  pines  with  two 
needles  in  a  fascicle  may  be  sought  in  the  general  key  on  page  32,  or 
in  the  key  based  upon  leaf-sections,  page  31. 

IV.     Leaf  Tips. 


12  3  4  5  6 

1.  Acuminate.  2.  Acute.  3.  Obtuse, 

tuse.  6.  Emarginate.         7.  Obcordate. 

cronate. 


4.  Truncate.  5.  Re- 

8.   Cuspidate.        9.  Mu- 


Tn  the  case  of  flowering  twigs,  the  method  of  finding  the  name  is 
essentially  similar.  The  lilac,  for  example,  in  the  "Flower  Key  to 
the  Families",  falls  under  'T.    Petals  present",  the  alternative  choice, 


INTRODUCTION 


"II.  Petals  absent",  being  impossible.  The  next  choice  is  "i.  Flowers 
single  or  in  clusters",  not  "2.  Flowers  in  heads",  as  in  the  dandelion 
or  the  clover.  The  united  petals  lead  one  past  ''a.  Petals  separate" 
to  "b.  Petals  united",  and  then  one  goes  successively  to  *'(i)  Ovary 
superior",  "(a)  Flowers  regular",  and  "x.  Stamens  2".  The  family 
is  consequently  the  olive  family,   O  1  e  a  c  e  a  e,  to  be   found  on   page 

V.     LoBED   Simple   Leaves. 


Pinnately:      1.  Lobed.      3.  Cleft.      5.  Parted.      7.  Divided 
Palmately:     2.   Lobed.       4.   Cleft.       6.   Parted.       8.   Divided. 

107.  Here  the  family  description  should  first  be  checked  over,  and 
then  the  genus  of  the  lilac  is  sought  in  the  "Key  to  the  Genera".  The 
choice  between  "i"  and  "2"  falls  readily  upon  the  latter  and  beneath 
"2",  first  upon  "a",  and  then  upon  "(i)  Flowers  purple  . 
Syringa".  After  checking  over  the  description  of  the  latter  upon 
page  III,  the  common  lilac  is  found  to  be  Syringa  vulgaris  by 
means  of  the  "Key  to  the  Species".  It  is  described  on  page  112  and 
figured  on  page  114. 

In  the  case  of  the  cottonwood,  the  small  flowers  of  the  hanging 
catkins,  which  are  of  two  kinds,  reddish  brown  on  one  tree  and  green- 
ish on  the  cotton-bearing  tree,  are  seen  to  lack  both  petals  and  sepals. 
Hence,  under  "11.  Petals  absent",  the  choice  is  "2.  Sepals  absent, 
or  occasionally  very  minute".  The  next  choice  is  "b.  Leaves  not 
scale-like  or  needle-like,  deciduous",  and  after  this,  "(i)  Leaves 
simple".  Under  this,  the  ovate  leaves  lead  to  "(b)"  and  the  cottonv 
seeds  to  "(x)     .     .     .    Salicaceae",  or  willow^  family,  page  53.     Here 


HOW  TO  USE  THE  KEYS  xiii 

the  genus  is  found  to  be   P  o  p  u  1  u  s.  and  the  species,  by  means  of 
the  key  on  page  54.  to  be  d  e  1 1  o  i  d  e  s. 

The  many  differences  of   leaves   and  flowers  make  it  impossible 
to  describe  plants  or  construct  keys  without  the  aid  of  scientific  terms 


1.  Odd-pinnate.        2.  Tendril-pinnate.        3.  Even-pinnate. 


4.  Palmate    or    digitate 

VI.     Compound   Leaves. 


5.  Twice-pinnate 


xiv  INTRODUCTION 

to  give  definiteness  and  accuracy.  The  beginner's  greatest  difficulty 
is  to  decide  just  how  much  of  a  quality,  such  as  lobing,  hairiness,  etc., 
corresponds  to  a  particular  term.  It  is  evident  that  practice  alone  can 
give  readiness  and  certainty  in  finding  the  names  of  plants,  but  the 
constant  use  of  the  cuts,  figures  I-VI,  and  of  the  glossary,  page  302, 
will  greatly  reduce  the  practice  necessary.  The  first  plants  determined 
will  inevitably  take  much  time  and  patience,  but  the  student  who  makes 
sure  of  his  facts  before  deciding  upon  each  step  of  the  key  will  be 
rewarded  by  rapidly  increasing  facility  in  using  the  keys.  The  tend- 
ency to  guess  at  points  of  structure  or  at  the  meaning  of  terms  must 
be  avoided  at  all  times,  if  satisfactory  results  are  to  be  secured.  As  a 
further  precaution,  both  of  the  alternative  choices  at  each  step  in  the 
key  must  be  considered,  since  one  often  throws  light  upon  the  other. 
Finally,  much  time,  patience  and  eye-sight  will  be  saved  by  the  use 
of  a  good  hand  lens,  magnifying  10-15  diameters  and  costing  from 
one  to  three  dollars.  Such  lenses  can  be  obtained  from  the  H.  W.  Wil- 
son Company,  or  the  Minnesota  Co-operative  Store  in  Minneapolis, 
from  the  Spencer  Lens  Company,  Bufifalo,  or  the  Bausch  &  Lomb 
Company,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

THE  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 

The  name  of  a  plant  consists  as  a  rule  of  two  parts  or  words,  for 
example,  Piniis  Strohus,  Ulmiis  americana,  Acer  saccharum,  etc.  The 
first  word  indicates  the  genus,  and  is  always  capitalized.  The  second 
word  indicates  the  species,  or  kind,  and  is  rarely  capitalized.  The 
meaning  of  the  terms  genus  (plural,  genera)  and  species  (plural, 
species)  may  be  clearly  illustrated  by  the  pines  and  maples.  The  white 
pine,  jack  pine  and  Norway  pine  are  different  kinds,  or  species,  of 
the  genus  of  pines,  Pin  us,  each  one  designated  by  a  species  name, 
Strobus,  divaricata  and  resinosa,  respectively.  The  hard  maple,  soft 
maple,  red  maple  and  the  boxelder  are  different  species  of  the  maple 
genus,  Acer;  they  are  designated  by  the  respective  species  names, 
saccharum,  saccharinuni,  rubrum  and  negundo.  Genera  which  are  relat- 
ed to  each  other  are  placed  in  the  same  family,  for  example,  the  pines, 
spruces,  firs  and  larches  in  the  pine  family,  Pinaceae,  the  roses,  apples, 
plums,  cherries,  hawthorns,  etc.  in  the  rose  family,  Rosaceae.  The  end- 
mg,  -aceae,  which  is  always  used  to  denote  a  family,  is  the  feminine 
plural  of  the  Latin  suffix,  -aceus,  meaning  like  or  related  to.  The  family 
name,  Rosaceae,  is  really  an  adjective  agreeing  with  plantae,  plants, 
and  mcanmg  "plants  related  to  the  rose."  Related  families  are  them- 
selves grouped  into  orders,  which  also  bear  a  distinctive  ending,  e.  g., 


PRONUNCIATION  xv 

Pinalcs,  Rosalcs.  This  ending  is  likewise  in  the  feminine  phiral,  and 
the  meaning  of  the  name  is  "plant  families  related  to  the  pine  family," 
et'c.  Orders  are  further  arranged  into  larger  groups,  such  as  Mono- 
cotyledons, flowering  plants  with  a  single  seed  leaf,  scattered  bundles 
in  the  stem,  parallel-veined  leaves,  and  a  flower  plan  of  3,  and  Di- 
cotyledons, with  two  seed  leaves,  ringed  bundles,  netted-veined  leaves 
and  a  flower  plan  of  5  or  4.  These  two  groups  form  the  Angiospernis, 
with  closed  pistils  and  usually  with  sepals  and  petals,  which  are  con- 
trasted with  the  Gyninospernis,  with  open  pistils  and  no  sepals  or  petals. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

The  simplest  and  most  usable  pronunciation  of  the  names  of 
plants  is  probably  that  in  which  the  consonants  are  pronounced  as  in 
English,  and  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  as  in  Latin.  This  makes 
possible  a  uniform  and  phonetic  pronunciation  of  botanical  names, 
such  as  is  greatly  to  be  desired.  The  sounds  of  the  vowels  may  be  in- 
dicated as  follows :  o  as  ah ;  ^  as  ay ;  i  as  ee;  0  as  oh ;  u  as  00 ;  Greek 
3;  much  like  the  German  ii.  The  diphthongs  are  as  follows :  ae  as 
aye;  au  as  ow  in  how;  oe  as  oy ;  ei  as  ay;  en  as  eoo;  ni  as  ooee. 

VERIFICATION  AND  DETERMINATION  OF  SPECIMENS. 

The  beginner  will  necessarily  find  occasional  plants  which  he  is 
luiable  to  name.  Even  the  student  of  more  experience  will  now  and 
then  find  very  puzzling  forms.  In  such  cases,  it  is  necessary  to  refer 
the  question  to  a  good  herbarium  if  one  is  accessible,  or  to  the  botanist. 
The  department  of  botany  will  be  glad  to  have  fresh  or  dried  plants 
sent  to  it  for  verification  or  determination  at  any  time.  This  applies 
to  mushrooms  and  other  lower  forms  as  well  as  to  flowering  plants. 
Fresh  specimens  can  be  sent  readily  through  the  mails  by  wrapping 
them  in  moist  paper  and  placing  them  in  a  pasteboard  box.  The  de- 
partment will  also  be  glad  to  verify  the  dried  specimens  in  the  herbaria 
of  high  schools  or  of  individual  students. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  CHART. 

The  chart  on  page  xvii  is  designed  to  show  the  general  lines  of 
descent  of  flowering  plants  from  the  ancestral  ferns,  and  to  indicate 
the  relationships  of  the  various  orders.  It  is  based  primarily  upon  the 
development  of  the  flower  as  a  special  organ  for  pollination  and  seed- 
production.  In  consequence,  the  trees  and  shrubs  appear  in  it  at 
various  places,  since  the  woody  habit  may  develop  in  almost  any  order, 
quite  irrespective  of  its  flower  structure.     Some  families  consist  wholly 


^,■1  INTRODUCTION 

of  woody  plants,  as  in  the  beech,  birch,  ehii,  pahn  and  willow  families. 
Others,  such  as  the  rose  and  pea  families,  contain  a  large  number  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  while  many,  such  as  grasses,  orchids,  mustards, 
pinks,  primroses,  etc.,  contain  only  an  occasional  woody  genus  or  are 
entirely  herbaceous. 

Families  with  the  simplest  flowers,  that  is,  those  with  the  flowers 
least  changed  from  the  fruiting  organs  of  the  ferns,  are  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  the  chart.  Such  families  are  found  in  the  gymnosperms 
and  in  the  buttercup  order.  The  flowers  of  the  former  are  wind- 
pollinated,  and  lack  both  calyx  and  corolla.  The  flowers  of  most 
buttercups,  on  the  other  hand,  are  pollinated  by  insects,  and  possess 
both  calyx  and  corolla,  or  a  showy  calyx.  These  are  regarded  as  the 
primitive  or  earliest  type  of  flower  of  the  angiosperms.  From  the 
specialization  of  these,  in  response  to  insect  and  wind  pollination,  have 
been  derived  the  orders  and  families  of  the  three  lines  of  evolution 
shown  in  the  chart.  In  detail,  the  primitive  flower  shows  a  large 
number  of  separate  stamens  and  separate  pistils,  the  petals  are  alike 
and  separate,  and  there  is  no  union  between  any  of  the  four  parts, 
sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  pistils.  In  the  increasing  adaptation  of  a 
flower  to  its  work  of  pollination  and  seed  production,  this  primitive 
form  has  given  rise  to  the  higher  or  more  specialized  forms  char- 
acteristic of  the  various  orders  of  the  chart.  The  chief  steps  by  which 
this  has  been  brought  about  are  only  four,  namely,  reduction  in  num- 
ber of  parts,  union,  change  in  shape,  and  change  in  position  of  the 
corolla,  or  elevation,  but  these  changes  have  not  appeared  in  the  same 
sequence  in  all  three  lines.  Reduction  in  number  to  a  flower  plan  of 
3,  4  or  5  has  been  almost  universal  in  the  groups  just  above  the  butter- 
cups, though  flowers  occasionally  occur  witli  number  plans  of  6,  7, 
8  and  even  9.  In  flower  structure,  the  arrowheads  are  essentially 
buttercups  with  parts  in  threes,  while  the  lilies  are  arrowheads  with 
the  stamens  and  pistils  reduced  in  number,  and  the  latter  united  to 
form  a  compound  pistil.  In  the  irises,  the  colored  perianth  of  sepals 
and  petals  is  upon  or  above  the  ovary,  and  in  the  orchids,  the  corolla 
is  strikingly  irregular,  one  petal  usually  taking  the  form  of  a  lip  or 
sack. 

In  the  roses,  the  buttercup  type  is  modified  by  the  gradual  grow- 
ing together  of  the  calyx  and  receptacle,  and  finally  of  the  ovary  also, 
with  the  result  that  the  corolla  and  stamens  are  above  the  calyx  and 
ovary.  In  the  lower  roses,  the  number  of  stamens  and  usually  of 
pistils  also,  is  large,  and  the  pistils  are  separate.  In  the  higher  fam- 
ilies, the  pistils  are  united  into  a  compound  pistil.     In  the  madders  and 


Carvopl 

vIl 

les 

/'■Pin 

■^^,^^^ 

/Tanur 

'        Popla 
«ilk 

st 

Gutliferalfs 
•Teas' 
\ 

Salibu 

he 

\ 

Malvales 
•■MalloMs' 

Lindens 

ElriK 

Mulberries 

Cymnoiptmu 


CHART  OP  EVOLUTION  AND  RELATIONSHIP 


xviii  INTRODUCTION 

honeysuckles,  the  petals  have  become  united,  and  finally,  in  most  of 
the  asters,  some  or  all  of  the  flowers  of  the  characteristic  heads  be- 
come irregular  as  to  their  petals.  In  the  mustards,  pinks  and  gerani- 
ums, the  flower  parts  are  regularly  reduced  to  the  number  plan  of 
4  or  5,  and  the  pistils  are  united.  In  the  primroses,  the  petals  become 
united,  and  in  the  snapdragons  and  mints,  the  corolla  as  a  rule  is  highly 
irregular. 

Many  trees  and  shrubs  have  the  flowers  typical  of  the  family 
to  which  they  belong.  The  locust  and  redbud  are  readily  seen  to  be- 
long to  the  pea  family,  the  apple,  cherry  and  plum  to  the  rose  family, 
the  bamboo  to  the  grass  family  and  the  matrimony  vine  to  the  potato 
family.  On  the  other  hand,  the  flowers  of  the  lilac  and  the  ash  seem 
wholly  unlike,  though  they  are  placed  in  the  same  family.  The  maple 
and  the  boxelder  appear  to  be  very  different,  though  they  are  usually 
put  in  the  same  genus,  while  the  flowers  of  willows  and  cottonwoods 
seem  to  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  pinks  and  tamarisks  from 
which  they  have  descended.  In  a  sense  however,  these  striking  differ- 
ences are  superficial,  and  are  due  to  the  excessive  reduction  or  com- 
plete loss  of  calyx  and  corolla  in  consequence  of  lack  of  use  in  wind 
pollination.  The  absence  of  a  corolla  renders  many  of  our  tree 
flowers  inconspicuous,  especially  those  that  bloom  before  the  leaves 
appear,  and  has  led  to  the  popular  impression  that  many  trees  do  not 
have  flowers.  Trees,  like  all  flowering  plants,  produce  flowers  every 
year  as  a  rule,  and  it  is  possible  to  determine  their  real  relationships 
even  when  the  flowers  are  reduced  to  stamens  or  pistils  alone.  The 
simple  appearance  of  the  flowers  of  many  trees  and  shrubs  has  fre- 
quently led  to  their  being  regarded  as  the  lowest  of  flowering  plants. 
A  comparison  of  the  flowers  of  maples,  elms,  oaks,  ashes,  etc.,  with 
those  of  the  pine,  spruce  and  fir  will  readily  prove  that  this  is  not  the 
case,  and  that  the  majority  of  our  tree  flowers  belong  fairly  high  in  the 
scale  of  evolution. 

VEGETATION  REGIONS. 

From  the  standpoint  of  vegetation,  Minnesota  may  be  divided 
into  three  great  regions,  occupied  originally  by  the  evergreen  forest, 
the  deciduous  forest,  and  the  prairies,  respectively.  Each  of  these 
regions  has  its  characteristic  plants,  while  comparatively  few  of  the 
tiees  and  shrubs  of  the  state  are  equally  at  home  in  all  three  of  them. 
The  general  outline  of  these  regions  is  indicated  in  the  map  on  page 

XX. 

The  evergreen  forest  originally  covered  the  northeastern  one-third 
of  the  state,  extending  south  to  a  line  about  half  wav  between  Duluth 


VEGETATION  REGIONS  xix 

and  Alinneapolis,  and  west  nearly  to  the  Red  River  valley.  These 
evergreen  forests  are  continuous  with  those  of  Ontario  on  the  north- 
east, and  with  those  of  northern  Wisconsin  and  upper  Michigan  on 
the  east.  The  characteristic  trees  of  this  region  .are  the  three  native 
pines,  white  spruce  and  balsam  fir  in  mature  upland  forests,  black 
spruce,  tamarack  and  white  cedar  in  the  swamps.  Throughout  this 
region  deciduous  trees  are  either  minor  or  temporary  factors  in  the 
vegetation.  Thus  although  the  hard  maple,  basswood,  red  oak  and 
white  elm  occur  throughout  the  regions  they  do  not  occupy  such  great 
areas  as  they  hold  farther  south,  and  the  abundant  growth  of  aspen, 
balsam,  poplars  and  birches  which  usually  follows  the  destruction  of 
the  conifers  by  cutting  or  burning,  is  itself  followed  by  evergreens, 
if  not  further  disturbed. 

The  shrubs  as  well  as  the  trees  of  the  evergreen  forests  are,  many 
of  them,  characteristic.  Here  are  found  the  white-flowered  thimble- 
berry,  the  mountain  maple,  dwarf  birches,  alders,  sweet-fern,  several 
kinds  of  bush  honeysuckle,  high-bush  cranberry,  and,  most  character- 
istic of  all,  numerous  heaths,  such  as  trailing  arbutus,  wintergreen, 
dwarf  Kalmia,  the  numerous  blueberries  and  huckleberries. 

The  deciduous  forest  occupied  a  strip  extending  across  the  state 
from  southeast  to  northwest  and  forming  an  almost  complete  barrier 
between  the  evergreen  forests  and  the  prairies.  Throughout  this 
region  the  number  of  species  of  trees  diminishes  steadily  from  south- 
east to  northwest.  The  most  characteristic  trees  on  heavy  rich  subsoil 
are  hard  maple,  basswood,  elm  and  red  oak.  The  finest  strip  of  hard- 
v.'ood  timber  in  the  state,  known  to  the  early  settlers  as  the  "Big 
Woods,"  consists  very  largely  of  these  trees.  Lying  about  fifteen 
miles  west  of  Minneapolis,  it  originally  extended  about  fifty  miles 
east  and  west  and  nearly  a  hundred  north  and  south.  In  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  the  state,  the  dominant  trees  are  black  oak,  black 
walnut,  and  shellbark  hickory  in  addition  to  those  species  which  occur 
farther  north.  Throughout  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  somewhat 
sour  clay  subsoils  are  apt  to  be  covered  with  a  nearly  pure  growth 
of  white  oak.  On  drier  and  less  fertile  subsoils  are  usually  open  for- 
ests of  bur  oak,  scarlet  oak  and  northern  pin  oak,  which  pass  into 
mere  thickets  where  the  soil  is  very  light  and  porous. 

Throughout  this  region  of  deciduous  forest,  there  are  almost 
none  of  the  conifers  which  are  so  abundant  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  state.  The  tamarack  alone  occurs  to  any  extent.  It  occupies 
many  bogs  and  swamps  as  far  south  as  the  Minnesota  river.  These 
tamarack  swamps  are,  as  it  were,  little  pieces  of  the  northern  forest 


MAI'  OF  AllXXKSOTA,  SHOWING  THE  NATURAL  DISTRI- 
BUTION OF  FOREST  AND  PRAIRIE.      ADAPTED  FROM 
UPHAM'S  FLORA  OF  MINNESOTA. 


VEGETATION  REGIONS  xxi 

existing  in  the  midst  of  the  entirely  different  flora  of  tlie  deciduous 
forest. 

The  most  abundant  shrubs  of  the  deciduous  forest  are  the  dog- 
woods, especially  Cornus  paniculata,  sumacs,  thorn  apples,  black  haw, 
Rosa  blanda  and  in  somewhat  sterile  soil,  the  common  hazel. 

The  prairies  occupy  the  southwestern  quarter  of  the  state,  ex- 
tending thence  eastward  almost  to  the  Mississippi,  and  northward 
through  the  Red  River  valley  into  Manitoba.  It  is  notable  that  the 
line  between  the  prairies  and  the  hardwood  forests  is  much  sharper 
north  of  the  Minnesota  river  than  south  of  that  stream,  a  fact  prob- 
ably due  to  the  grouping  of  the  numerous  lakes  in  the  former  region 
and  their  scarcity  in  the  latter.  Throughout  the  prairie  region  of  the 
state,  trees  occurred  naturally  only  along  river  valleys  and  in  groves 
about  lakes.  The  commonest  trees  are  the  cottonwood,  box-elder  and 
white  elm,  though  numerous  others  occur,  especially  in  the  south.  The 
bur  oak  is  the  only  oak  which  extends  far  into  the  prairie  parts  of  the 
state,  and  there  it  is  often  scarcely  more  than  a  bush. 

The  most  characteristic  shrubs  of  the  prairie  district  are  the 
Amorphas,  roses,  especially  Rosa  arkansana,  hazel,  and  in  the  extreme 
western  part  of  the  state,  the  buffalo  berry,  Shepherdia  argentea. 


Key  to  the  Genera 


I.     Leaves    needle-like   or   scale-like 
1.     Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled 

a.     Leaves  all  alternate  and  scattered 

(1)  Trees  with  fragrant  leaves 

(a)  Leaves   square,  inserted    on   prominent  bases  Plcca :   spruce  25 

(b)  Leaves   flat 

X.     Leaves     bright     green,     bract     scales     trifid, 

projecting  Pseudotsuga;   Douglas  spruce       23 

y.     Leaves    dark    and    glossy    above,   whitish   be- 
low,   bract    scales    rounded,    included 
(x)      Cones    large     (5-10    cm.)>    erect,    scales 

deciduous  Abies:  fir  20 

(y)      Cones        small        (1.2-3cm.),       pendent, 

scales    persistent  Tsuga :  hemlock  24 

(2)  Shrubs,   leaves  not  fragrant 

(a)  Leaves  minute  and  scale-like,  less  than  2  mm. 

long  Tamarix :    tamarisk  52 

(b)  Leaves  more  than  2  mm.  long,  not  scale-like 

X.     Leaves   turned  in   at  the  edge,  blunt  Empetrum :   crowberry  105 

y.     Leaves  flat,  sharp-pointed  7'axtis :  yew  41 

b.     Leaves  or   some   of   them    fascicled 

(1)  Leaves  deciduous,   many  in  each   fascicle  Larix:  larch  '  28 

(2)  Leaves   persistent,   2-5   in  each   fascicle  Pinus:  pine  30 
2.     Leaves   opposite    or   in    whorls   of   three 

a.  Leaves   in   whorls   of  three,   needle-like,  jointed   at 

base  Juniperus :  juniper  40 

b.  Leaves    opposite,    scale-like,    appressed    on    mature 

branches 

(1)  Twigs   flattened;  pairs  of  leaves  of  two  kinds 

alternating  Thuja:  arbor  vi/ae  35 

(2)  Twigs    not    flattened;    leaves    all    alike    on    the 

same    twigs  Sabina:   red  cedar  38 

IL     Leaves  not  needle-like  or  scale-like 
\.     Trees 

a.     Leaves    simple 

(1)      Leaves   not   lobed 

(a)      Leaves    ovate   or   round,   broad 
X.     Leaves   entire,   mostly   very   large 

(x)      Leaves  opposite,  mostly  cordate   at  base   Calalpa:  caialpa  116 

(y)      Leaves    alternate,    rounded    or   narrowed 

at   base  Magnolia :  magnolia  45 

y.     Leaves   serrate    to    dentate 

(x)      Twigs    very     tough ;     fruit    round,    per- 
sistent, stalk  winged  Tilia :   basszuood  70 
(y)     Twigs   ibrittle;     fruit     disappearing    in 

spring  Populus :  cottonwood  53 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 

(b)      Leaves   somewhat  oblong,   much    longer    than 
broad 
X.     Leaves  opposite  ]'ibunium  :  black  Jiazv  280 

y.     Leaves    both     opposite     and    alternate,    per- 
sistent  in    autumn  Khaminis:   buckthorn  197 
z.     Leaves  alternate 

(x)      Leaves     two-ranked,    or     apparently     so 
m.     Sap    milky;    small    trees  Moms:   mulberry  _      79 

n.      Sap  not  milky 

(m)      Leaves   with  one  distinct  mid  vein 
r.      Bark   smooth,  except  when  very  old, 

splotched  Carpinus :     hornbeam  243 

s.     Bark   rough 

(r)      Leaves    very    oblique    at    base; 

bark    coarsely    furrowed  Ulmiis:  elm  73 

(s)      Leaf     base    not    oblique;     bark 

finely    furrowed  Ostrya  :  ironwood  245 

(n)      Leaves    with    three    large    veins    at 

base  ;  bark   ridged  Cellis  :   hackberry  77 

(y)      Leaves   not    two-ranked 
m.     Bark  with  long  conspicuous   lenticels       Bclula :  birch  246 

n.       Bark   without   conspicuous   lenticels 
(m)      Leaves    doubly    serrate    or    toothed 
r.     Stems   and  twigs  more  or   less  thorny  Crataegus:    haivthorn  154 

s.     Stems   and   twigs   without  thorns  Malus:  apple  159 

(n)      Leaf   margin   with   a    single   row   of 
teeth 
r.     Buds      small,      scales      overlapping, 

many;    fruit   fleshy  Prunus:  plum,  cherry  163 

s.     Buds    larger,    covered    by    a    single 

scale  ;    fruit    dry  Salix :    willow  59 

(2)     Leaves  lobed 

(a)  Leaves    opposite  Acer:   maple  219 

(b)  Leaves  alternate  or   fascicled 

X.     Leaves   fan-shaped,  many    of   them    fascicled   Ginkgo  :  maiden-hair  tree  43 

y.     Leaves  neither  fan-shaped  nor  fascicled 

(x)      Leaves    two-ranked  Morus:    mulberry  79 

(y)      Leaves   more    than    two-ranked 
m.     Leaves    deeply    cut-lobed ;    bark    white 
(m)      Leaves   small,  bark   separating   into 

papery   layers  Bclula :  birch  246 

(n)       Leaves    silvery    beneath,    bark    not 

papery  Popuhis :  poplar  53 

n.     Leaves  less  lobed ;  bark  not  white 
(m)      Leaf   margin    toothed 

r.     Stems    and   twigs   thorny  Crataegus:    hawthorn  154 

s.     Stems   and  twigs  not   thorny  Malus:  apple  159 

(n)      Leaf    margin    entire  Quercus:   oak  257 

Leaves    compound 

(1)  Leaves    palmate 

(a)  Leaflets   3  Ptelea:   hoptree  82 

(b)  Leaflets  many  Aesculus:  horse  chestnut  216 

(2)  Leaves  pinnate 

(a)  Leaves   even-pinnate 

x.     Leaves   twice-compound 

(x)      Leaves    3-9   dm.   long;   leaflets   ovate  Gymnocladus:    coffee    tree  172 

(y)      Leaves    1-2^    dm.    long;    leaflets   oblong    Gleditsia:   honey   locust  173 

y.     Leaves   once-compound  Caragana:  pea-tree  179 

(b)  Leaves     odd-pinnate 
X.     Leaves  opposite 

(x)      Leaflets  entire   or    finely    serrate  Fraxinus:  ash  107 


KEY  TO   THE   GENERA  13 

(y)      Leaflets    lobed    or    doubly    serrate  Acer:  boxelJer  219 

y.     Leaves  alternate 
(x)      Leaflets  entire 

m.     Leaflets    elliptic,    small;    thorny  Kobinia :  locust  175 

n.       Leaflets    ovate,    large;    thornless  Ailaiitlms:  trce-of-heaven  83 

(y)      Leaflets   at    least   finely   serrate 
m.     Large    tree;    fruit  a  nut 
'  (m)      Pith   in    plates;    leaflets    11-23  Juglans:   7c>ahint,   butternut  232 

(n)       Pith   solid;    leaflets    5-11  Cary<2 :    hickory  238 

n.     Small   trees ;    fruit   fleshy,  bright   red 

(m)      Sap    milky  Rhus:   sutnac  111 

(n)       Sap    not    milky  Sorbus:  mountuiii  ash  147 

2.     Shrubs  or  vines 

a.  Leaves    evergreen    and   leathery 

(1)  Creeping  or  prostrate  shrubs 

(a)  Leaves   narrowly    linear,    thick,   edges    folded 

back  Einpctrum  :  crowberry  105 

(b)  Leaves    lanceolate    to    rounded,    rarely    linear 
X.     Leaves    less    than    12   mm.   long 

(x)      Leaves    much    longer    than    wide  Vacciiiitim:  cranberry  97 

(y)      Leaves   broadly   ovate  Chiogenes:  suozvberry  95 

y.     Leaves    regularly    more   than    12  mm.  long 

(x)      Leaves    serrate,    fragrant  Gaulthcria :    u-intergreen  93 

(y)      Leaves  entire,  not   fragrant 
m.     Leaves    narrowed    at    base 

(m)      Leaves   scarcely    12  mm.   long,  pale 

and    resinous    below  J^acciiiiu/n  :  niouiiiaiii  cranberry  102 

(n)        Leaves   12-25  mm.  long,  green  and 

veined  below  Arctosiaphylos:    bearberry  94 

n.      Leaf  base    not   narrowed;   leaf  broadly 

elliptic  Eplgaca :   trailing  arbutus  90 

(2)  Erect  shrubs 

(a)  Leaves   entire,   with   revolute  margins 

X.     Leaves   woolly   below  Ledum  :  Labrador   tea  87 

y.     Leaves   smooth   and  white  below 

(x)      Leaves   opposite   or   in    threes  Kalmia :    swamp    laurel  89 

(y)      Leaves    alternate  Andromeda:   moorivort  92 

(b)  Leaves    toothed 

X.     Plant  distinctly  woody,   leaves   finely  toothed   Chamacdaphne  :   leatherleaf  91 

y.     Plant  semiherbaceous,  leaves  coarsely  toothed   Chimaphila  :   pipsissewa  86 

b.  Leaves    deciduous 
(1)      Leaves  simple 

(a)      Leaves   not    lobed    on   mature    twigs 
X.      Leaves  opposite   or  in   whorls 
(x)      Leaves    entire 
m.     Leaves    silvery-scurfy  Shephcrdia:   buffalo    berry  211 

n.       Leaves  green 

(m)      Stipules     present,     leaves     often     in 

threes  Cephalanthus :    button-bush  276 

(n)       Stipules   absent,    leaves   in   pairs 
r.     Leaf-scars  running  together  to  form 
a    ring 
(r)      Stems  hollow 
h.     Low  shrub,  0.3-1   m.  high  Symphoricarpus:    ivolf-berry        284 

i.      Tall  shrubs  or  vines,  over   1  m. 

high  Lonicera :    honeysuckle  286 

(s)      Stems  solid 

h.     Flowers    and    fruit    axillary,    in 
pairs,  leaves   very  short   peti- 

oled  Lonicera:    honeysucJde  286 

i.      Flowers    and    fruit    in    terminal 


,4  MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 

clusters,   leaves    mostly    long- 

petioled  Cornus:   dogwood  270 

s.     Leaf-scars  distinct 

(r)      Leaf-scars   very  small   and    flat, 

petioles   short  Ligustrum:  privet  115 

(s)      Leaf-scars    round 
h.     Leaves     smooth,     flower-     and 

fruit-clusters    terminal  Syringa:  lilac  111 

i.     Leaves  hairy  or  pimply  beneath, 
flower-  and  fruit-clusters  lat- 
eral Chionanthtis:  fringe-tree  115 
(y)      Leaves    toothed 
m.     Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  three               Hydrangea :   hydrangea  183 
n.      Leaves    in    twos,    strictly    opposite 

(m)     Buds  hidden  by  the  petiole  Philadelphus :   syringa  181 

(n)       Buds    not    hidden 
r.     Leaves  coarsely   toothed  Viburnum :  viburnum  280 

s.     Leaves  finely  serrate 

(r)      Bark    ridged,   roots   white  Euonymus:    burning   bush  195 

(s)      Shrubs  .7-1.3  m.  high;  bark  not 
ridged 
h.     Leaf-scars  running  together   to 

form   a  ring  Diervilla :    bush-honeysuckle        294 

i.       Leaf-scars   round,  distinct  Forsythia  113 

(t)     Shrubs     2-5     m.    high,    petioles 

wide  and  glandular  Viburnum  :  black  haw  280 

y.     Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled 

(x)      Thorny   shrubs   with    fascicled    leaves  Berberis:    barberry  48 

(y)     Shrubs    or    vines    with    alternate    leaves 
m.     Leaves    entire 

(m)      Leaves  silvery  Elaeagnus:    silverberry  209 

(n)      Leaves   not  silvery 
r.     Thorny  vines 

(r)      Leaves    oblong,    pinnate    veined   Lycium  :    matrimony    vine  106 

(s)      Leaves    cordate,    more    or    less 

parallel   veined  Smilax:  smilax  300 

s.     Smooth  shrubs 

(r)     Tall    shrub;    leaves   crowded    at 

tips   of   twigs  Cornus:  dogivood  270 

(s)      Low  shrubs 
h.     Bark  very  tough  Dirca:   lealherwood  208 

i.      Bark  not  especially  tough 

(h)      Leaves  resinous  below  Gaylussacia :  huckleberry  95 

(i)      Leaves  not  resinous  Vaccinium  :    huckleberry  97 

n.    Leaves   toothed   or   serrate 

(m)  Twining  vine  Celastrns:    bittersweet  195 

(n)  Shrubs 

r.  Leaves  with  three  distinct   veins         Ceanothns:   redroot  199 

s.  Leaves  pinnately  veined 

(r)      Leaves  unequal  at  base  Hamamclis:  witch  hazel  193 

(s)      Leaf    bases    equal 
h.     Shrubs    with    spines    or    thorns 
(h)     Spiny   shrubs,   about    1    m., 
leaves  smooth  and  glossy 

t\\     Ti,!!'°''^  1,     u     .  „       ,  Cydonia:  Japanese  qtiince  146 

(i)      Thorny  shrubs,  taller,  leaves 

154 

(h)      Leaves  blunt  to  rounded  at 
tip 
p.     Leaves    fragrant  Myrica:  sweet  gale  268 


cu     ^"°^E^os^y  Crataegus:   hawthorn 

bhrubs  without  thorns 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  15 

q.     Leaves    not    fragrant 

(p)      Leaves  crowded  at   the 

tips    of    twigs  Mcnzicsia  89 

(q)      Leaves  not  crowded  at 
the  tips  of  twigs 

e.  Cultivated    shrubs  Spiraea:  spiraea  128 

f.  Native    shrubs 

(e)  Tall    shrub,   leaves 

over   5  cm.  long  Ahius:   alder  254 

(f)  Low   shrub,  leaves 

less    than    S    cm. 
v.     Swamp    shrub  Betula:   birch  246 

w.     Shrubs      of      dry 

ground  Amelanchier :  juneberry  150 

(i)      Leaves  acute   to  long-point- 
ed  at  tip 
p.     Leaves  long-pointed 

(p)      Leaves  broadly  ovate       Corylus:   hazel-nut  241 

(q)      Leaves      lanceolate      to 

linear  Salix :   willow  59 

q.     Leaves  acute  but  not  long- 
pointed 
(p)      Fruit   fleshy 

e.  Fruit  with  a  single  stone  -f''"'"'-f :   /"'«<'«,   cherry  163 

f.  Fruit  several-seeded 

(e)     Fruits    solitary    or 
1-3  in  a  cluster 
v.     Fruit   red  Ilex:  ivinierberry  213 

w.    Fruit   black,    some 
leaves  often  op- 


posite 


Rhanunus  :  buckthorn  197 


&• 


(f)      Fruits     several     6r 
many   in  a  loose 
cluster 
V.     Fruit    ripening    in 

mid-summer  Amelanchier:  jtmeberry  150 

w.    Fruit    ripening    in 

the    fall  Aronia:  chokeberry  153 

Fruit  many-seeded  Vacciniiim:  huckleberry  97 

(q)      Fruit   dry 

e.  Fruits  in  catkins  ;  seeds 

cottony  Salix :  ivillotu  59 

f.  Fruits      in       branched 

clusters  Spiraea:  spiraea  128 

(b)      Leaves  lobed 
X.     Leaves  opposite 

(x)      Petioles  usually  with  stipules  and  glands  Viburnum :   viburnum  280 

(y)      Petioles  without  stipules  or   glands 
m.     Leaves   sharply  and   deeply  lobed  Acer:  maple  219 

n.       Leaves    crenately  lobed  Symphoricarpus:    snowberry        284 

y.     Leaves  alternate 

(x)      Leaf  margin  entire 
m.     Vines     with     broad     palmately     veined 

leaves  Menispermum :  moonseed  50 

n.      Low  aromatic  shrub  with  linear  leaves  Comptonia :  sweet  fern  269 

o.     Low   densely   silky   shrubs ;   leaves   with 

3-9  linear  lobes  Artemisia :  wormwood  297 

(y)      Leaf  margin  toothed 
m.     High-climbing   vines 

(m)     Tendrils  coiling,   without   disks  Vitis:  grape  202 

(n)       Tendrils    attached   by    disks  Parthenocissus:  Boston   try         203 


,6  MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 

n.     "Shrubs 

(m)      Bark     many-layered,    splitting    into 

shreds  Physocarpus  :   niuebark  127 

(n)       Bark    firm 

r.     Tall   shrub   with    thorns  Crataegus:  lia'wihorn  154 

s.     Bushes,   sometimes   prickly 

(r)      Leaves    1-2^    dm.   broad  Rubits:    raspberry  121 

.(s)      Leaves    1-10  cm.   broad 

h.     Leaves  broad,  deeply   lobed  Ribes:   currant,   gooseberry  185 

i.      Leaves      longer      than      broad, 

slightly    lobed  Spiraea  :  spiraea  128 

(2)      Leaves  compound 

(a)  Leaves  pinnate 
X.     Leaves  opposite 

(x)      Vines  Clematis:   clematis  46 

(y)      Shrubs  Sambucus:   elderberry  278 

y.     Leaves  alternate 

(x)      Leaf  margin   entire 
m.     Leaves  odd-i)innate 

(m)      Tall     spiny     shrub     with     aromatic 

leaves  Xaiithoxylum  :    prickly   ash  SO 

(n)       Low  bristly  shrub;   leaves  not   aro- 

niatic  Robinia:  rose  acacia  175 

(o)       Neither  spiny  nor  aroriiatic 
r.     Leaflets  over  5  cm.  long  Rhus:  poison  sumac  227 

s     Leaflets   5   cm.  or   less 

(r)      Leaflets    5-7  Potentilla:  potentilla  119 

(s)      Leaflets   11-49  Amorpha:  amorpha  177 

n.     Leaves    even-pinnate  Caragana:  pea  tree  179 

(y)      Leaf  margin   toothed 
m.     Leaflets    3-5 

(m)      Low  small  shrub  or  tall  vine ;  leaf- 
lets   obscurely    toothed    or    some- 

times   lobed  Rhus:  poison  ivy  227 

(n)       Spiny      bushes;       leaflets      coarsely 

toothed  Rubus:    raspberry,    blackberry   121 

(o)       Smooth  shrubs;  leaves  finely  serrate  Staphvlea:  bladder  nut  '    ^15 

n.     I^eaflets   5-many 

(m)      Bushes  or  vines,  usually  prickly         Rosa:    rose  134 
(n)       Shrubs 

r.     Sap  milky  j.j,^^^.     ^,^,^,^^ 
s.     Sap    clear 

(r)      Tall    native    shrub  Sorbus:    mountain    ash                   147 

(s)      Low  cultivated  shrub  s^,.-/,,,.;,  •    ^./.  /         j      j.-               \\-, 

(b)  Leaves    palmate  ^So,t>a,,a.    ash-leaved    sp.raea         132 

X.     Vines  with  tendrils  p,,.,; 

r)„^.„„  J  <J'-thenocissus:    -woodbine  203 

A  nous:   blackberry  121 


Flower  Key  to  Families 

1.     Petals  present 

1.     Flowers  single  or  in  clusters 
a.     Petals  separate 

(1)  Petals  3,  sepals  3,  stamens  and  pistils  in  diiTer- 

ent   flowers  e     ., 

(2)  Petals  4  -'^mtlacaceae  298 

(a)      Petals   strap-shaped 

X.     Petals  yellow,   stamens   4,    fstaminodi-i    4^         //  /j 

-r,    (.suiminocua    4;         J' itutainelidaceae  193 


FLOWER  KEY  TO   FAMILIES  17 

y.     Petals  white,  stamens  2  Oleaccae  107 

(b)      Petals  not  strap-shaped 
X.     Stamens  4-5 

(x)      Thorns  present,   leaves  compound  Ruiaceae  80 

{y)      Thorns  absent,   leaves   simple 
m.     Leaves  evergreen,  very   small  Ericaceae  84 

n.       Leaves    not   evergreen,    opposite 

(m)      Ovary    superior  Celastraceae  194 

(n)       Ovary  inferior  Cornaccae  270 

y.     Stamens  8-many.  Saxifragaccae  181 

(3)      Petals   5  or  more 
(a)      Flowers   regular 
X.     Pistil    simple,    1-many 
(x)      Pistils    few-many 
m.     Twining    vines 

(m)      Flowers    small,    dioecious  Mcuispa  maccae  50 

(n)       Flowers    large    and    showy,    perfect   Raiiunculaccae  4b 

n.     Trees   or   shrubs 

(m)      Stamens   inserted   on    the  calyx,   re- 
ceptacle   flat    or    hollow  Rosaccae  118 
(n)       Stamens    free    from    the    calyx,    re- 

ceptable   cone-shaped  Magnoliaceae  44 

(y)      Pistil    1 
m.     Stamens  5-12 

(m)      Spiny  shrubs,  leaves  simple  or  once 

pinnate  Berbcridaccae  48 

(n)       Trees,    often    thorny,    leaves    mostly 

twice  pinnate  Leguminosae  171 

n.       Stamens   many  Pruniis  in  Rosaceae  163 

y.     Pistil  compound 
(x)      Vines 

m.     Vines    with    tendrils,    stamens    opposite 

the  petals  Vitaceae  201 

n.      Vines    without    tendrils,    stamens    alter- 
nate  with   the   petals 
(m)      Leaves   simple  Celastraceae  194 

(n)       Leaves    compound  Anacardiaceae  227 

(y)     Trees   or    shrubs 
m.      Leaves    simple 

(m)      Leaves  scale-like  Tamaricaccae  51 

(n)       Leaves  not  scale-like 
r.      Style    1 

(r)      Trees,   stigma    5-lobed  Tiliaceae  70 

(s)      Shrubs 
p.     Stamens    5,   opposite    the    petals   Rhamnaccae  197 

q.     Stamens    5,    alternate    with    the 
petals,  or  more  than  5 
(p)      Ovary   superior 
h.     Evergreen    shrubs  Ericaceae  84 

i.       Deciduous  shrubs 

(h)      Leaves    alternate  Ilicaccae  213 

(i)       Leaves    opposite  Celastraceae  194 

(q)      Ovary  inferior,  stigmas  2       Ribes  in  Saxifragaccae  185 

s.     Styles  2-5 
(r)      Styles    2 
p.      Leaves  opposite,  ovary  superior  Accraccac  '     219 

q.      Leaves  alternate,  ovary  inferior  Ribcs  in  Saxifragaccae  185 

(s)      Styles    3  5,    ovary    inferior 
p.      Leaves  alternate  Rosaccae  118 

q.     Leaves    opposite  Saxifragaccae  181 

.1.     Leaves  compound 
(m)      Leaflets  always  3 
r.     Flowers   white  Staph ylcaceae  215 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


s. 
(n) 


(b) 


Flowers  greenish 
Leaflets  usually  more  than  3 
Thorny    shrubs 
s.     Thornless  shrubs  or   trees 
(r)      Flowers   white 
(s)      Flowers    greenish 
Flowers  irregular 
Stamens   7,   separate 
y.     Stamens  10,  9  of  them  united 
b.     Petals  united 

(1)  Ovary   superior 

(a)  Flowers  regular 
X.     Stamens  2 

y.     Stamens  4-10 

(x)      Ovary   2-celled 
(y)      Ovary  4-10-celled 

(b)  Flower  irregular 

(2)  Ovary   inferior 

(a)  Stamens    5 

(b)  Stamens  8-10 
2.     Flowers    in   heads 

a.  Stamens   united,   style    2-cleft 

b.  Stamens  separate,  style  not  cleft 
II.     Petals  absent 

1.     Sepals  present,  rarely  very  minute 

a.  Climbing   vines 

(1)  Stamens  and  pistils  many,  sepals  large 

(2)  Stamens    S,    pistil     1,    sepals    minute     (petals 

present  but   falling  quickly) 

b.  Shrubs  or  trees 

(1)  Flowers  in  catkins,  at  least  the  staminate 

(a)  Pistillate   flowers  in  catkins,   sap   milky 

(b)  Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  sap  not  milky 

(2)  No  catkins  present 
(a)     Style   1 

X.     Stigma  1  or  slightly  2-cleft 

(x)     Trees    with   compound    leaves 
(y)      Low  shrubs  with  simple  leaves 
m.     Leaves  green,  glabrous 
n.      Leaves  silvery  or  scurfy 
Stigma  with  6-9  radiate   divisions 
Styles  or  long  sessile  stigmas  2 
Leaves  deeply  cut  or  compound 
Leaves  simple,  not  deeply  cut 
Pistils    2-5,    thorny    shrub 
Sepals  absent,  or  occasionally  very  minute 

a.  Leaves   scale-like   or  needle-like,   usually  evergreen 

(1)  Leaves  resinous,   fragrant  when  bruised;   fruit 
a  cone  or  several-seeded  blue  berry 

(2)  Leaves  not  resinous  nor  fragrant;  fruit  a  one- 
seeded  red  berry 

b.  Leaves  not  scale-like  or  needle-like,  deciduous 
(1)      Leaves  simple 

(a)      Leaves    fan-shaped  with   forking   veins 
Leaves  from   ovate  to  linear,  net  veined 
:.     Fruit  with  many  hairy  seeds,   flowers   dioe- 
cious 
'.     Fruit  one-seeded,  flowers  usually  monoecious 
(x)      Low  shrubs  with  very  fragrant  leaves 
(y)     Trees,  rarely  shrubs;  leaves  not  fragrant 
Leaves  compound 
X.     Leaves  alternate,  staminate  flowers  in  catkins 
y.     Leaves  opposite,  flowers  in  clusters 


Anacardiaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rosaccae 
Simaruhaceae 

Sapindaceae 
Legtiminosae 


Oleaceae 

Solanaceae 

Ericaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

CaprifoUaceae 
Ericaceae 

Compositae 
Rubiaceae 


Clematis   in   Ranuiiculaceae 
Vitaceae 


Moraceae 
Fagaceae 


y- 

(b) 

X. 

y- 

(c) 


(b) 


(2) 


Oleaceae 

Thymelaeacea 
Elaeagiiaceae 
Empetraceae 

Aceraceae 
Ulmaceae 
Rutaceae 


Pinaceae 
Taxaceae 

Ginkgoaceae 

Salicaceae 

Myricaceae 
Betulaceae 

Juglandaceae 
Oleaceae 


in 

80 

118 

83 

216 
171 


107 

106 

84 

116 

277 
84 

297 
275 


46 
201 


77 
256 


107 

207 
209 
105 

219 
73 
80 


19 
41 

43 

268 
240 

232 
107 


Gymnospermae 

Seed-bearing  plants  without  closed  pistils,  ovules  and  seeds  exposed, 
or  protected  by  the  separate  but  overlapping  scales  on  which  they  are 
borne;  pollen  grains  entering  the  micropyle  of  the  ovule  and  germinating 
within  the  developing  seed;  the  body  of  the  seed  formed  by  the  female 
gametophyte,  developed  previous  to  the  fertilization  of  the  egg  and  the 
development  of  the  embryo. 

Coniferales     Pine  Order 
Pinaceae     Pine  Family 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs  ;  leaves  needle-  or  scale-like,  usually  evergreen ; 
flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  cone-like,  the  staminate  consisting  of  a 
more  or  less  elongated  axis  which  bears  nimierous  usually  scale-like 
stamens,  each  of  which  bears  2-40  pollen  sacs  or  sporangia,  the  pistillate 
more  complex  in  structure,  varying  in  the  several  tribes  (see  below),  the 
ovules  and  seeds  not  in  a  closed  ovary  but  sheltered  and  concealed  be- 
tween the  scales  of  the  pistillate  cone. 

Leaves,  bark  and  wood  containing  much  oleoresin  which  is  often  of 
commercial  importance. 

An  ancient  family  of  trees,  at  one  time  forming  the  dominant  vegeta- 
tion of  the  earth,  and  still  forming  great  forests  in  the  temperate  regions 
of  both  the  northern  and  the  southern  hemispheres. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES 

1.  Leaves  linear,  needle-like,  alternate  or  in  fas- 

cicles Abietineae 

2.  Leaves  often  scale-like,  opposite  or  in  whorls  Cupressineae 

Abietineae     Fir  Tribe 

Leaves  and  cone-scales  primarily  alternate — the  foliage  leaves  may  be 
in  dense  clusters  or  fascicles  which  are  however  always  arranged  on  the 
branches  in  an  alternate  spiral  fashion,  foliage  leaves  linear,  needle-like 
or  flattened,  never  scale-like ;  stamens  with  two  pollen  sacs,  pistillate  cones 
with  two  distinct  kinds  of  scales,  the  bracts  or  sterile  scales  and  the  seed- 
bearing  scales,  one  of  which  is  borne  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  each 
seed-bearing  scale  bearing  two  inverted  seeds  on  its  upper  side. 


1. 


PINE  FAMILY 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA 

Foliage  leaves  all  scattered,  alternate 


a.  Leaves  flat  linear,  more  or  less  twisted  into 

two  ranks 

( 1 )  Buds   small    round   resinous,    cones   up- 

right with  decidous  scales  Abies 

(2)  Buds  scaly  not  resinous,  cones  pendent 

with  persistent  scales 

(a)  Leaves  about  2  cm.  long,  their  scars 

scarcely  raised ;  bracts  of  cone  long      Pseudotsuga 

(b)  Leaves  about   1   cm.  long,  their  scars 

raised  on  woody  projections ;  bracts 

of  cone  short  Tsuga 

b.  Leaves  four-sided  in  section,  not  at  all  two 

ranked,   their   scars   raised  on   woody  pro- 
jections Picea 
2.      Foliage  leaves  or  some  of  them   in  fascicles 

a.  Leaves  deciduous,   some  scattered,   others  in 

large  fascicles  Larix 

b.  Leaves  evergreen,  in  fascicles  of  2-5  Pinus 

Cupressineae     Cypress  Tribe 

Leaves  and   cone-scales   opposite   or   in   whorls,   leaves   needle-like   or 
reduced  to  small  flattened  scales  which  adhere  to  the  twigs,  stamens  often 
with  more  than  two  pollen  sacs,  pistillate  cones  without  distinct  "bracts," 
seeds  erect,  1-40  upon  each  seed-bearing  scale. 
KEY   TO   THE   GENEKA 

1.  Cones  woody,  twigs  and  spray  flat,  leaves  scale- 

like, of  two  alternating  types  Thuja 

2.  Mature  cones  fleshy,  twigs  and  spray  not  flat- 

tened 

a.  Leaves   usually    opposite,    scale-like   on    ma- 

ture twigs  Sabina 

b.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  three,  all  needle-like  Juniperus 

Abies     J  u  s  s  i  e  ti    1789     Fir 

(L.  and  Gr.  a  b  i  e  s,  fir  tree.) 

Evergreen  trees,  sometimes  shrubby  at  higli  altitudes,  trunk  straight, 

running  to  the  top  of  the  tree,  branches  irregular  or  whorled,  horizontal ; 

leaves  needle-like  but  usually  flat  and  blunt,  sessile,  scattered  and  borne 


tinufi  i'_Oar?h^iapa 


Abietineae.  Species  illustrated  :  Abies  balsamea,  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia. 
Tsuga  canadensis,  Picea  mariana,  Larix  laricina,  Pinus  Strobus  and  Pinu ; 
Banksiana.  Twigs  with  cones  x^,  leaves  and  cone-scales  natural  size; 
b  bract,  s  seed-bearing  scale. 


22  PINE  FAMILY 

in  many  rows,  but  often  twisted  into  an  apparently  two-ranked  arrange- 
ment, remaining  on  the  twigs  for  many  years  and  when  they  fall  leaving 
the  bark  nearly  smooth  with  round  scars ;  buds  usually  round  and  cov- 
ered with  resin  ;  flowers  in  spring,  monoecious,  the  staminate  in  the  axils 
of  last  year's  leaves,  very  small,  consisting  of  an  axis  bare  at  the  base 
and  covered  above  with  the  numerous  stamens,  stamens  with  a  spur-  or 
knob-like  tip,  pollen  sacs  opening  transversely,  jjoUen  winged  as  in  jnne  ; 
pistillate  cones  erect,  on  the  sides  of  the  uppermost  branches,  the  young 
cone  with  long  and  conspicuous  bracts,  which  may  later  be  hidden  by 
the  developing  seed-bearing  scales,  cones  ripening  in  the  autumn  of  the 
first  year,  at  maturity  falling  to  pieces  leaving  their  bare  axes  standing 
upon  the  branches ;  seeds  winged,  resinous. 

I'rees  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  of  the 
adjacent  mountainous  parts  of  the  trojncs ;  about  23  species,  over  one 
half  of  which  occur  in  the  lands  bordering  the  North  Pacific.  One  other 
ppecies  occurs  in  eastern  North  America,  eight  in  western  North  America. 

Abies  balsamea  (Linne)     ?^I  i  11  e  r   176S     Balsam  Fir     Balsam 

Evergreen  tree.  7-18  m.  (23-60  ft.)  high;  bark  smooth,  grayish, 
covered  with  numerous  blisters  containing  resin ;  leaves  resinous,  very 
fragrant,  flat,  blunt.  1-3  cm.  long,  except  on  the  uppermost  branches 
twisted  into  an  apparently  two-ranked  arrangement ;  buds  small  globular 
covered  with  a  varnish-like  resin;  young  pistillate  cones  purple,  mature 
cones  bluish  green,  cylindrical,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  bracts  concealed  by 
the  longer  seed-bearing  scales,  ripening  in  autumn  when  the  scales  fall 
away  leaving  the  bare  axes  standing  upon  tht-  branches :  balsa  m  e  a,  re- 
ferring to  the  abundance  of  balsam  in  the  bark. 

Evergreen  forests  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Virginia  and  northern  Iowa.  In  Minnesota  common  in  the 
northeastern  and  northern  parts  of  the  state,  not  occurring  beyond  the 
region  of  evergreen  forests  except  in  a  few  scattered  localities  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  state.  Flowers  in  April  or  May,  cones  ripe  in  the 
autumn   of  the   same   year. 

Seldom  cultivated  in  Minnesota.  Balsam  fir  in  cultivation  is  very 
beautiful  for  a  few  years,  but  soon  becomes  thin  and  straggling. 

Wood  light  brown,  soft,  weak,  weight  24  lb.  seldom  used  except  for 
paper  pulp;  the  oleoresin  from  the  blisters  in  the  bark  is  "Canada 
Balsam"  ;  the  fragrant  dry  twigs  are  often  used  to  stuff  sofa-pillows  and 
similar  articles. 


PSEUDOTSUGA  23 

Abies  concolor     L  i  n  d  1  e  y  and  Gordon  1850 

A  west  American  species  with  stout  bluish  leaves  50-75  mm.  long  and 
about  2  mm.  wide  is  sometimes  planted  in  Minnesota,  but  at  least  in  the 
vicinity  of  Minneapolis  it  is  not  hardy  and  the  upper  branches  are  often 
killed  back  in  severe  winters,  keeping  it  in  the  form  of  a  low  bush. 

Pseudotsuga     C  a  r  r  i  e  r  e    1867     Douglas   Fir 
(Gr.  p  s  e  u  d  e  s,  false,  Japanese,  t  s  ti  g"  a.  hemlock.) 

Evergreen  trees,  trunk  straight,  running  to  the  top  of  the  tree, 
branches  horizontal,  irregularly  whorled ;  leaves  needle-like  but  flat  and 
blunt,  soft,  sessile  or  slightly  stalked,  scattered,  borne  in  many  rows,  re- 
maining on  the  tree  for  several  years  and  when  they  fall  leaving  the  bark 
almost  smooth  or  with  slightly  raised  oval  scars;  buds  scaly  not  resinous; 
flowers  in  spring  monoecious,  the  staminate  borne  in  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  consisting  of  an  axis,  bare  at  the  base  and  covered  above 
with  the  numerous  stamens,  stamens  with  a  spur-like  tip,  pollen  sacs 
opening  obliquely ;  pistillate  cones  terminal  or  axillary,  pendent  at  ma- 
turity, the  bracts  long,  conspicuous,  cleft  at  the  sunmiit  into  three  lobes, 
cones  ripening  in  the  autumn  of  the  first  year,  opening  to  discharge  the 
seeds  and  finally  falling  entire  from  the  tree  ;  seed  winged,  not  resinous. 

Only  3  species,  one  native  of  southern  California,  one  of  Japan,  and 
the  following  species  widelv  distributed  through  western  North  America. 

Pseudotsuga    taxifolia    (Lambert)    Britten    1889     Douglas    Fir, 

Douglas   Spruce. 

Ps.  mucronata   (Ratinescjue)    Sud  worth    1895 

Ps.  Douglasii    ( Lindley)    Carriere   1867 

In  Minnesota  seldom  exceeding  12  m.  (40  ft.)  in  height  (on  the 
Pacific  coast  sometimes  80  m.  high),  trunk  straight,  running  to  the  crown 
of  the  tree,  branches  horizontal,  bark  in  young  trees  grayish,  smooth, 
often  with  a  few  resin  blisters  resembling  that  of  the  balsam  fir,  in 
older  trees  becoming  rough  and  brown  and  in  old  trees  in  their  native 
habitat  very  thick,  deeply  fissured  and  falling  ofi"  in  large  scales;  buds 
brown,  sharp  pointed,  not  resinous,  covered  witli  numerous  papery  scales; 
leaves  fragrant,  flat,  blunt  and  soft,  arranged  all  about  the  twigs,  or 
twisted  into  an  apparently  two-ranked  arrangement ;  cones  oval-cylindri- 
cal, pendulous,  when  ripe  woody.  4-8  cm.  long :  taxifolia,  yew- 
leaved. 


24  PINE   FAMILY 

Cultivated :  native  to  the  forests  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Pacific  Coast  region  from  British  Columbia  south  to  Texas,  Mexico,  and 
central  California.  Only  the  trees  from  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  are 
hardy  in  Minnesota  where  the  Douglas  Fir  is  often  planted  as  an  orna- 
mental tree.  It  is  very  hardy  but  has  a  tendency  to  grow  thin  in  foliage. 
It  has  proved  a  successful  plant  for  evergreen  hedges,  stands  clipping 
well,  and  will  endure  dry  weather  better  than  most  conifers. 

In  its  natural  habitat,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
this  is  one  of  the  finest  of  North  American  trees,  reaching  a  height  of 
over  two  hundred  feet,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  fifteen  feet.  It  is  the 
most  valuable  timber  tree  of  British  Columbia,  ^^'ashington.  and  Oregon ; 
wocd  light  brown,  coarse  grained,  very  strong,  weight  32  lb. 

Tsuga     Carrierc    1855     Hemlock 
(T  s  ti  g  a — Japanese  name  for  hemlock.) 

Evergreen  trees,  trunk  straight  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  tree, 
branches  irregular,  spreading  or  often  drooping,  twigs  slender ;  leaves 
linear,  flat  and  blunt,  short  petioled.  scattered  and  borne  in  manv  rows 
but  usually  twisted  into  an  apparently  two-ranked  arrangement,  remain- 
ing on  the  twigs  for  two  or  three  years  but  rapidly  falling  if  the  twig  is 
dried,  when  they  fall  leaving  the  twigs  roughened  by  woodv  raised  pro- 
jections on  top  of  which  are  the  leaf  scars;  buds  scaly,  not  resinous; 
flowers  in  spring  monoecious,  the  staminate  in  the  axils  of  last  year's 
leaves,  very  small,  with  a  bare  stalk  and  an  almost  globular  bunch  of 
stamens,  stamens  with  a  spur-  or  knob-like  tip,  pollen  .?acs  opening  trans- 
versely, pollen  grains  not  winged ;  pistillate  cones  terminal,  drooping, 
with  inconspicuous  bracts,  cones  ripening  the  first  autumn,  opening  at 
maturity  and  discharging  the  seeds  after  which  the  whole  cone  falls  from 
the  trees ;  seeds  winged,  slightly  resinous. 

Trees  of  North  America  and  eastern  Asia ;  7  species ;  one  other 
occurs  in  eastern  United  States,  and  two  in  northwestern  North  America. 
One  of  the  latter  departs  in  several  respects  from  the  usual  characters  of 
the  genus. 

Tsuga  canadensis     (Linnc)     Car  ri  ere   1S55     Hemlock 

A  tall  tree  over  15m.  (50  ft.)  in  height;  trunk  straight,  upright,  ex- 
tending to  the  summit,  branches  spreading,  nearly  horizontal,  the  leading 
shoot   in    young   trees   usually    more    or    less    pendulous;    twigs    slender. 


PICEA  25 

leaves  flat,  8-13  mm.  long,  short  petioled,  scattered,  but  twisted  so  as  to 
appear  two-ranked,  dark  green  above,  white  beneath ;  pistillate  cones 
small,  ovoid,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long:  canadensis,  Canadian. 

Coniferous  forests,  usually  in  acid  soil  containing  considerable  or- 
ganic matter,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Delaware  and  southward  along  the 
Alleghanies,  westward  through  northern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  in 
w'hich  State  it  is  abundant.  The  hemlock  barely  reaches  Minnesota, 
occurring  native  just  southwest  of  the  head  of  Lake  Superior. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  or  as  an  evergreen  hedge ; 
neither  the  dry  autumns  nor  the  prevailing  limestone  soils  of  Minnesota 
suit  the  hemlock  and  it  is  apt  to  die  out  after  a  few  years.  In  Upper 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin  it  is  a  valuable  timber  tree  much  used  for  coarse 
lumber,  piles,  etc.  Wood  light  reddish  brown,  soft,  coarse,  brittle  and 
splintering,  weight  26  lb.     The  bark  is  extensively  used  in  tanning  leather. 

Picea     Link  1827     Spruce 
(L.  picea  spruce  or  fir  tree,  from  p  i  x,  pitch.) 

Trees  with  straight  trunks  running  to  the  top  of  the  crown,  and 
abundant,  horizontal,  drooping  or  slightly  ascending  branches ;  smaller 
twigs  clothed  with  closely  set  evergreen  needle-like  leaves  arranged  in  a 
close  spiral ;  leaves  usually  four-sided,  sharp  pointed,  spreading  in  all 
directions  from  the  twig,  borne  upon  small  woody  projections  Avhich 
render  the  twags  rough  when  the  leaves  fall  (spruce  and  hemlock  leaves 
fall  quickly  when  a  twig  is  dried,  fir  and  Douglas  fir  leaves  are  apt  to 
remain  attached  to  the  dried  twig);  buds  scaly,  not  resinous;  flowers 
monoecious,  the  staminate  solitary,  lateral,  consisting  of  an  axis  bearing  the 
numerous  overlapping,  scale-like  stamens,  each  of  wdiich  bears  two  pollen 
sacs  which  open  longitudinally;  pollen  winged  as  in  pine;  pistillate  cones 
usually  borne  laterally  on  the  twigs  with  very  short  peduncles,  drooping, 
ripening  the  same  year,  dry  and  woody  or  membranous  when  ripe  ;  the  seed- 
bearing  scales  entirely  concealing  the  small  bracts ;  seeds  winged,  not 
resinous,  discharged  from  the  ripe  cones  which  often  remain  on  the  tree 
for  some  time  after  the  fall  of  the  seeds,  and  finally  fall  off  entire. 

A  genus  of  about  14  species  of  the  far  northern  and  the  mountainous 
parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  It  includes  the  most  boreal  conifers  in 
the  world.  Besides  the  following  there  are  in  North  America  one  eastern 
and  three  western  species. 


26  PINE  FAMILY 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Twigs  spreading  horizontally,  cones  less  than 

8  cm.  long. 

(a)  Twigs  smooth,  cone-scales  flexible 

(1)  Leaves  very   stiflf  and  blue,    25-30  mm. 

long;  cultivated  P-  pungeus 

(2)  Leaves  slender,   10-25   mm.  long;  native      P.   canadcjisis 

(b)  Twigs  minutely  hairy,  leaves  5-15  mm. 

long,  cone-scales  stiff;   native  P-  manaiia 

2.  Twigs  drooping,  cones   10-20  cm.  long;  culti- 

vated P-  Abies 

Picea  pungens     Engelmann  1879     Colorado  Blue   Spruce 
I'icea   Parryana   Sargent    1898 
Abies   Menziesii  var.   Parryana  Andre    1876 

A  tree,  in  its  native  regions  sometimes  30  m.  (100  ft.)  tall,  here  in 
cultivation  much  smaller  ;  branches  and  branchlets  stiffly  horizontal  and 
in  layers;  bark  grayish  brown,  scaly,  twigs  brown,  smooth;  leaves  25-30 
mm.  long,  four-sided,  thick,  stiff  and  sharp-pointed,  pale  bluish  green, 
particularly  in  young  specimens;  cones  cylindrical,  6-10  cm.  long,  their 
scales  pale  grayish  brown,  longer  than  broad,  very  thin  and  flexible,  irreg- 
ular at  the  outer  end ;  pungens,  pricking,  referring  to  the  sharply 
pointed  leaves. 

Cultivated :  native  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions  of  Colorado, 
'\^'yoming,  and  Utah.  Much  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  on  account 
of  its  striking  blue  color.  It  is  hardy,  but  tends  with  age  to  become 
somewhat  straggling  and  to  take  on  a  darker  green  color.  Different 
specimens  vary  much  in  the  intensity  of  the  blue  color  and  the  best  are 
sometimes  propagated  l)v  grafting. 

Wood  white  to  light  brown,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  weiglit  23  11).  ; 
the  wood  is  occasionally  used  locally  in  the  mountains. 

Picea  canadensis    (Miller)     B  r  i  1 1  o  n,  Sterns  and  P  o  g  g  e  n- 
b  e  r  g  1888     White  Spruce 
P.  alba   (Aiton)    Link   1831 

A  large  tree  up  to  about  30  m.  (100  ft.)  tall;  trunk  upright,  straight; 
branches  long,  ascending  or  horizontal ;  bark  slightly  roughened,  red- 
dish or  grayish  brown,  finally  somewhat  scaly,  twigs  light  brown,  smooth ; 
leaves  four-sided,  10-25  mm.  long,  pale  bluish  green,  unpleasant  smelling 


PICEA 


27 


when  bruised;  cones  small,  cylindrical,  3.3-6  cm.  long,  falling  after  the 
seeds  are  discharged,  cone  scales  thin,  flexible,  usually  entire:  canaden- 
sis, Canadian. 

Usually  in  dry  soil  with  pines,  etc.,  reaching  the  northern  limit  of 
tree  growth,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  vicinity  of  Bering  Sea, 
southward  to  northern  New  England,  New  York,  the  upper  (Ireat  Lakes, 
the  Black  Hills,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  Columbia.  In 
Minnesota  nearly  confined  to  the  evergreen  forests  of  the  northern  and 
northeastern'  parts  of  the  state,  but  straggling  southward  along  the  val- 
ley of  the  St.  Croix  river,  at  least  as  far  as  the  vicinity  of  Osceola,  Wis- 
consin. Flowers  in  May,  cones  ripe  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year. 
Ornamental  and  doing  well  in  cultivation  in  the  more  moist  parts  of  the 
state. 

Wood  light  yellow,  soft,  weak,  straight-grained,  weight  25  lb.,  used 
in  eastern  Canada  for  lumber,  and  extensively  for  paper  pulp,  for  which 
purpose  it  is  more  employed  than  any  other  wood. 


Ficea    mariana     (]\Iiller)      B  r  i  1 1  o  n.    Sterns    and    P  o  g  g  e  n- 
b  e  r  g   1888     Black   Spruce 

P.   nigra   (Aiton)    Link   i8.y 

A  small  tree  with  an  upright,  straight  trunk,  and  short  usually  droop- 
ing branches;  bark  scaly;  leaves  bluish  green,  four-sided,  5-15  mm.  long, 
twigs  brown,  under  the  lens  appearing  more  or  less  hairy;  cones  small, 
oval,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  borne  on  sharply  recurved  stalks,  and  remaining 
long  on  the  tree,  scales  stiff,  thin,  usually  with  toothed  margins. 

Usually  in  cold  swamps,  often  accompanied  by  tamarack  ;  Labrador 
and  Newfoundland  to  the  valley  of  the  Yukon,  southward  to  northern 
British  Columbia,  Minnesota  and  New  Jersey.  In  Minnesota  confined  io 
the  evergreen  forests  of  the  northeastern  and  northern  parts  of  the  state, 
and  to  cold  bogs  within  a  few  miles  of  these  evergreen  forests.  It  does 
not  extend  as  far  south  as  the  tamarack.  Seldom  cultivated  as  it  has 
little  beauty  to  commend  it. 

\\'ood  pale  yellow,  or  nearly  white,  soft,  weak,  weight  28  lbs. ;  seldom 
used  for  anything  except  jjaper  pulp.  The  resinous  exudation  from  the 
trunk  is  "spruce  gum"  and  the  leaves  are  boiled  to  produce  the  flavor  of 
"spruce  beer." 


28  PINE  FAMILY 

Picea  Abies     (Linnej      Karsten   1881     Norway  Spruce 
P.  excelsa  (Lamarck)  Link  1841 

Large  tree  reaching  in  its  native  regions  a  height  of  40  m.  (135  ft.), 
trunk  straight,  branches  of  moderate  length,  spreading,  branchlets  op- 
posite, at  first  horizontal,  but  soon  becoming  drooping;  bark  scaly,  red- 
dish brown ;  twigs  brown,  smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves  light  green,  four-sided, 
15-25  cm.,  long;  cones  very  long  (12-15  cm.)  and  cylindrical,  their 
scales  thin,  firm,  broad  and  usually  with  an  irregular  margin :  a  b  i  e  s  the 
Latin  name  of  the  spruce  or  fir. 

Cultivated :  a  native  of  Europe  where  it  grows  from  the  extreme 
north  to  the  alpine  regions  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  Flowering  in 
April,  cones  ripe  the  same  autumn. 

More  commonly  planted  for  ornament  than  any  other  spruce,  it  is 
hardy  and  grows  rapidly,  but  is  apt  to  be  injured  by  hot  dry  summers, 
and  loses  its  beauty  after  thirty  or  forty  years,  by  the  dying  of  the  lower 
branches. 

Wood  reddish  or  yellowish,  soft,  fine-grained,  much  used  in  Europe 
for  lumber  for  floors,  boxes,  cheap  furniture,  scaffolds,  masts,  spars,  etc. 
The  oleoresin  from  this  tree.  "Burgundy  pitch,"  is  used  medicinally;  the 
bark  is  used  in  tannina;  leather. 


Larix     A  d  a  n  s  o  n  1763     Larch,  Tamarack 
(L.  larix,  larch  tree.) 

Trees  with  a  straight  u^n-ight  trunk,  extending  to  the  toj)  of  the  tree, 
and  indistinctly  wdiorled,  spreading  or  ascending  branches ;  leaves  needle- 
like, bright  green,  turning  yellow  and  falling  in  autumn,  upon  the  new- 
twigs  borne  singly  in  a  close  spiral,  like  the  leaves  of  spruce,  but  upon 
the  older  branches  and  the  trunk  borne  in  tassel-like  tufts,  "dwarf  shoots," 
which  produce  twenty  to  thirty  leaves  each  year  for  many  years  ;  flowers 
monoecious,  staniinate  cones  solitary,  borne  without  accompanving  leaves 
on  the  sides  of  twigs  and  branches,  globose  or  nearly  so,  the  stamens  two- 
celled,  opening  longitudinally,  pollen  wingless  ;  pistillate  cones  appearing 
Avith  the  leaves  in  early  spring,  red  or  greenish,  the  ovule-bearing  scales 
shorter  than  the  bract-scales,  cones  small,  ripening  and  opening  the  first 
autumn,  but  remaining  on  the  tree  throughout  the  winter,  the  seed  bearing 
scales  in  our  species  concealing  the  short  bract-scales.  Our  only  deciduous 
conifers.  Besides  the  following  two  there  are  six  other  species  native 
of  western  North  America,  Siberia  and  Japan. 


LARIX  29 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Native  tree;  mature  cones  1-1.5  cm.  long  L.  laricina 

2.  Cultivated  tree;  mature  cones  2.5-3.5  cm.  long      /,.  deciJna 

Larix  laricina   (Du  Roi )    Koch   1873    Tamarack,  American  Larch 

L.  americana  ]\Iichaux  1803 

A  tree  about  12-18  m.  (40-60  ft.)  high  and  3-5  dm.  in  diameter  at 
the  base;  bark  rough,  scaly;  leaves  triangular  in  section,  15-30  mm.  long, 
bright  green  turning  golden  yellow  in  the  fall,  very  soft  and  flexible ; 
young  cones  red  or  greenish;  cones  with  10-20  scales,  oval,  not  over  2  cm. 
in  length :  laricina,  larch-like. 

A  tree  usually  inhabiting  cold  swampy  ground,  but  occasionally  found 
in  drier  situations  and  then  reaching  its  largest  size ;  northern  North 
America  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  the  Yukon  valley,  south- 
ward to  New  Jersey,  Minnesota,  and  northeastern  British  Columbia. 
Abundant  in  Minnesota  in  the  northeastern  coniferous  forest,  where  it 
usually  grows  with  black  spruce,  and  southward  in  sour  swamps  scattered 
throughout  the  hardwood  region  of  eastern  Minnesota,  as  far  south  as 
Minneapolis  and  the  region  around  Lake  Minnetonka.  It  does  not  occur 
native  south  of  the  Minnesota  river.  Flowers  in  April  or  early  May, 
cones  ripe  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year. 

In  cultivation  the  tamarack  grows  well  in  soil  much  drier  than  that 
which  it  naturally  inhabits.  It  is  not  however  as  handsome  or  graceful  a 
tree  as  the  European  larch. 

Wood  light  brown,  hard,  coarse,  resinous,  very  strong  and  durable, 
weight  39  pounds ;  much  used  for  fence  posts  and  fuel. 

Larix  decidua     Miller   1768     Larch 
L.  europaea     De  Candolle   1805 
L.    Larix     (Linne)      Karsten    1882 

A  tree  about  12  m.  (40  ft.)  high  and  5  dm.  in  diameter  at  the  base; 
branches  spreading,  young  twigs  somewhat  drooping;  bark  rough  and 
scaly;  leaves  20-25  mm.  long,  bright  green,  soft  and  flexible,  turning 
yellow  in  autumn ;  young  cones  scarlet,  cones  with  40  or  more  scales,  ob- 
long or  conical,  2.5-4  cm.  long. 

Cultivated:  a  tree  from  the  mountainous  parts  of  Europe,  growing 
well  in  dry  soil.  It  is  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  and  does  well  in 
situations  too  dry  for  any  of  the  evergreen  conifers  except  the  red  cedar. 


30  PINE  FAMILY 

Pinus     L  i  n  n  e   1753     Pine 
(L.  p  i  n  11  s,  the  pine  tree) 

Trees  or  sometimes  shrubs  with  variously  branched  trunks ;  foliage 
leaves  evergreen,  needle-like,  in  fascicles  of  two  to  five''',  the  young  twigs 
at  first  without  foliage  leaves  and  clothed  only  with  scattered  spirally 
arranged  scales,  the  fascicles  of  foliage  leaves  appearing  in  the  axils  of 
these  scales,  each  fascicle  at  first  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of  similar  scales 
which  may  later  fall  away,  or  may  be  permanent,  the  whole  fascicle  even- 
tually falling  away  from  the  branch  at  the  end  of  several  years'  time ; 
tiowers  monoecious,  usually  on  separate  branches,  the  staminate  clustered 
near  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  surrounding  the  base  of  a  shoot  of  the  cur- 
rent season,  consisting  of  an  axis  bearing  numerous  overlapping  scale-like 
stamens,  each  of  which  bears  two  pollen-sacs  which  open  longitudinally; 
tip  of  stamen  knob-like,  or  with  a  small  scale-like  appendage,  pollen 
grains  winged,  the  round  grain  bearing  two  air  bladders  which  are  about 
equal  in  size  to  the  grain  proper ;  pistillate  cones  solitary  or  in  small 
groups,  lateral  or  sub-terminal,  the  ovule-bearing  scales  of  the  young  cones 
longer  than  the  bracts;  cones  ripening  in  two  or  three  years,  woodv,  the 
seed-bearing  scales  often  much  thickened  at  the  outer  end ;  cones  open- 
ing at  maturity  to  scatter  tlie  seeds,  or  in  some  species  remaining  closed 
for  many  years ;  seeds  usually  winged,  not  resinous. 

About  70  species  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  the  mountainous 
parts  of  the  northern  tropics,  most  abundant  in  the  warm  temperate 
regions.  Among  the  most  valuable  forest  trees  for  timber  and  for  their 
various  resinous  products,  turpentine,  rosin,  pitch,  tar,  etc. 

Key  to  the  Species 

Two  sub-genera  are  recognized. 

1.  Strobus :  The  exposed  portions  of  the  cone  scales  but  slightly 
thickened,  stamens  nearly  crestless,  leaves  in  fascicles  of  five,  the  scaly 
sheath  usually  quickly  deciduous,  wood  soft. 

One  species  in  Minnesota.  P.  Strobus 

2.  Pinaster :  The  exposed  portions  of  the  cone  scales  much  thick- 
ened, stamens  bearing  a  crest-like  scale, ,  leaves  in  fascicles  of  1-5  (2  in 
all  of  our  species),  the  scaly  shcatli  usually  persistent  around  the  base 
of  the  fascicle,  wood  often  hard. 

Key  to  species  of  Pinaster  growing  in  Minnesota,  based  on  leaf  struc- 
ture. Leaves  in  all  of  our  si)ecies  semi-circular  or  crescentic  in  cross 
section,  and  with  two  vascular  bundles. 

'In  a  peculiar  species  of  the  southwestern  United  States  there  is  only  one 
foliage  leaf  in   each  fascicle. 


PINUS 


31 


1.  Resin    ducts    numerous,    close    to    the    surface; 

strengthening   cells   epidermal. 

a.  Leaves    over    1    dm.    long,    bundles   close   to- 

gether 

b.  Leaves  less  than   1  dm.  long,  bundles  widely 

separated 

( 1 )  Bundles  embedded  in  sclerenchyma,  epi- 

dermal  cells   nearly   square 

(2)  Bundles     not     surrounded     by     scleren- 

chyma,      epidermal       cells       radially 
elongated 

2.  Resin    ducts    2,   in    the   midst   of   parenchyma; 

strengthening  cells  l)eneat]-i  the  epidermis. 

a.  Leaves  over   1   dm.   long, 

b.  Leaves  under  5  cm.  long, 


P.   rcsiiiosa 


P.  silvcstris 


P.    iiiontana 


P.  Laricio  aiistriaca 
P.  Banksiana 


"PLanK^iana 


monTana 


blUeifn?! 


Cross-sections  of  leaves  of  species  of  Pinus;  diagrams  x20,  detail 
of  epidermis  and  the  layers  immediately  beneath  it  .\150.  In  the  diagrams 
the  sclerenchyma  layer  is  heavily  shaded. 


32  PINE  FAMILY 

Key  to  species  of  Pinaster  growing  in  Minnesota,  based  upon  general 
features — 

1.      Leaves  more  tluin  1  dm.  long 

a.  Leaves  thin,   tiexible,  bark  reddish,  native  P.  rcsinosa 

b.  Leaves   thick,   stiff,  bark   gray,   cultivated  P.  Laricio  aitstriaca 
2     Leaves  less  than   1    dm.   long 

a.  Trees  usually  4-20  m.  high.  [    \ 

(1)  Leaves    flexible,     bluegreen,     2.5-7     cm. 

long,   cones  reflcxed,   cultivated  P.  silvL'sfn's 

(2)  Leaves     stiff,    yellow    green,    2.3    to    5.5 

cm.  long,  cones  pointing  forward,  na- 
tive P.  Banksiana 

b.  Low    branching   shrub,    1-4   m.    high,    leaves 

4-7    cm.    long  P.   in  on  tana 

Pinus    Strobus    L  i  n  n  e    1753     White    Pine 

Large  forest  tree  with  a  straight  trunk  up  to  40  m.  ( 130  ft.)  high,  and 
up  to  1  meter  in  diameter  at  the  base ;  young  trees  with  regular  whorled 
horizontal  branches,  the  older  ones  with  strong  irregular  ascending 
branches  forming  an  open  irregular  crown ;  bark  of  young  tree  smooth, 
greenish  gray,  very  resinous,  becoming  very  thick  gray  and  roughly  fis- 
sured ;  leaves  in  fascicles  of  five,  the  needles  surrounded  at  first  with  num- 
erous scales  wdiich  soon  fall  off,  leaving  them  without  a  scaly  sheath, 
fascicles  usually  falling  at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  leaves  slender, 
soft,  7-10  cm.  long,  triangular  in  section,  minutely  serrate;  cones  w-oody, 
cylindrical,  stalked,  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  10-15  cm. 
long,  about  3  cm.  wide  when  open,  cone  scales  woody,  thin,  dark  brown 
when  ripe,  the  exposed  parts  glossy,  seeds  winged  escaping  from  the  ripe 
cone :  strobus,  L.  name  of  some  tree. 

In  rich  often  calcareous  soil,  forming  large  forests  or  mixed  with  de- 
ciduous trees  from  Newfoundland  and  eastern  Manitoba  south  to  Iowa, 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  mountains  to  Georgia.  In  Minnesota  through- 
out the  northern  and  northeastern  coniferous  forests,  also  in  scattered 
isolated  groves  in  eastern  Minnesota,  usually  on  river  bluffs  or  in  sheltered 
ravines,  along  the  valleys  of  the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  rivers,  and  for 
some  distance  up  some  of  the  tributary  valleys.  Flowers  in  May,  cones 
ripe  a  year  from  the  following  September. 

The  most  valuable  timber  tree  in  the  state  ;  Avood  light  brown  or  red- 
dish, soft,  fine  grained,  not  strong,  weight  24  lb. ;  used  for  building  con- 
struction, siding,  doors,  sash,  etc.     In  cultivation  the  white  pine  is  orna- 


PINUS  ^^ 

mental  and  does  well  in  parts  of  the  State  where  the  late  summers  and 
autimms  are  not  too  dry.  It  flourishes  in  the  soil  of  our  hard  wood 
regions  better  than  any  other  pine. 

Pinus  resinosa     A  i  t  o  n  1789     Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine 

A  forest  tree  24-30  m.  (80-100  ft.)  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  3-5  ft. 
in  diameter,  which  extends  to  the  crown  of  the  tree;  branches  of  young 
trees  nearly  horizontal,  whorled,  in  old  trees  forming  a  rounded  crown; 
bark  reddish  brown,  thin,  on  the  older  branches  and  trunk  forming  broad 
flat  scales;  leaves  in  pairs,  each  pair  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  persis- 
tent scaly  sheath,  leaves  slender,  soft,  8-15  cm.  long,  semicircular  ia 
section,  minutely  serrate;  cones  rounded,  about  5  cm.  long,  and  when 
open  nearly  as  broad,  standing  straight  out  from  the  stem,  cone  scales 
wood}',  thickened  at  the  tips,  the  exposed  part  diamond-shaped  with  a 
scar  in  the  center ;  seeds  dark,  winged,  escaping  from  the  ripe  cone : 
resinosa,  resinous,  not  particularly  appropriate  to  this  pine. 

Usually  in  sandy  soil,  avoiding  rich  calcareous  soils,  Newfoundland 
to  western  Ontario,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  In 
Minnesota  found  only  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  northern  and 
northeastern  parts  of  the  state,  where  it  originally  formed  almost  pure 
forests  over  large  areas.  Flowers  in  May,  cones  ripening  the  second 
autumn. 

Much  used  for  timber  though  not  considered  as  valuable  as  the  white 
pine.     Wood  pale  reddish,  hard,  fine  grained,  not  strong,   weight   30  lb. 

1-inus  silvestris     L  i  n  n  e   1753     Scotch  Fine,  Scotch   Fir 

A  tree  up  to  30  m.  (100  ft.)  high,  with  a  straight  trunk,  but  in  this 
state  seldom  over  10  m.  or  15  m.  and  often  irregular,  straggling  and 
somewhat  shrubby;  branches  irregular,  bark  reddish  brown  and  smooth 
above,  becoming  grayish  and  scaly  on  the  older  trunks ;  leaves  in  clusters 
of  two,  bluish  green,  3-8  cm.  long,  with  a  basal  sheath  5-8  mm.  long, 
wrinkled  transversely  and  rough ;  cones  small,  5-8  cm.  long,  yellow 
brown,  usually  in  clusters  of  two  or  three,  nearly  sessile,  horizontal  or 
bent  backward  along  the  branch,  cone-scales  thin,  woody,  ending  in  a 
four-sided  boss  which  in  young  cones  bears  a  short  weak  spine  in  the 
middle.  This  may  persist  in  the  mature  cone  but  often  disappears: 
silvestris,  relating  to  the  forest. 

Cultivated,  native  of  Europe  and  of  western  Asia.  Occasionally 
planted  for  ornament ;  it  is  entirely  hardy  but  seldom  in  this  region  forms 
anything  but  a  small  straggling  tree  with  very  little  beauty. 


34  PINE  FAMILY 

Wood  reddisli  brown,  soft,  easily  split.  Much  used  in  Europe  for 
building  construction,  taking  the  same  position  there  that  white  pine  does 
in  our  northeastern  states. 


Pinus  montana     ]\I  i  1  1  e  r  17O8     Mountain  Pine,  Mugho  Pine 
P.    Muo'hus     Scopoli    1772 

Shrub  or  small  tree,  seldom  over  3  or  4  m.  (10-13  ft.)  high,  branches 
flexible,  twigs  short,  bark  brown,  roughened  with  small  conical  projec- 
tions; leaves  in  clusters  of  two,  4-7  cm.  long,  pointed,  thick,  dark  green 
with  a  basal  sheath,  5-6  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  papery  and  with  torn 
edges ;  cones  small,  3-4  cm.  long,  in  groups  of  two  or  three,  horizontal  or 
oblique,  subsessile,  persistent,  cone-scales  rounded  at  the  top,  furnished 
with  a  rhomboid  boss  which  bears  at  its  depressed  center  a  large  sharp- 
pointed  spine  :  m  0  n  t  a  n  a,  of   the  mountains. 

Cultivated,  native  of  the  mountains  of  central  and  western  Europe. 
A  hardy,  ornamental  evergreen  shrub  used  for  covering  rockv  slopes,  or 
combining  with  other  and  larger  conifers.  Several  unimportant  varieties 
are  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  the  cones. 

Pinus  Laricio  var.  austriaca  E  n  d  li  c  h  e  r  1847     Austrian  Pine 

Tree  up  to  25  m.  (80  ft.)  with  a  somewhat  irregular  trunk  and  long 
horizontal  branches,  in  whorls,  giving  the  young  tree  a  thick  conical 
form,  and  the  adult  a  broad  rounded  head ;  bark  grayish  brown  ;  leaves 
in  clusters  of  two,  10-15  cm.  long,  stifif,  dark  green,  with  a  basal  sheath 
12  mm.  long,  gray,  wrinkled;  cones  small,  sessile,  reddish,  about  5  cm. 
long,  projecting  at  right  angles  to  the  branches,  solitary  or  in  groups  of 
2  or  3,  falling  after  they  open,  cone-scales  thickened  and  with  a  rounded 
boss  at  the  end,  often  with  a  dull  spine  arising  from  the  center  of  the 
boss  :   laricio,   from  1  a  r  i  x,   larch. 

Cultivated.  Pinus  Laricio  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia 
.Minor,  only  the  northern  variety,  native  of  Austria,  is  hardy  here.  It 
is  much  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  is  successful  west  and  south 
of  the  natural  range  of  our  native  pines. 

Wood  soft,  resinous,  durable. 

Pinus  Laricio  with  its  varieties  is  the  most  valuable  forest  tree  of 
southern  Europe.  It  is  used  both  for  lumber  and  for  the  production  of 
turpentine. 


THUJA  3- 

Pinus  Banksiana   L  a  m  Ij  e  r  t   1803     Jack  Pine 
P.  divaricata,  of  authors. 

Usually  a  small  tree  9-12  m.  (30-40  ft.)  high,  hut  occasionally  taller, 
with  a  trunk  ahout  a  foot  in  diameter,  liead  pyramidal,  hark  dark  hrown, 
irregularly  divided  into  small  scales ;  leaves  in  pairs,  each  pair  sur- 
rounded at  the  hase  hy  a  short  persistent  scaly  sheath,  leaves  flat,  rigid, 
2-5.5  cm.  long,  minutely  serrate ;  cones  ahout  3  cm.  long,  curved,  conical, 
sessile,  pointing  toward  the  ends  of  the  hranches,  often  failing  to  oi)en 
at  maturity  and  persisting  on  the  tree  many  years,  cone-scales  woody, 
thickened  at  the  tips,  spineless  ;  seeds  blackish,  winged. 

In  very  sterile  sandy  soil ;  Nova  Scotia  to  the  MacKenzie  valley, 
southwards  to  northern  New  England,  the  region  about  the  southern  end 
of  Lake  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  The  most  northern  of  our  Ameri- 
can pines — in  Minnesota  confined  to  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  north- 
ern and  northeastern  parts  of  the  state,  where  it  covers  large  tracts  of  tlie 
most  sterile  soils. 

Wood  pale  brown,  soft,  coarse  grained,  weak,  weight  27  pounds;  used 
for  fire  wood  and  for  posts  and  raihvav  ties,  but  the  least  valuable  of 
our  native  pines. 

Cupressineae     Cypress    Tribe 

Thuja     Linne  1753     White  Cedar 

(Gr.  t  h  y  i  a,  the  arbor-vitae.) 

Trees  with  fibrous  bark,  fragrant  wood  and  flat  fragrant  spray  clothed 
Avith  the  small  overlapping  scale-like  leaves  which  adhere  to  tlie  twigs 
bv  their  inner  faces;  leaves  opposite,  of  two  kinds  in  alternating  ])airs. 
tliose  on  the  face  of  the  twig  flat,  those  on  the  side  of  the  twigs  doubled 
over  the  edge ;  flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  consisting  of  an  axis 
bearing  two  or  three  pairs  of  peltate  stamens,  each  with  2-4  pollen  sacs, 
pistillate  with  4-6  pairs  of  thin  oval  scales,  the  uppermost  and  lower 
scales  usually  sterile,  the  middle  ones  each  bearing  2-4  erect  ovules,  cone 
small,  woody;  seeds  with  lateral  wings,  borne  usually  two  on  each  fertile 
scale. 

Four  species,  the  others  occurring  in  northwestern  North  America, 
Japan,  and  China. 

Thuja  occidentaHs     Linne  1753     White  Cedar     Arbor  vitae 

Evergreen  tree  with  straight  or  forked  trunk,  15-20  m.  (50-70  ft.) 
high,  and  5-10  dm.  in  diameter,  the  short  horizontal  hranches  forming  a 
narrow  conical  head;  bark  of  branches  reddish  brown,  on  old  trunks 
forming  loose  scales ;  spray  much  branched,  flat,  leaves  except  on  leading 


36 


PINE  FAMILY 


shoots  about  3  mm.  long,  scale-like ;  flowers  in  spring,  cones  ripening  the 
same  autumn,  usually  with  two  pairs  of  fertile  scales;  seeds  with  winged 
margins,  two  on  each  fertile  scale :  occidentalis,  western. 

Growing  usually  in  swampy  ground  where  it  often  forms  very  dense 
pure  stands,  occasionally  in  dryer  stony  ground  or  on  bare  rocks;  Nova 
Scotia  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  south  to  Minnesota  and  the  south  end  of  Lake 
Michigan,  New  England  and  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia.  In  Min- 
nesota abundant  in  the  northern  and  northeastern  portions  in  the  belt 
of  coniferous  forests.  Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  or  shrub 
and  much  used  for  hedges  as  it  bears  clipping  well.  In  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  it  often  "winter  kills"  badly  from  lack  of  moisture 
following  a  dry  fall. 


Cupressineae :   Juniperus   communis,   Sabina  virginiana,    fruiting  twig, 
and   twig   from   young  tree,    Thuja  occidentalis. 


Sabina  vir'dniana 


38  PINE  FAMILY 

\\'ood  light  brown,  coarse,  brittle,  weak,  durable,  weight  20  pounds, 
the  lightest  wood  of  the  northeastern  states ;  much  used  for  posts, 
telegrapli   poles,   and    shingles. 

Sabina     A  n  t  o  i  n  e   1857     Savin,   Red  Cedar 
(From  classic  L.    h  e  r  b  a     s  a  b  i  n  a.  the  Sabine  plant.) 

Trees  or  shrubs  witli  fibrous  bark  and  fragrant  wood  ;  leaves  opposite 
or  in  whorls  of  three,  scale-like  and  adhering  to  the  twigs  on  mature 
branches,  often  needle-like  on  voung  plants  or  fast  growing  shoots ; 
flowers  dioecious,  terminal  on  short  leaf-bearing  shoots.  tlie  staminate 
with  several  pairs  (or  whorls)  of  peltate  stamens,  each  bearing  2-6  pollen 
sacs ;  pistillate  flowers  terminating  short  branches,  consisting  of  several 
|)airs  (or  whorls)  of  minute  scales,  bearing  the  paired  ovules  in  their 
axils:  fruit  fleshy.  ft)rmed  of  several  concrescent  pairs  (or  wlK)rls)  of 
scales. 

About  20  species  of  the  northern  temijerate  regions,  about  one  third 
of  which  are  nati\"es  of  the  western  United  States.  A  genus  fretjuently 
united  with  Juniperus  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  berry-like  character 
of  the  cone,  l)ut  from  which  it  differs  both  in  the  intimate  structure  of 
the  ccne  and  in  vegetative   characters. 

Sabina  virginiana     (Uinne)     Antoinc    1857     Red    Cedar,   Savin 
Juniperns  \irtiiniana     Linne    1753 

Tree,  in  this  state  rarely  over  thirty  feet  high,  when  well  grown  with 
a  straight  trunk,  and  a  broad  conical  head,  often  distorted  or  even  a 
straggling  irregular  upright  shrub:  mature  twigs  covered  with  scale-like 
opposite  triangular  leaves.  1-2  mm.  long,  but  on  voung  trees,  rapidly 
growing  shoots,  or  occasionally  on  whole  trees  the  leaves  spreading,  awl- 
shaped,  8  mm.  long,  opposite  or  sometimes  in  whorls  of  three,  decurrent 
and  not  jointed  at  the  base:  fruit  subglobose,  borne  cm  a  straight  scaly 
stalk,  maturing  the  first  season,  dark  l)lue  and  fleshv  and  much  eaten  by 
birds  which  distrii)ute  their  seeds  :  v  i  r  g  i  n  i  a  n  a.  Virginian,  applied  at 
an   early  date  to  many   American  plants. 

Dry,  gravelly,  usually  calcareous  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  eastern  Dakota, 
south  to  (Georgia  and  Te.xas.  In  Minnesota  throughout  the  state  except 
the  northeast  corner,  most  abundant  in  the  south  and  east  along  the  river 
bluffs.     Flowers  in  May.  fruit  ripe  the  autumn  of  the  same  year. 


SABINA 


39 


\\'(M)d  red,  line-grained,  soft,  weak,  fragrant,  and  very  durable,  weiglit 
31  lbs.  The  wood  is  much  used  for  chests,  pails,  posts,  sills  of  build- 
ings, etc.  It  seldom  reaches  commercial  size  in  Minnesota.  The  tree  is 
often  planted  as  a  small  ornamental  tree  and  does  well  even  in  dry  situa- 
tions where  other  evergreens  will  not  grow.  It  is  sometimes  planted  to 
form  windbreaks,  but  this  use  is  objectionable  in  connection  with  apple 
orchards  as  it  harbors  various  species  of  the  fungus,  (ivnmosporangium, 
which   produce    leaf    rust    of   apple. 


k:. 


Sabina  horizontalis,   foreground,  and  Juniperus  communis,   middle   ot 
plate;   in  southeastern   Minnesota. 


40  PINE  FAMILY 

Sabina  horizontalis  (Monch)     Dwarf  Savin 
Sabina  prostrata  (Persoon)     Antoine  1857 
Juniperus  Sabina  var.  i)rocumbens  Pursh  1814 

Prostrate  evergreen  shrub  often  spreading  over  a  considerable  area ; 
foliage  strong  smelling,  leaves  bluish-green,  scale-like,  triangular,  or  on 
young,  strong  growing  shoots,  awl-shaped;  fruit  on  a  short,  recurved, 
scaly  stalls,  oval  or  irregular,  dark  blue,  fleshy,  ripening  during  the 
second  summer :  horizontalis,  horizontal. 

Dry  rocky  slopes,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  New 
England,  New  York,  the  south  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  Minnesota,  and  in 
the  mountains  to  Colorado ;  also  in  Asia.  In  Minnesota  abundant  in  the 
extreme  north,  less  common  southward,  rare  and  local  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  state.  Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  midsummer  of  the 
following  year. 

This  form  has  been  confused  with  the  savin  in  Europe  (Sabina  offic- 
inalis Garcke,  Juniperus  Sabina  L.),  which  is  distinguished  by  its  more 
erect  habit  and  by  blunter,  more  closely  appressed  leaves.  The  twigs  of 
the  European  form  are  used  medicinally  on  account  of  the  irritating 
volatile  oil  they  contain.  The  American  form  contains  the  same  oil  and 
has  p)resvmiably  the  same  medical  action. 

Juniperus     L  i  n  n  e   1753     Juniper 

(Juniperus,  the  classical   Latin  name) 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  fibrous  bark;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3, 
needle-  or  awl-like,  spreading;  flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  with 
several  whorls  of  peltate  stamens  each  bearing  three  to  four  pollen  sacs, 
pistillate  axillary,  consisting  of  several  whorls  of  scales  with  a  single 
whorl  of  terminal  ovules  alternating  with  the  uppermost  scales ;  fruit 
fleshy,  formed  of  the  concrescent  scales  of  the  uppermost  whorl. 

A  genus  of  about  10  species,  mostly  of  the  Old  World;  often  con- 
sidered to  embrace  also  the  genus  Sabina. 

Juniperus  communis     L  i  n  n  e    1753     Common  Juniper 

A  small  tree,  or  in  this  state,  an  erect  struggling  shrub,  or  more  fre- 
quently a  depressed  shrub  with  long  prostrate  branches  turning  up  at  the 
end  to  form  a  thick,  dense  mat ;  bark  thin,  brown,  forming  papery  scales ; 
leaves  in  threes,  needle-  or  awl-like,  10-20  mm.  long,  jointed  at  the  base; 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  younger  leaves,  opening  in  the  spring ;  fruit 
blue,  spherical,  about   10  mm.  in  diameter,  fleshy  and  sweet,  ripening  in 


JUNIPERUS— TAXUS  41 

the  autumn  of  the  third  year;  seeds  1-3,  with  distinct  resin  vesicles: 
communis,   L.   common. 

Throughout  the  cooler  parts  of  the  north  temperate  regions,  growing 
as  far  south  as  Pennsylvania,  Nebraska,  Arizona,  the  Himalayas  and  the 
Mediterranean  region.  The  most  widely  distributed  of  the  conifers  and 
the  most  widely  distributed  tree  of  the  temperate  zone.  In  Minnesota 
it  occurs  more  or  less  throughout  the  state,  most  abundantly  in  the  north 
and  east. 

Wood  similar  to  red  cedar,  but  not  of  sufBcient  size  in  this  state  to 
be  of  any  value.  The  nearly  ripe  berries  are  used  medicinally  as  a  diur- 
etic, and  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  gin. 

This  species  passes  into  the  northern  and  alpine  form, 

Juniperus   communis  var.   sibirica    (Burgsdorf)     R  y  d  b  e  r  g-    1896 
J.  sibirica  Burgsdorf  1787 
J.  nana  W'illdenow   1796 

A  prostrate  shrub  with  broader  curved  leaves  often  less  than  10  mm. 
long. 

Taxaceae     Yew  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  leaves  of  various  types  ;  flowers  mo- 
noecious or  dioecious,  the  staminate  consisting  of  a  more  or  less  elongated 
axis  which  bears  the  variously  formed  stamens,  the  pistillate  various  but 
seldom  cone-like,  the  ovules  naked,  usually  not  concealed,  the  seed  usually 
exposed  at  maturity,  furnished  with  a  fleshy  outer  coat. 

Taxus  I.  i  n  n  e  1753  Yew 
(L.  taxus,  yew  tree,  probably  from  Gr.  t  0  x  0  n,  a  bow.) 
Non-resinous  trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  evergreen,  flattened,  linear,  bit- 
ter, borne  alternately  in  a  close  spiral,  but  twisted  so  as  to  appear  two- 
ranked ;  staminate  flowers  consisting  of  4-12  peltate  stamens  borne  at 
the  top  of  a  short  naked  axis,  pistillate  flower  of  a  single  naked  erect 
ovule  borne  at  the  top  of  a  short  scaly  axis ;  seed  exposed,  surrounded  by 
a  fleshy,  bag-like  aril  which  becomes  scarlet  at  maturity. 

Taxus    canadensis     .Marshall    1785     American    Yew 
T.  baccata  var.   minor     IMichaux    1796 

A  low  green  shrub  about  1  m.  high  with  the  characters  of  the  genus ; 
leaves  linear,  acute  and  sharply  mucronate,  bitter  and  not  at  all  resinous: 
canadensis,    Canadian. 


X2 


Taxus  Canadensis 


GINKGO  43 

In  woods,  Newfoundland  and  Manitoba,  soutli  to  Virginia  and  Iowa. 
In  Minnesota  abundant  in  the  northern  i)art  of  the  state,  extending  a 
little  beyond  the  limits  of  the  coniferous  forests;  local  in  several  places 
in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  state. 

Ginkgoales    Ginkgo  Order 
Ginkgoaceae     Ginkgo  Family 

A  family  consisting  of  only  the  following  genus.  Flowers  dioecious, 
the  staminate  cone-like,  consisting  of  an  axis  bearing  numerous  stamens ; 
stamens  stalked,  furnished  with  two  pendent  pollen  sacs ;  pistillate  flowers 
consisting    of    a    naked    stalk    bearing    at    its    summit    a    pair    of    ovules, 


44  GINKGO  FAMILY— MAGNOLIA  FAMILY 

each  surrounded  at  its  base  with  a  collar-like  growth ;  seeds  drupe-like, 
the  integuments  consisting  of  an  outer  fleshy  coat,  a  iirm  stony  coat,  and 
a  thin  inner  papery  layer. 

Ginkgo     L  i  n  n  e  1771 

(Chinese  name  of  the  tree.) 

The  only  genus  of  the  family,  containing  the  following  species : 

Ginkgo  biloba     L  i  n  n  e   1771     Maiden-hair  Tree 
Salisburia  adiantifolia     Smith    1797 

Deciduous  tree  reaching  in  old  age  a  height  of  20  m.  (65  ft.)  ;  trunk 
straight,  extending  to  the  top  of  the  tree ;  branches  long,  ascending, 
twigs  not  numerous,  covered  with  many  short  spurs,  or  dwarf  twigs ; 
bark  at  first  smooth,  the  epidermis  separating  as  a  shredded  papery 
layer,  later  roughened  and  seamed  longitudinally,  gray ;  leaves  borne 
scattered  on  the  long  twigs  and  in  dense  clusters  on  the  spur  shoots, 
l^etioled,  smooth,  fan-shaped,  usually  two-lobed,  veins  forking  repeatedly 
and  running  free  to  the  margin;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide, 
petioles  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  as  described  under  the  family;  seeds  plum- 
like, scarlet,  ill-smelling,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter:  biloba.  two-lobed, 
referring  to  the  leaves. 

Cultivated  :  Native  to  China  and  Japan,  widely  cultivated  in  those 
countries  and  in  Europe  and  North  America.  Planted  to  some  extent 
in  the -vicinity  of  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  where  it  is  entirely  hardy. 
A  handsome  tree  with  very  ornamental  foliage ;  the  staminate  tree  is 
preferable,  as  the  seeds  of  the  pistillate  tree  have  a  verv  offensive  odor. 

Angiospermae 

Seed-bearing  plants  with  closed  pistils ;  the  ovules  and  seeds  develop- 
ing within  a  closed  ovary ;  pollen  grains  received  by,  and  germinating  upon 
a  stigma;  body  of  the  seed  (endosperm)  not  the  female  gametophyte,  de- 
veloping after  the  fertilization  of  the  egg,  and  during  the  development 
of  the  embryo. 

Ranales     Buttercup  Order 

Magnoliaceae     Magnolia  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  lobed,  marked  with  trans- 
parent dots ;  leaf  buds  covered  with  membranous  stipules ;  bark  bitter 
and  aromatic  ;  flowers  large  and  solitary  ;  sepals  and  petals  colored  alike. 


MAGNOLIA 


45 


arranged  in  3's,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous  and  deciduous; 
stamens  numerous,  large,  anthers  adnate ;  pistils  many,  on  an  elongated 
or  cone-shaped  receptacle,  free  or  cohering  Avith  each  other  and  in  the 
fruit,  forming  a  sort  of  fleshy  cone ;  seeds  one  or  two  in  each  pistil. 

A  family  of  about  10  genera  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  The 
following  is  represented  by  one   cultivated  species  in   Minnesota. 

Magnolia  Linne  1753     Magnolia 
(Named   for  the   French  botanist,   Magnol.) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  large  usually  thick,  entire  leaves ;  leaf  buds 
covered  with  sheathing  stipules ;  flowers  large,  fragrant,  borne  singly  at 
the  ends  of  branches,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves;  sepals  3, 
petal-like ;  petals  6-9,  in  whorls  of  3 ;  stamens  imbricated,  with  short 
filaments  and  large  anthers ;  carpels  on  a  cone-shaped  receptacle,  coher- 
ing and  forming  at  maturity  an  aggregate,  cone-like  fruit  with  dry  or 
fleshy  follicles  that  dehisce  and  let  out  by  slender  threads,  one  or  two, 
usually  red  seeds. 

A  genus  of  about  15  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America, 
eastern  Asia  and  the  Himalaya  mountains. 

Some  species  with  large  white  flowers  that  open  before  the  leaves 
appear  are   handsome   ornamental  trees. 

The   following  species   is  planted  to  some  extent  in   Minnesota. 


Magnolia  acuminata     Clematis  verticillaris 


Magnolia  acuminata  Linne  1753     Cucumber  Tree 

A  tree  about  15-20  meters  high,  attaining  a  maximum  height  farther 
south  of  30  meters  (90  ft.)  leaf  buds  silvery  gray  and  silky  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate  at  apex,  pinnately  veined,  margin  entire, 
glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  13-24  cm.  long,  7-13 
cm.    wide;    flowers    somewhat    narrowly    campanulate,    greenish    yellow. 


46  BUTTERCUP  FAMILY 

glaucous,  orange-colored  within,  4-7  cm.  long;  fruit-cone  about  4-7  cm. 
long;  acuminata,  pointed,  in  reference  to  the  leaf. 

Cultivated.  Distributed  from  western  N.  Y.  to  111.,  south  to  Ken.,  N. 
C.   and  Ala.,  west   to  Ark. 

The  wood  is  soft,  yellowish  brown,  and  weighs  29  lbs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Ranunculaceae     Buttercup  Family 

Herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants,  with  acrid  usually  colorless  sap ; 
leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  Clematis),  simple  or  compound,  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base,  sometimes  with  stipule-like  appendages ;  flowers 
regular  or  irregular,  polypetalous  or  apetalous,  with  sepals  often  colored 
like  petals;  stamens  numerous  (or  rarely  few)  ;  pistils  many,  or  rarely 
solitary,  1 -celled;  ovules  1-many,  anatropous ;  fruit  achenes,  follicles,  or 
a  berry. 

Clematis  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Virgin's  Bower 
(dr.  clematis,  a  climbing  plant.) 

Climbing  vines  or  erect  or  ascending  perennial  herbs,  sometimes 
woody;  climbing  by  bending  or  twining  of  the  leaf-stalks;  leaves 
opposite,  pinnately  compound,  lobed  or  in  some  species  entire ;  flowers 
solitary  or  in  panicles ;  sepals  4  or  rarely  5,  petaloid ;  petals  0,  or  as 
many  as  the  sepals;  pistils  many;  styles  long,  plumose,  silky  or  naked, 
persistent;   fruit    1 -seeded  achenes. 

A  genus  of  over  100  species  of  wide  geographical  distribution.  The 
greatest  number  of  species  occur  in  the  temperate  regions.  Besides  the 
following,  sc^ne  20  others  occur  in  tlie  sou'Iiern  and  western  parts  of 
North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Flowers    large,    solitary    on    the    old    branches; 

sepals   i)ur]de  .  C.  vi-rticillaris 

2.  Flowers     smaller,     numerous,     on     the     years 

growth  ;    sepals   white 

a.  Leaflets  toothed  ;   flowering   in  summer  C.  virginiana 

b.  Leaflets   entire ;    flowering   in   autumn  C.  paniculata 

Clematis  verticillaris  De  Candolle  1818     Purple  Virgin's  Bower 
Atra.s^ene  americana  Sims   i8o5 

A  trailing  or  climbing  vine  with  smooth  angular  stems  and  large 
nodes;  leaves  trifoliate,  leaflets  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
acute  at   the   apex,   coarsely   and   evenly   serrate,    thin,    glabrous,    3-6   cm. 


CLEMATIS 


47 


long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  petioles  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  purple,  5-7 
cm.  broad  when  expanded;  sepals  3-4.5  cm.  long,  thin  and  prominently 
veined,  silky  hairy  along  the  margin,  petals  spatulate,  1.2-1.8  cm.  long, 
persistent,  styles  persistent,  becoming  plumose  and  5-6  cm.  long  in  fruit : 
V  e  r  t  i  c  1  1  1  a  r  i  s.  in  a  whirl,  possibly  in  allusion  to  the  climbing  hai)it. 

Infrequent  in  rocky  woods  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  from  the 
northern  boundary  to  the  southern.  Distributed  from  eastern  Quebec  to 
Hudson's  Bay  and  Lake  Winnepeg,  south  to  Del.,  W.  Va.,  Mich.,  and 
Minn. 

Flowers  in  May  and   June,  fruits  in  July  and  August. 


Clematis    virginiana 


Clematis   paniculata 


Clematis    virginiana    Linne    1753     Virginia    Virgin's    Bower 

A  long  vine,  climbing  freely  over  shrubs,  fences,  etc. ;  stems  furrowed  ; 
leaves  opposite,  trifoliate,  petioles  straight  and  deflexed,  or  bent  and 
acting  as  tendrils,  leaflets  ovate,  rounded'  or  cordate  at  the  base,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  coarsely  toothed  or  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed, 
bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  sometimes  slightly  pubescent 
beneath,  4-9  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  broad;  flowers  in  leafy  panicles,  white, 
15-20  mm.  broad;  styles  persistent,  forming  long,  whitish,  feathery  plumes 
to  the  achenes,   4-5  cm.  long  :  vi  r  g  i  n  i  a  n  a,  Virginian. 

In  woods,  on  river  banks  etc.,  occurring  throughout  the  state,  com- 
mon eastward.  Distributed  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  tc 
Ga.  and   Kan. 

Flowers  in  June  and  July,  fruits  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 


48  BARBERRY  FAMILY 

Clematis  paniculata  T  h  u  n  b  erg-  1 794     Clematis 

A  vigorous  climbing  vine,  cHmbing  over  fences,  trellises,  porches,  etc. ; 
leaves  3-5-foliate  (the  iirst  pair  of  leaves  of  a  shoot  usually  entire  and 
cordate)  leaflets  ovate,  rounded  or  mostly  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  young  leaves  with  blotches  of  white 
along  the  veins,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  1.8-3  cm.  wide,  the  widened  bases  of  the 
petioles  connate;  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles,  white,  fra- 
grant, 2.5-3  cm.  broad;  fruit  with  persistent,  plumose  styles:  panicu- 
lata, in  a  panicle. 

Extensively  cultivated  as  an  arbor  and  trellis  plant.     Native  of  Japan. 
Flowers  and  fruits  in  autumn    (Sept. -Oct.) 

Berberidaceae     Barberry  Family 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  alternate  or  basal  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
with  or  without  stipules;  flowers  in  racemes  or  solitary;  sepals  and 
petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  mostly  in  2  whorls  of  3  each,  occasionally 
2  or  4  in  the  whorl ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  in  front  of  them, 
or  more  numerous ;  anthers  usually  opening  by  two  valves ;  carpel  1 ; 
style  short ;  ovules  2 -many,  fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 

The  following  genus  is  represented  in  Minnesota  by  two  cultivated 
species. 

Berberis    L  i  n  n  e    1753     Barberry 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  usually  spiny;  leaves  mostly 
in  fascicles,  simple  or  compound ;  flowers  yellow,  in  drooping  racemes  or 
singly  from  each  fascicle;  sepals  6,  oblong,  with  2-6  acutish,  sepal- 
like bracts  on  the  outside;  petals  6,  obovate,  with  two  glands  at  the 
base;  stamens  6,  with  sensitive  filaments,  closing  up  around  the  style 
Avhen  touched;  anthers  opening  by  valves;  pistil  1,  stigma  shield-shaped; 
fruit  a   1-few  seeded  berry. 

A    genus   of   about    75    species,    natives   of    North    America,    Europe 
northern  Asia  and  South  America.     About  12  species  occur  in  N.  Am. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  serrate;  flowers  and  fruits  in  racemes  B.  vulgaris 

2.  Leaves   entire,   flowers  mostly    1    to   each  leaf- 

cluster  B.   Thunbergii 


BERBERIS  49 

Berberis  vulgaris   Liniie   1753     European  Barberry 

(Latin  form  of  the  Arabic  name.) 

A  spiny  shrub,  2-3  meters  (6-8  ft.)  high,  with  arched  branches, 
glabrous  throughout ;  leaves  alternate  or  fascicled,  obovate  or  spatulate, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  bristly  serrate,  glabrous  on  both 
sides,  prominently  reticulate-veined  beneath,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  .8-2  cm. 
wide,  1-3-pronged  spines  (modified  leaves)  below  the  fascicles;  racemes 
pendulous,  terminating  the  short  shoots  bearing  the  leaves,  4-8  cm.  long, 
many-flowered,  flowers  yellow,  about  8  mm.  broad,  ill-smelling ;  petals 
entire ;  fruit  an  oblong  berry,  scarlet  when  ripe,  acid,  persistent  through 
the  winter. 


Frequently  planted  as  a  hedge  and  ornamental  shrub.  Introduced 
and  naturalized  from  Europe.  In  the  eastern  and  middle  states,  it  has 
become  wild,   growing  in  thickets  and  waste  ground. 

Flowers  in  April  and  May,  fruits  in  autumn. 


50  MOONSEED  FAMILY 

Numerous  forms  and  varieties  have  been  developed  through  cultiva- 
tion, among  which  the  following  is  the  most  commonly  planted  within 
the  state. 

Var.  atropurpurea  Kegel. 

\\ith  jmrple-colored  leaves,  otherwise  like  the  species. 

Berberis  Thunbergii  De  Candolle  1818 

Low  very  dense  shrub,  .5-1  meter  (1.5-3  ft.)  high;  branches  spread- 
ing and  slightly  curved,  twigs  brown,  grooved ;  leaves  in  dense  fascicles, 
spatulate  rounded  or  sometimes  mucronate-tipped  at  the  apex,  glabrous 
thruout,  glaucescent  beneath,  entire,  .5-4  cm.  long,  .2-1  cm.  wide,  fascicle 
subtended  by  simple  spines;  flowers  1-3  (mostly  1)  terminating  the  short 
.shoots,  yellow  with  pinkish  bracts,  6-8  mm.  broad,  pedicels  8-10  mm.  long; 
fruit  elliptic  or  ovoid,  bright  red  when  ripe,  about  8  mm.  long;  named 
for  the  botanist  Thunberg. 

Planted  extensively  as  an  ornamental  shrub  on  account  of  its  dense 
spreading  growth,  its  dark  red  berries,  as  well  as  the  handsome  autumn 
coloring  of  the  foliage.  It  is  especially  well  adapted  for  borders  of 
walks  and  drives  and  is  perfectly  hardy  in  our  climate.     Native  of  Japan. 

Menispermaceae     Moonseed   Family 

Climbing  or  twining,  woody  or  herbaceous  vines ;  leaves  alternate, 
palmate  or  jjeltate,  entire  or  lobed,  stipules  lacking;  flowers  in  panicles, 
racemes  or  cymes,  small,  dioecious;  sepals  4-12;  petals  6,  in  two  whorls 
of  3  each,  sometimes  fewer  or  none,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens 
about  the  same  number  as  petals;  carpels  3  to  many  (mostlv  6),  ovule 
one ;  fruit  a  drupe,  ovary  often  curving  in  developing  into  a  fruit,  caus- 
ing the  seed  to  be  bent  into  a  crescent. 

The  family  is  chiefly  tropical  and  is  represented  in  the  Minnesota 
flora  bv  the  following  genus  onlv. 


'f5       t>^ 


Menispermum  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Moonseed 
(Gr.  m  e  n  e.  crescent,   s  p  e  r  m  a,   seed.) 

Climbing  vines  with  large  peltate  or  cordate.  lol)ed  or  alternate  leaves; 
flowers  in  panicles,  small,  dioecious;  sepals  4-8,  in  two  series  or  whorls; 
petals  6-8,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  stamens  12-24;  pistils  in  the  fertile 
flowers  2-4,  on  a  raised  receptacle,  staminodia  usually  present ;  stigma  broad 
and  flat ;  fruit  a  flattened  drupe ;  seed  bent  into  a  crescent,  hence  the  name. 


MENISPERMUM 


51 


A  genus  of  about  three  species,  one  in  eastern  North  America  the 
others  in  eastern  Asia. 

Menispermum  canadense  Linne  1753     Moonseed 

A  vine  climbing  over  bushes  or  fences.  2-4  meters  (6-12  ft.)  in 
length ;  stems  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  on  long  slender  petioles,  cordate 
iind  entire  or  variously  3-7  lobed  or  angled,  mostly  peltate  near  the  mar- 
gin, glabrate  above,  pubescent  beneath,  6-17  cm.  long,  7-29  cm.  broad; 
flowers  in  loose  panicles,  greenish  white;  drupe  oblong,  bluish  black; 
seed  crescent-shaped :   canadense,   Canadian. 


In  woods  and  along  hillsides  and  streams.  Rather  common  thruout 
the  state,  especially  southward.  Distributed  from  western  Quebec  and 
western  New  England  to  Manitoba  and  south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

(The  long  slender  bitter  yellow  root  is  used  by  the  Sioux  as  medicine. 
being  called  Pejuta  zizi :  and  from  this  the  name  of  Pejuta  Zizi,  or 
yellow  medicine  river.     T.   M.   Young.) 

Flowers  in   June  and   |ulv.  fruits  in  autumn. 


Caryophyllales    Pink   Order 

Tamaricaceae     Tamarisk  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  scale-like  leaves;  flowers  regular,  per- 
fect, in  catkins;  sepals  4-5,  petals  separate,  4-5,  stamens  4-5.  or  many; 
fruit  a  capsule  with  many  small  hairy  seeds. 


52 


TAMARISK  FAMILY 


A  family  of  5  genera,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  of  South 
Africa. 

Tamarix  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Tamarisk 
(The  Latin  name) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  tiny,  scale-like,  clasping  leaves  in  four 
rows,  buds  of  several  rows  of  tiny  scales,  shading  into  leaves ;  flowers 
perfect,  regular,  pink,  in  dense  spikes  or  catkins,  petals  and  sepals  distinct, 


Tamarix  tallica 


and  below  the  ovary,  sepals  persistent,  stamens  free  or  slightly  united, 
ovary  beaked,  with  3-4  short  styles;  fruit  an  awl-shaped  capsule  with  3-+ 
valves. 

A  genus  of  about  25  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 


TAMARIX— POPULUS  53 

Tamarix  gallica  L  i  11  11  e  1753     Common  Tamarisk 

Bushy  shrub  or  small  tree,  5-iO  ft.  high,  with  numerous  feathery 
branches;  leaves  tiny,  scale-like,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire,  the  margin 
papery,  sharp-pointed,  broadly  clasping  at  base,  smooth,  lyz-S  mm.  long; 
tlower  spikes  in  racemes  at  the  ends  of  branches,  often  1  ft.  long;  spikes 
oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  1/4-1  cm.  wide;  flowers  tiny,  pink,  short-pedicelled. 
13/2-3  mm.,  capsules  awl-shaped,  smooth,  shining,  splitting  usually  into 
three  elongate  valves,  5-6  mm.  long;  gallica,  of  Gaul,  referring  to  its 
home. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  but  not  perfectly  hardy.  In  the  East  and 
Middle  ^\'est,  it  is  highly  valued  for  its  beautiful,  feathery  appearance 
and  masses  of  delicate  flowers,  and  for  its  wide  range  of  adaptability. 

Salicaceae     Willow  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  leaves ;  flowers  dioecious,  both 
kinds  in  catkins;  sepals  0,  petals  0,  stamens  1-60,  ovary  1-celled,  stigmas 
2.  often  2-4-cleft ;  fruit  a  small  capsule,  splitting  into  2-4  parts;  seeds 
tiny,  covered  with  long  white  or  whitish  hairs. 

A  family  containing  but  the  two  following  genera,  represented  by 
about  200  species,  chiefly  native  to  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

KEY   TO   THE   GEXEK.V 

1.  Buds  with  several  scales;  bracts  of  the  catkin 

fringed    or    cut ;    stamens    usually    many    in 

each  flower  Populus 

2.  Buds    with   one   scale;    bracts    entire;    stamens 

1-10,  usually  2  "  Salix 

Populus  L  i  n  n  e  1753 

(I,,  populus.  poplar,  probably  from  the  root  ='^pal,  to  shake) 

Trees ;  leaves  alternate  in  five  rows,  simple,  with  prominent  midrib ; 
buds  resinous,  covered  with  several  scales;  flowers  dioecious,  rarely 
monoecious,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  hanging  catkins  with  cut- 
fringed  scales;  sepals  and  petals  lacking,  but  the  disk  often  cup-like 
stamens  6-60,  ovary  1-celled,  ovate-conical,  with  2-3  or  rarely  4  rows 
of  .seeds,  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  lobed  ;  fruit  a  capsule  with  2-4  valves, 
smooth  or  hairy;   seeds  enclosed   in  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Propagated  readily  from  seeds,  cuttings  and  suckers. 

A  genus  of  25  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  five  other 
species   occur   in  western   North   America. 


54  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  with  iiuuh   Hattencd  petioles 

a.  Petiole    and     lower    leaf    surface     white    or 

wooll}-;  leaves  lobed  P.  alba 

b.  Petioles   and  mature  leaves  smooth 

( 1 )  Leaves    coarsely    wavy-toothed,    densely 

woolly  at  first  P-  gramiidcntaia 

(2)  Leaves      more      finely      crenate-toothed, 

smooth 

(a)  Leaves  round  or  ovate,  short-pointed  P.   ircmtiloidcs 

(b)  Leaves  truncate  at  base,   long-pointed 

X.      Branches  spreading ;   crown  broad  P.   dcUoi.ics 

y.      Branches  erect ;  crown  long  and  nar- 
row P-   nigra  italic  a 

2.  Leaves  with  round  or  channeled  petioles, 

a.  Leaves  1-3  cm.  wide,  more  or  less  lanceolate; 

petioles   smooth  P.   angiistifolia 

b.  Leaves  4-10  cm.  wide,  ovate;  petioles  hairy 

(1)  I-eaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  not  heart- 

shaped  at  the  base  P.  balsaniifcra 

(2)  Leaves     hairy     below,     heart-shaped     at 

liase  P-   l>-  caii.iicans 

Fopulus   alba   L  i  n  n  e     White   Poplar,    Silver   Leaf 

Tall  tree,  5()-l()()  ft.  high.  2-4  ft.  diam.  ;  bark  smooth,  bright,  gray 
or  yellow-green  ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  wedge-shaped,  tip  blunt  or 
rounded,  base  more  or  less  truncate,  densely  white-woolly  when  young, 
the  upjjer  surface  becoming  smooth  and  green  at  maturity,  4-6  cm.  long, 
3-4  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  white-woolly,  3-4  cm.  long;  staminate 
catkins  3-3  cm.  long,  fruiting  catkins  5-6  cm.  long,  capsules  small,  3-4 
mm.   long;   alba,   wlhte,    referring   to  leaves  and  bark. 

Cultivated  and  thenr.'  spreading  siiontaneously  l)y  means  of  root 
sprouts;  nativi'  of  I'hirasia.  Flowering  in  Marcli  or  April,  the  cottony 
seeds  flying  in  June.  ( )ur  commonest  variety  is  P.  a.  n  i  v  e  a,  often  called 
the  "silver-leaf  mai)k',"  with  snowy  lower  leaf  surface  and  larger  lobes. 
Propagated  by  cuttings  and  suckers. 

^^'ood  white  to  yellowish,  soft,  weak,  splitting  with  ditHiculty,  weight 
38  lbs.;  used  for  boxes,  flooring,  interior  iinishi-ng,  rollers;  of  little  value 


56  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Populus  grandidentata  M  i  c  h  a  u  x  1803     Toothed  Aspen 

Tree  of  medium  size,  30-50  ft.  high,  1-2  ft.  diam. ;  bark  smooth, 
green-gray  or  yellowish;  leaves  ovate  or  round  in  outline  with  6-12  large 
usually  blunt  teeth  on  each  side,  tip  also  rather  blunt,  base  tapering, 
truncate  or  somewhat  rounded,  densely  wdiite  woolly  when  young,  the 
wool  persisting  for  a  long  time  on  the  lower  surface,  but  both  surfaces 
finally  smooth,  more  or  less  three-nerved  at  base,  the  lateral  veins  6-12. 
6-15  cm.  long,  4-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  flattened,  long,  5-8  cm.,  densely 
white  woolly,  then  smooth;  bracts  5-6-cleft  and  silky,  stamens  6-12  in 
each  flower,  the  catkins  4-10  cm.  long,  pistillate  catkins  6-15  cm.,  the 
capsules  2-valved,  finely  w^arted,  5-7  mm.  long;  flowering  in  March  or 
April,  the  seeds  flying  in  May :  grandidentata,  large-toothed,  re- 
ferring to  the  leaf  margin. 

Throughout  the  state,  except  the  southw-est ;   NS-NC-Tenn-Minn. 

Wood  brownish,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  weight  29  lbs. ;  used  for 
excelsior,  paper,  woodcnware.  and  in  turnery. 


Populus  tremuloides  AI  i  c  h  a  11  x     Aspen,  Quaking  Asp 

A'ariable,  but  usually  a  small  tree,  and  often  a  shrub,  20-50  ft.  high, 
3^-l/<2  ft.  diam.;  bark  smooth,  bright  gray-green  or  yellow-green;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  to  rounded,  the  margin  finely  toothed  or  wavy,  and  sparsely 
hairy,  abruptly  tipped,  the  tip  sharp,  3^  cm.  long,  base  truncate  or 
rounded,  smooth  above  and  below%  lateral  veins  6-12,  petioles  strongly 
flattened,  slender,  3-5  cm.  long;  bracts  deeply  3-5-cleft  and  long-hairy, 
.stamens  6-12  in  each  flower,  the  catkins  3-6  cm.  long;  pistillate  catkins 
5-7  cm.  long,  the  capsules  two-valved,  6  mm.;  flowering  in  March  and 
April,  fruit  maturing  in  May  and  June. 

Common  throughout  the  state,  but  especially  in  the  north;  Lab-Nfd- 
Ky-Mex-Cal-Ala. 

Propagated  by  root  sprouts  and  cuttings,  readily  grown  from  seed. 

^^■ood  brownish,  soft,  weak,  weight  20  lbs. ;  used  for  excelsior,  paper 
boxes,  flooring  and  turnery.  The  young  inner  bark  is  used  for  food 
by  the  northern   Indian. 

Populus  deltoides  M  a  r  s  hall  1785     Cottonwood 

Large  tree  cSO-120  ft.  higli,  2-6  ft.  diam.;  bark  smooth  and  gray-green 
for  a  number  of  years,  deeply  ridged  w^hen  old ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
rounded,  edge  coarsely  wavy-toothed,  tip  long-pointed,  base  truncate  or 
shallowly  cordate,  smooth  and  shining,   5-10  cm.  long  and  wide,  petioles 


POPULUS  57 

smooth,  6-12  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  6-10  cm.  lung.  1-2  cm.  wide, 
stamens  30-60,  bracts  cut  and  fringed;  fruiting  catkins  10-20  cm.  long, 
capsules  ovate,  finely  wartecl,  10-14  mm.;  d  e  1  r  o  i  d  e  s,  delta-like,  in 
reference  to  the  leaves. 

Common  throughout  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  often  forming 
extensive  woods  on  flooded  lowlands,  rarer  northward;  Quebec-Fla-NM- 
Colo-Alberta.  One  of  tlie  commonest  of  cultivated  trees  in  America,  and 
widelv  grown  in  Europe ;  its  rapid  growth  antl  massive  habit  make  it 
desirable  for  planting  in  newly  settled  regions,  but  it  is  less  satisfactory 
in  cities.  The  staminate  tree  is  especially  attractive  on  account  of  its 
red-brown  catkins,  and  should  alone  be  planted  in  cities,  in  order  to 
avoid  the  shower  of  cottony  seeds  produced  by  the  pistillate  tree. 

\\''ood  dark  brown,  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  weight  24  lbs. ; 
extensively  used  during  the  development  of  the  Middle  West,  but  now- 
used  only  for  fuel,  packing  boxes,  and  wood  pulp,  or  locally  for  lumber. 

Populus  nigra  italica  Du  Roi  1771     Lombardy  Poplar 

Tall  pvramidal  tree,  50-100  ft.  high.  2-4  ft.  diam. ;  bark  yellowish, 
then  gray  to  brown,  deeply  furrowed;  branches  upright,  appearing  on  all 
parts  of  the  trunk;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  often  much  broader 
than  long,  margin  wavy-toothed,  short  to  very  long-pointed,  base  trian- 
gular to  truncate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-10  cm.  wide, 
petioles  flattened,  4-6  cm.  long ;  staminate  catkins  3-6  cm.  long,  stamens 
20-25,  fruiting  catkins  5-10  cm.  long,  capsules  ovoid,  blunt;  italica, 
Italian,  in  reference  to  its  home   in   Lombardy. 

Frequently  cultivated  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  north,  rarely 
spontaneous.  A  short-lived  tree,  especially  liable  to  winter-killing  and 
not  desirable  for  planting  in  dry  or  cold  northern  climates. 

The  wood  is  of  little   value. 

Populus    angustifolia  J  a  m  e  s    1823     Narrowleaf    Cottonwood 

Medium  tree,  30-60  ft.  high,  6-8  in.  diam.  ;  bark  smooth  and  yellow- 
ish ;  leaves  narrowly  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  or  nearly  linear,  edge 
minutely  wavy-toothed,  tip  rounded  or  tapering,  usually  blunt,  base  usu- 
ally tapering,  rarely  rounded,  smooth,  5-15  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide. 
petioles  smooth,  1-4  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  4-6  cm.  long,  bracts 
deeply  cut  into  many  fine  lobes;  fruiting  catkins  5-7  cm.  long,  capsules 
2-valved,   ovate,   wrinkled ;   angustifolia,  narrow-leaved. 

Rarely  planted  in  parks:  Assiniboia-Nebr-NM-Nev. 


SALIX  _VJ 

Wood  light  brown,  soft,  weak,  weight  24  lbs.  ;  used  in  tlic  West  for 
boxes,   fencing,   fuel,   etc. 

Populus  balsamifera  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Balsam,  Balsam  Poplar 

Tall  tree,  50-100  ft.  high.  2-5  ft.  diani.  ;  bark  grayisli  or  greenisli. 
smooth,  somewhat  ridged  on  t)ld  trunks;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate, 
the  edge  closelv  and  fiiK-lv  wavy-toothed,  tip  rather  Iniiij;,  acute,  rounded, 
rarely  slightlv  cordate  at  base,  smooth,  dark  green,  and  shining  above, 
the  lower  surface  pale  and  resinous,  often  splashed  with  red.  somewhat 
3-nerved  at  base,  7-12  cm.  long.  4-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  round,  hairy. 
4-6  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  5-10  cm.  long,  bracts  usually  coarsely 
fringed,  sometimes  lobed  or  divided,  stamens  20-30 ;  fruiting  catkin;. 
12-15  cm.  long,  capsules  ovate,  rugose,  8-10  mm.  long  :  b  a  1  s  a  m  i  f  e  r  a, 
balsam-bearing,  referring  to  the  resinous  buds  and  leaves. 

The  varietv  c  a  n  d  i  c  a  n  s  differs  in  its  broadly  ovate  leaves  with  heart- 
shaped  bases,  10-12  cm.  long.  8-10  cm.  wide,  and  in  the  hairy  petiole.s 
and  veins. 

Along  streams  and  edges  of  swamps,  common  throughout  the  north- 
ern half  of  the  state  but  rare  or  lacking  in  the  south;  Nfd-NY-Mich- 
Nebr-Colo-Saskatchewan- Alaska. 

Wood  light  brown,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  weight  22  lbs.,  used  for 
boxes,  pails,  packing  cases,  wood-pulp  and  net  floats. 


Salix  Lin  n  e  1753 
(L.  s  a  li  X.  Avilldw  or  sallow,  the  archaic  name  of  willow  in  Enqiish) 

Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  alternate  in  5  rows,  simple,  pinnately  veined  : 
buds  not  resinous,  with  a  single  scale  ;  flowers  dioecious,  though  excep- 
tionally monoecious,  appearing  before  the  leaves  or  with  them,  in  catkmi^. 
with  entire  usually  hairy  scales,  each  flower  with  a  nectar-bearing  disk, 
fragrant;  stamens  1-10,  usually  2,  in  each  flower,  ovary  1 -celled,  conical 
to  beaked,  with  twt)  rows  of  ovules,  stigmas  2,  capsule  2-valved.  smooth 
or  hairy,  seeds  enclosed  in  a  tuft  of  hairs.     Flowering  in  Aj.ril  or   May. 

Propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 

A  genus  of  170  species,  widely  distributed  through  the  north  temperate 
and  arctic  zones,  about  80  species  occur  in  North  America. 


6o  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.     Leaves  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  on  both  sides  when 
mature. 

a.  Leaves  linear,  linear-oblong,  or  linear-lance- 

olate S.  jliiviatilis 

b.  Leaves  broader,  lanceolate  to  ovate 

(1)  Branches  drooping  .V.   hahyloiiica 

(2)  Branches    more    or    less    ascending,    not 

drooping 
(a)      Shrubs  or  low  trees,   less   than   20  ft. 
high 
X.     Twigs    purplish,    leaves    oblanceolate 

or  spatulate  S.'  purpurea 

y.     Twigs  brownish  or  yellowish ;    leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate 
(x)      Petioles    and    stipules    glandular      ,S'.   liiciJa 
(y)      Petioles  and  stipules  not  glandu- 
lar 
m.      Leaves    entire,    elliptic:     1-3    ft. 

l^igli  ..S".   inyrtilloidcs 

n.       Leaves  more   or  less   toothed 
(m)      Leaves  green  on  both  sides, 
at  least  not  glaucous  be- 

1"^^'  S.  cord  at  a 

(n)       Leaves     glaucous    or    white 
below 
■  r.     Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  the 

fine  teeth   glandular  S.   balsamifera 

s.      Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate 
(r)      Young     leaves     densely 

silky  S.  scricca 

(s)      Young  leaves  only  slight- 
ly silky  or  hairy 
h.      Leaves   lanceolate,   acu- 

"■••"ate  S.   pciiolaris 

i.       Leaves     oblong-lanceo- 

l^^te    acute  s.  discolor 

(b)      Trees,  20-70   ft.   hitrh 


SALIX  6i 

X.      Leaves     narrowly     lanceolate,     short- 

petioled  .V. .  nigra 

y.     Leaves    broadly    lancLH)latc    or    lance- 
ovate;   slender-petioled.  S.  amygiialoidcs 
2.      Leaves  persistently  hairy,  at  least  beneath 

a.  Cultivated  trees 

( 1 )  Leaves  serrulate  S.  alba 

(2)  Leaves  entire  .S.  viminalis 

b.  Native  shrubs 

(1)  Low  shrubs,    1-6   ft.   high 

(a)  Leaves  2-5  cm.  long;  shrub  1-2  ft.  high      S.  frisfis 

(b)  Leaves   5-10  cm.  long;   shrub  2-6   ft. 

high 
X.      Leaves   and    young   twigs   white-hairv 

beneath  .S'.  canJida 

y.      Leaves  gray-hairy  beneath  S.  Juiiuilis 

(2)  Tall   shrubs,    5-12   ft.   high 

(a)  Leaves  lanceolate,  silky  shining  below      .S'.  scricca 

(b)  Leaves      ovate-lanceolate      or      ovate, 

densely   white-hairy  below  S.  rostrata 

Salix  fluviatilis  X  u  t  t  a  1  1   1842     Sandbar  Willov^,  Longleaf 

Willow 

S.  longifolia  Muhlenberg  1803,  not  Lamarck  1778 

Low  branching  shrub,  3-10  ft.  high,  or  rarely  a  low  slender  tree; 
bark  smooth,  grav.  yellow  or  brown ;  leaves  linear,  rarely  oblong,  with 
10-20  minute  spiny  teeth  on  each  edge,  tip  very  long-pointed,  long  taper- 
ing toward  the  base,  white-silky  on  both  sides  when  young,  becoming 
smooth  when  mature,  or  in  one  form  persistently  silky  below,  midrib 
prominent,  lateral  veins  indistinct,  6-15  cm.  long,  2-12  mm.  wide,  petioles 
very  short,  1-2  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  2-4  cm.  long,  3^-1  cm. 
wide,  stamens  2.  with  distinct  hairy  filaments,  pistillate  catkins  2-5  cm. 
long.  \y2  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsule  ovate,  beaked,  rugose  or  somewhat 
hairv  :  f  1  u  v  i  a  t  i  1  i  s,  from  f  1  u  v  i  u  s,  stream,  in  reference  to  the  habitat. 

Abundant  throughout  the  state  along  streams,  on  sandbars  and  sandy 
shores:  Quebec-Va-Ky-NM-Athabasca.  Flowering  in  May  or  June.  Val- 
uable for  binding  sandy  banks  and  shores,  and  in  reclaiming  lowlands. 

Wood  soft,  reddish  brown,  weight  31  lbs.,  of  no  value  except  for 
charcoal. 


^.rnvrTilloides 


U.S. 


SALIX  63 

Salix  babylonica  1.  i  n  n  e  1753 

Tall  tree,  50-70  ft.  high,  2-6  ft.  diam.  ;  bark  gray,  rougli ;  twigs  very 
long  and  drooping;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  with  30-50 
minute  ^harp  teeth  on  each  edge,  very  long-pointed,  tapering  toward  the 
base,  smooth  on  both  sides  when  mature,  green  above,  glaucous  beneatli, 
8-12  cm.  long,  1-1><^  cm.  wide,  petioles  usually  twisted,  somewhat  hairy, 
1-1^  cm.  long;  stamens  2  with  distinct  hairy  filaments,  pistillate  catkins 
2-3  cm.  long,  ^4  cm.  wide,  capsule  ovate,  beaked;  babylonica,  of 
Babylonia,  referring  to  its  original  home. 

Occasionally  cultivated ;  native  of  Asia. 

Salix  purpurea  Linne  1753     Purple  Willow 

Shrub,  6-12  ft.  high,  with  somewhat  purplish  tlexible  twigs;  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  rarely  oblong,  entire  or  finely  and  sharply 
toothed,  tip  acute,  tapering  from  above  the  middle  to  the  base,  smooth, 
paler  below,  veiny.  5-8  cm.  long,  1-1^2  cm.  wide,  petioles  3-6  mm.  long; 
staminate  catkins  3-5  cm.  long,  7-8  mm.  wide,  stamens  2,  filaments  hairy, 
united,  pistillate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  5  mm.  wide,  capsule  ovoid,  blunt, 
densely  hairy,  scales  minute,  hairy ;  p  u  r  p  u  r  e  a,  purjile,  perhaps  in  ref- 
erence to  the  purple  twigs. 

Occasionally   cultivated;   native   of   Europe. 

Salix  lucida  M  tt  h  1  e  n  b  e  r  g  1803     Glossy  Willow 

Tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  6-20  ft.  high,  4-8  in.  diam.  ;  bark  smooth 
brown,  twigs  yellow-brown,  shining;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  finely  and  closely  toothed,  tip  very  long,  pointed, 
often  3-4  cm.  long,  base  tapering  or  rounded,  smooth,  shining  above., 
paler  below,  veiny,  glandular  at  base,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  petioles 
Yz-l  cm.,  staminate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  1-1^2  cm.  wide,  stamens  5,  fila- 
ments hairy  at  base,  pi.stillate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long.  1-1  >^  cm.  wide  in  fruit, 
capsules  ovoid,  beaked,  minutely  rugose;  1  u  c  i  d  u  s.  shining,  in  reference 
to  twigs  and  leaves. 

Common  throughout  tlie  whole  state  along  banks  of  streams  and  on 
lake  shores;  Nfd-NV-Ky-Nebr-Athabasca.  Flowering  in  April  or  May. 
Used  for  ornament  by  reason  of  its  shining  leaves  and  large  bright  yellow 
staminate  catkins.  The  wood  is  not  used  and  its  qualities  have  not  been 
determined. 


64  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Salix  myrtilloides  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Bog  Willow 

Low  slirub,  1-3  ft.  liigh.  with  grayish  or  brcnvnish  twigs;  leaves  elliptic 
to  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  or  more  rarely  oblong,  margin  entire,  revo- 
lute,  tip  rounded  or  acute,  base  rounded  to  tapering,  smooth,  green  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  or  2-5  cm.  long,  jA-l 
cm.  wide  in  the  narrow  forms,  petioles  2-5  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins 
2-3  cm.  long,  stamens  2,  filaments  smooth,  pistillate  catkins  short,  1^-3 
cm.  long,  1^/2  cm.  wide,  capsules  ovoid,  beaked,  smooth,  red-brown; 
myrtilloides,  myrtle-like.  The  variety  p  e  d  i  c  e  1  1  a  r  i  s  differs 
only  in  the  narrow  oblong  or  oblong-linear  leaves  mentioned  above. 

Frequent  in  bogs  and  wet  meadows  in  the  north,  rarer  southward,  and 
lacking  in  the  southwest;   Quebec-NY-Ia-B.C. 


Salix  cordata  ]\I  u  h  1  e  n  b  e  r  g-  1803     Cordate  Willow 

Shrub,  4-12  ft.  high,  the  twigs  often  minutely  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  oblanceolate,  finely  and  usually  closely  toothed  on  the  margin,  tip 
acute  or  somewhat  pointed,  tapering  toward  the  base,  somewhat  white- 
hairy  when  very  young,  smooth  when  mature,  paler  beneath,  4-8  cm.  long, 
8-15  mm.  wide,  petioles  3-6  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long, 
stamens  2,  filaments  smooth,  pistillate  catkins  4-5  cm.  long,  I'jA  cm.  wide  in 
fruit,  capsules  ovoid,  beaked,  smooth ;  cordata,  heart-shaped,  referring 
perhaps  to  the  large  heart-shaped  stipules,  which  are  often  lacking.  In  the 
variety  angustata,  the  leaves  are  linear-lanceolate. 

Frequent  throughout  the  state  along  river  banks  and  in  marshes ; 
Nebr-Ga-Mo-Colo-Cal-B.C. 

Salix  balsamifera  B  a  r  r  a  1 1    1839     Balsam  Willow 

Shrub,  3-10  ft.  high,  with  dark  shining  twigs;  leaves  elliptic,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  finely  toothed  or  more  closely  wavy-toothed,  the  teeth 
glandular,  tip  pointed,  base  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  somewhat 
hairy  when  young,  smooth  when  mature,  green  above,  very  glaucous  be- 
low, veins  j^rominent,  4-9  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  petioles  1^-2  cm. 
long;  staminate  catkins  2^/^-3  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  stamens  2,  filaments 
smooth;  pistillate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long,  1-1^  cm.  wide,  capsules  ovoid, 
beaked,  smooth :  balsamifera,  balsam-bearing,  in  reference  to  the 
glandular  leaves. 

Rare — chiefly  in  the  Red  River  Valley:  Labrador-IMe-Ont-Minn-Man- 
itoba. 


5aliX 


66  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Salix  sericea  AI  a  r  s  h  a  1  1    1785     Silky  Willow 

Shrub,  5-12  ft.  high,  often  with  finely  hairy  twigs,  leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  ta])ering  toward  the  base,  the  margin  cdusely  wavy-toothed,  when 
young  sparsely  hairy  above  and  densely  white-woolly  below,  smooth  and 
green  above  when  mature,  usually  silky  shining  below,  rarely  less  shiny 
but  a[>parently  always  hairy,  6- 10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  petioles  1  cm. 
long;  staminate  catkins  1^/^-2  cm.  long,  7-8  mm.  wide,  stamens  2,  fila- 
ments smooth,  pistillate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsules 
ovate-conic,   densely  gray-hairy ;   sericea,   silky  referring  to  the   leaves. 

Not  yet  reported  from  a  definite  locality  in  Minnesota;   Me-Va-Mich. 

Salix  petiolaris  J.  E.  S  m  i  t  h  1802     Slender  Willow 

vShrub,  4-12  ft.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  margin 
finely  toothed,  or  wavy-toothed,  sharp-pointed,  tapering  toward  the  base, 
silky-hairy  when  young,  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy  above  when  mature, 
very  glaucous  beh)w,  3-8  cm.  long,  Yi-lYi  cm.  wide,  petioles  usually 
hairy,  }^-l  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  stamens  2,  filaments 
.smooth,  pistillate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  capsules  long-beaked,  finelv  hairy; 
petiolaris,  petioled.  In  the  variety  gracilis,  the  leaves  are  linear- 
lanceolate,  and  the  pedicel  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule. 

Along  stream  banks  and  wet  meadows,  rare  northward;  NB-Va-Minn- 
Mont-B.C. 

Salix  discolor  ]\I  u  h  1  e  n  ])  e  r  g  1833     Pussy  Willow 

.Shrub  or  low  tree,  6-20  ft.  high,  4-8  in.  diam.  ;  bark  brownish,  scaly; 
leaves  oblong  or  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  coarselv  wavy-toothed, 
acute  or  sharp-})ointed  at  tij).  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  base,  nearly 
or  entirely  smooth  when  mature,  green  above,  verv  glaucous  below,  prom- 
inently veined,  8-15  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  j^etioles  usuallv  hairv,  2-3 
cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long,  ly^  cm.  wide,  stamens  2,  fila- 
ments smooth,  i)istillate  catkins  densely  hairy,  5-6  cm.  long,  Ij/j  cm.  wide, 
capsules  large,  long-beaked,  hairy:  discolor,  referring  to  the  cinitrast 
between  the  two  leaf  surfaces. 

Common  along  streams  and  in  wet  places  throughout  the  state:  NS- 
NC-Mo-Minn. 

\\'ood  brownish,  soft,  close-grained,  weight   26   lbs. 


SALIX  67 

Salix  nigra  Marshall   1785     Black  Willow 

Tree,  40-80  ft.  high.  1-3  ft.  diam.  ;  bark  dark  brown,  more  or  less 
deeply  ridged,  and  separating  in  plates;  leaves  narrowlv  lanceolate,  usu- 
ally tapering  gradually  to  a  very  long  point,  tapering  or  slight Iv  rounded 
toward  the  base,  margin  closely  set  with  fine  sharp  teeth,  usually  smooth, 
slightly  paler  below,  6-12  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  petioles  often  hairv, 
5-10  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  5-10  cm.  long.  7-U)  mm.  wide,  stamens 
3-7,  filaments  hairy,  pistillate  catkins  4-6  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  capsules 
ovate,  abruptlv  jxiinted,  rugose  ;  nigra,  black,  referring  perhaps  to  the 
bark. 

Frequent  throughout  the  state,  common  in  the  south;  NB-Fla-Tex- 
Cal-Manitoba. 

^^'ood  light  reddish  brown,  soft,  weak,  weight  28  lbs. 

Salix   amygdaloides    Anderson    1858     Almond   Willow 

Tree,  40-60  ft.  high,  1-2  ft.  diam.;  bark  brown,  ridged  and  more  or 
less  scalv  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  margin  finely  and  sharply 
toothed,  tip  long-pomted,  base  tapering,  rounded  or  rarely  slightly  cor- 
date, smooth  when  mature,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath.  6-12  cm.  long. 
lYi-^Yi  cm.  wide,  petioles  smooth  or  hairy,  1-2  cm.  long;  staminate 
catkins  3-6  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  stamens  5-9.  filaments  somewhat  hairy 
below,  pistillate  catkins  4-6  cm.  long,  lYi  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsules 
ovate,   smooth  :   a  m  y  g  d  a  1  o  i  d  e  s.   almond-like,  referring  to  the   leaves. 

Frequent  along  streams  and  in  wet  soils  throughout  the  state  ;  ()uebec- 
NV-Mo-NM-BC-Saskatchewan. 

\\'ood  light  brown,  soft,  weak,  weight  28  lbs. 

Salix  alba  L  i  n  n  e  1753     White  Willow,  Huntingdon  Willow 

Large  tree,  50-80  ft.  high,  3-6  ft.  diam. ;  bark  gray,  ridged ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  somewhat  oblanceolate,  margin  finely  and  closely  toothed, 
teeth  glandular,  tip  usually  long-pointed,  tapering  toward  the  base,  sparse- 
ly silky  above,  white  and  shining  silky  below,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide, 
petioles  hairy,  2-5  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  3-5  cm.  long,  7-8  mm. 
wide,  stamens  2,  filaments  hairy,  pistillate  catkins  5-7  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
wide,  hi  fruit,  capsule  ovoid,  rugose,  smooth;  alba,  white,  referring 
to  the  leaves. 

Occasionallv  cultivated,  especially  the  golden  osier,  the  variety  v  i  t  e  1- 


68  WILLOW  FAMILY 

1  i  n  a,  with   leaves  smooth  above   and   yellowish  twigs ;    hardy  and  hence 
valuable  for  wind-breaks  and  for  live  fences. 
Wood  soft,  light,  tough  and  flexible. 

Salix  viminalis  L  i  n  u  e  1753     Osier  Willow 

Shrub  or  low  tree,  10-25  ft.  high;  leaves  very  long,  linear-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate,  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,  margin  usually  entire  and  revolute, 
tip  long-pointed,  base  tapering,  dark  green  and  nearly  smooth  above, 
densely  white  silky  below,  5-15  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  petioles  more  or 
less  hairy,  2-5  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide, 
stamens  2,  filaments  smooth,  pistillate  catkins  4-6  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide 
in  fruit,  capsules  ovate-conic,  densely  white  silky :  viminalis,  vimen, 
a  pliant  twig,  referring  to  its  use  in  wicker  work. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  native  of   Eurasia ;  used  for  wicker   ware. 

Salix  tristis  A  i  t  o  n  1789     Dwarf  "Willow 

Low  branched  shrub,  1-3  ft.  high,  with  dark  hairy  twigs;  leaves  spatu- 
late  or  oblanceolate,  sometimes  oblong,  margin  entire  or  very  slightly 
wavy,  revolute,  tip  pointed  or  obtuse,  base  tapering,  green  and  more  or 
less  hairy  above  when  mature,  densely  gray-woolly  below,  2-6  cm.  long, 
y2-\y2  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  hairy,  1-3  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins- 
I-I34  cm.  long,  y2  cm.  wide,  stamens  2,  filaments  smooth;  pistillate 
catkins  2-i  cm.  long,  I3/2  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsules  very  long,  beaked, 
gray  hairy  :  tristis,  sad,  referring  to  the  gray  color. 

liifrecjuent  ;  occasional  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state;  Me-NY-Ga- 
Mo-Nel)r-Mir.n. 

Salix  Candida  1'  1  u  e  li,  <;  e   1806     Hoary  Willow 

Low  shrub,  2-6  ft.  high,  the  young  twigs  densely  white  wot)lly;  leaves- 
linear,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  margin  entire  and  revolute. 
tip  pointed  or  blunt,  base  long-tapering,  more  or  less  sparsely  long- 
woolly  above,  densely  white-woolly  below,  veiny  above,  4-8  cm.  long 
3/2- 1}4  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  woolly,  1-5  mm.  long;  staminate  cat- 
kins 1-2  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  stamens  2,  filaments  smooth,  pistillate 
catkins  3-4  cm.  long,  1-1^/2  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsules  ovoid-conic,  densely 
woolly:  Candida,  shining,   in  reference  to  the   white  leaves. 

In  wet  places  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  south;  Labrador-NY- 
Colo-Saskatchewan. 


70  WILLOW  FAMILY 

Salix  humilis  Marshall   1785     Prairie  Willow 

I.ow  shrub,  2-6  ft.  tall,  with  densely  hairy  twigs;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late to  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  margin  entire  or  slightly  wavy  toward 
the  tip,  revolute,  tip  rounded  or  acute,  base  tapering  or  rounded,  smooth 
or  slightly  hairy  above  when  mature,  densely  or  rarely  sparsely  white- 
woolly  below,  2-8  cm.  long,  1-2^2  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  woolly,  3-15 
mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  1-2  cm.  long,  7-8  mm.  wide,  stamens  2, 
filaments  smooth,  pistillate  catkins  2-4  cm.  long,  l-lj/j  cm.  wide,  capsules 
ovoid,  long-beaked,  white-silky;  humilis,  on  the  ground,  alluding  to 
the  low  habit. 

Probably  throughout  the  state;  NS-NC-Nebr-Minn. 

Salix   rostrata    R  i  c  h  a  r  d  .s  o  n    1823      Beak   Willow 
Salix  bebbiana  Sargent   1895 

Shrub,  6-15  ft.  high;  bark  gray,  slightly  ridged  and  somewhat  scaly; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  margin  entire  or  slightlv  waw,  tip  acute 
or  blunt,  base  more  or  less  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  hairy  above,  more 
or  less  densely  long  white-hairy  below,  or  sometimes  nearly  smooth  in 
old  age,  3-6  cm.  long,  15^-25^  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  hairy,  8-10  mm. 
long;  staminate  catkins  3-4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  stamens  2,  filaments 
smooth,  pistillate  catkins  5-7  cm.  long,  1^  cm.  wide  in  fruit,  capsules 
long-beaked,  liairy :  rostrata,  beaked,  in  allusicm  to  the  long-beaked 
capsules. 

Throughout  the  state;   Quebec-N V-Nebr-Ariz-Athabasca. 

Malvales     Mallow  Order 
Tiliaceae     Linden  Family 

Trees  with  alternate  simple  leaves ;  flowers  perfect  in  open  clusters  ; 
sepals  5,  petals  5,  stamens  many,  in  several  groups;  ovary  2-10-celled; 
fruit   1-10-celk^d,  drupe-like  or  berry-like. 

A  family  of  about  25  genera,  found  chiefly  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions,  a  few  occurring  in  temperate  climates. 

Tilia  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Basswood,  Linden 
(  L.  tilia,  linden  or  lime  tree) 

Trees  with  rounded  heart-shaped  oblique  leaves,  and  cream-colored 
or  yellowish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters,  the  stalk  grown 
together  with  a  leaf-like  bract ;  sepals  5,  petals  5,  narrow  and  spatulate, 
often  with  small  basal  scales,  stamens  many,  united  by  the  filaments  or 


-2  LINDEN  FAMILY 

with  the  petal  scales  in  5  groups;  ovary  5-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell,  style  simple,  stigma  5-toothed ;  fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1-2-seeded, 
drupe-like,  more  or  less  globose. 

Propagated  from  stratified  seed,  though  these  often  fail  to  germinate 
until  the  second  year;  also  from  cuttings  grown  in  a  solar  pit. 

A  genus  of  12  species,  all  native  to  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Petioles    smooth;    leaA'es    8-10    cm.    and    more 

lone  J-  aiucricana 

o 

2.  Petioles  hairv,   especially   at   the   blade;    leaves 

5-8  cm.  long  T.   ciiropaca 

Tilia  americana   L  i  n  n  e    1753     Basswood,   American   Linden, 

Bee  Tree 

Medium  or  tall  tree.  30-75  ft.  high,  1-3  ft.  diam. ;  bark  smooth  for  a 
long  time,  reddish  grey,  and  with  shallow  ridges;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  or 
rounded,  deeply  and  sharply  toothed,  tip  abruptly  sharp-pointed,  base 
irregular,  one  side  2-5  cm.  longer  than  the  other,  smooth  above  and  be- 
low, prominently  veined,  8-25  cm.  long,  6-15  cm.  wide,  petioles  smooth, 
4-8  cm.  long;  flower  bract  oblong,  vehiy,  6-15  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide, 
clusters  8-20-flowered,  flowers  1  cm.  wide,  fragrant,  nectar-bearing; 
petals  creamy  or  yellowish,  oblong,  narrow,  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
hairy  sepals ;  fruit  globose,  hairy,  6-8  mm.  diam.,  often  persisting  all 
winter ;   americana,   American,   referring  to   its  native   home. 

In  rich  soil,  common  through  the  central  and  southern  portions, 
especially  dominant  in  the  "Big  ^^'oods,■'  rare  northward;  New  Bruns- 
wick-Oa-Tex-Nebr- Manitoba. 

^^'(H!d  light  brown,  soft,  weight  28  pounds  per  cubic  foot ;  used  fur 
carriages,  furniture,  panels,  inner  soles  of  shoes,  paper  pulp,  wooden 
ware,  and  the  tough  bark  for  mat  fiber,  cordage,  etc. 

Tilia  europaea  L  i  n  11  e  1753     Lime  Tree,  European  Linden 

Tall  tree,  40-80  ft.  high.  1-3  ft.  diam.;  bark  dark,  ridged,  leaves 
obliquely  and  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  finely  and  sharplv  toothed, 
abruptly  pointed,  very  oblique  and  irregular  at  the  base,  smooth  above, 
more  or  less  hairy  below,  especially  on  the  veins  and  at  the  angles,  and 
usually    with    a   characteristic   weft   of   hairs   at   the   base,    5-8    cm.    long, 


ULMUS  ~, 

5-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  hairy.  3-5  cm.  long;  flower  bracts  oblong,  6-8 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  clusters  6-12-flowered,  tlowers  7-8  mm.  wide, 
without  a  scale  at  base;  fruit  ovoid,  hairy,  with  5  prominent  angles; 
europaea,  European. 

Rarely  cultivated,  nati^•e  of  Europe. 

Ulmaceae     Elm  Family 

Trees  with  alternate,  simple,  serrate  leaves;  tiowers  monnccious.  rarely 
perfect,  clustered  or  rarely  single;  sepals  3-9,  petals  0,  stamens  3-9.  ovary 
1-celled,  stigmas  2;  fruit  a  winged  achene   (samara),  nut,  or  drupe. 

A  family  of  about  13  genera  found  throughout  temperate  and  troiiiral 
regions. 

KEY    TO   THE    GENEU.V 

1.  Fruits  winged,  in  clusters;  bark  with  flattened 

ridges  Clnnis 

2.  Fruits  berry-like,  single,  persistent ;   bark  with 

deep  corky  ridges  C\itis 

Ulmus  Linne  1753     Elm 
(L.  u  1  m  u  s,  elm,  the  two  words  cognate) 

Trees ;  leaves  alternate  in  two  rows,  simple,  serrate,  the  mid-rib 
giving  rise  to  many  regular  veins ;  flowers  monoecious  or  perfect,  in 
clusters,  on  last  year's  twigs,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  sepals  4-9. 
united,  petals  lacking,  ovary  1-celled,  styles  2;  fruit  a  round  or  oval 
samara,  broadly  winged. 

Propagation  :  species  grown  from  seed  which  should  be  sown  as  they 
fall:  varieties  by  budding  and  grafting;  seeds  of  the  red  elm  are  ke])t 
stratified   until    the   following   spring. 

.V  genus  of  16  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  5  native 
species  are  found  in  the  United  States. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Bud    scales    densely    brown-hairy;    leaves    very 

rough  above ;  samaras  smooth,  f  ■  ////ra 

2.  Bud-scales      smooth;      leaves     nearly     smooth 

above ;  samaras  ciliate  at  edge 
a.     Some  twigs  with  corky  lines;   sides  of   fruit 

hairv  ;  flowers  in  racemes  ^' •  rijciuosa 


74  ELM  FAMILY 

b.     No    twigs    with    corky   lines;    sides    of    fruit 
smooth ;   flowers   in  dense   clusters 

1.  Edges     of     fruit     densely     hairy;     leaves     ■ 

rough  above,  hairy  below  U.  amcricana 

2.  Edges  of  fruit  smooth ;   leaves  soft  above, 

hairy  below  U.  campestris 

Ulmus  fulva  M  i  c  h  a  u  x  1803     Slippery  Elm,  Red  Elm 

Tree  of  medium  size,  30-50  ft.  high,  1^2-2  ft.  diam. ;  bark  gray, 
rough,  the  inner  layers  very  mucilaginous ;  leaves  more  or  less  ovate, 
doubly  toothed,  tip  1-2  cm.  long,  saw-toothed,  base  oblique  on  one  side, 
rounded  on  the  other,  midrib  prominent  with  20-30  nearly  parallel  lateral 
veins,  verv  rough  above,  hairy  below,  or  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  8-15 
cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  densely  hairy,  .short,  ^-1  cm.  long,  stip- 
ules paperv,  deciduous,  1  cm.  long;  flowers  10-25  in  dense  umbel-like 
clusters,  mostly  perfect,  jjedicels  3-5  mm.  long,  sepals  brown-hairy;  fruits 
rounded,  wing  smooth,  but  densely  brown-hairy  over  seed,  veiny,  edge 
not  ciliate,  15-20  mm.  long;  liowering  in  March  or  April,  fruit  falling  a 
few  weeks  later :  fulva,  red  brown,   referring  to  wood  and  liuds. 

In  woods  especially  along  streams,  frequent  throughout  the  state, 
excei)t  in  the  north  :  Quebec-Fla-Tex-N.   D. 

^^'cod  dark  brown  or  reddish,  hard,  compact,  coarse-grained,  splitting 
easily,  durable,  weight  43  lbs.  per  cubic  foot  ;  much  used  for  agricultural 
implements,  boat-ribs,  heelstocks,  ox-yokes,  posts,  runners,  sills,  sleighs 
and  tires.  The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  demul- 
cent ;  it  has  also  st)me  nutritive  value. 

Ulmus  racemosa  T  h  o  m  a  s  1831     Cork  Elm,  Rock  Elm 

Tree  of  medium  size,  40-75  ft.  high,  1-2  ft.  diam.;  bark  moderately 
rough,  ridges  flat  on  the  trunk,  ])rominent  and  corky  on  the  twigs;  leaves 
elliptic  to  ovate,  doubly  toothed,  tip  Vj-l  cm.  long,  base  oblique  and 
rounded,  midrib  prominent,  lateral  veins  30-40,  smooth  above  or  nearly 
so,  slightly  velvety  beneath,  7-12  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  hairy 
or  finally  smooth,  shorr,  4-10  mill,  long,  sti])ules  papery,  deciduous;  flowers 
6-12  in  a  raceme,  2-4  cm.  long,  pedicels  prominently  jointed,  2-6  mm.  long; 
fruit  unecjually  oval  or  rounded,  hairy  on  the  faces,  the  edges  densely 
hairy :  racemosa,  referring  to  the  flower  cluster. 

Somewhat  common  on  lowlands  in  the  southwest,  but  becoming  in- 
frequent westward  and  lacking  northward  ;  (^ueb-c-N.  T--Tenn-Mo-Nebr- 
Minn. 


;6  ELM  FAMILY 

Wood  close-grained,  comijact.  hard,  dural)le,  splitting  with  difficulty, 
weight  45  lbs.  to  the  cubic  ft.  ;  drier  and  more  valuable  than  that  of  the 
white  elm;  used  for  agricultural  implements,  mowers,  plows,  reapers, 
threshers,  for  beams,  bicycle  rims,  boat-building,  bridge  timbers,  chairs, 
coach-building,  hubs,  piles,  sills,  ties  and  wheels  ;  superior  to  hickory  for 
ax  handles;  used  wherever  toughness,  solidity,  flexibility,  and  durability 
are  required. 

Ulmus  americana  L  i  n  n  e  1753     American  Elm,  White  Elm 

Large  tree,  40-75  ft.  high,  1-4  ft.  diam. ;  bark  moderately  rough, 
with  broad  flattened  ridges  on  the  trunk,  often  separating  in  scales ; 
leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  doubly  toothed,  tip  1-2  cm.  long,  base  very  oblique 
on  one  side,  rounded  on  the  other,  rough  above,  more  or  less  short-hairy 
beneath,  veins  prominent,  laterals  25-35,  7-12  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide, 
petioles  hairy  to  smooth,  1  cm.  long;  flowers  in  clusters  of  10-12;  fruit 
elliptical  to  oval  or  almost  round,  tips  curved  together,  smooth  and 
veiny  on  the  surfaces,  densely  hairy  at  the  edge,   1-1^^   cm.  long. 

Common  on  lowlands  and  along  banks  of  streams,  throughout  the 
state,  especially  abundant  in  the  "Big  Woods"  ;  Newfoundland-Fla-Tex- 
Dak-Saskatchewan. 

Wood  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  hard,  tough,  strong,  splitting 
with  difficulty,  weight  40.5  lbs.;  used  for  agricultural  implements,  boat 
and  ship-building,  cooperage,  flooring,  flumes,  hubs,  saddle  trees  and  tool 
handles ;  bark  used  by  the  Indians  for  canoes  and  houses ;  inner  bark 
formerly  used  for  ropes. 

Ulmus  campestris   L  i  n  n  e   1753     English  Elm 

Tall  tree,  40-75  ft.  high,  1-3  ft.  diam.;  bark  dark  and  ridged,  divided 
into  irregular  squares ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  the  margin  doubly 
toothed,  tip  1-2  cm.  long,  coarsely  saw-toothed,  base  oblique,  soft  and 
somewhat  hairy  above,  smooth  beneath,  6-12  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide, 
petioles  hairy,  short,  3^2-1  cm.  long;  fruit  elliptic  to  rounded,  smooth 
throughout,  somewhat  veiny,  l^j  to  2  cm.  long;  campestris,  of  a 
field,  in  allusion  to  the  habitat. 

Rarely  cultivated  ;  native  of  Europe. 

Wood  fine-grained,  hard,  heavy,  durable  under  water  ;  used  for  hubs, 
piles,  pumps,  ship-blocks,  and  water  pipes. 


CELTIS  77 

Celtis   L  i  n  n  c   1753 
(L.  c  e  1 1  i  s,  lotus  tree) 

Trees ;  leaves  alternate  in  2  rows,  serrate  or  entire,  the  lateral  veins 
few  and  sharply  oblitiue  ;  flowers  mostly  monoecious,  on  the  new  shoots, 
staniinate  in  clusters,  pistillate  usually  solitary,  appearing  soon  after  the 
leaves  on  slender  drooping  pedicels ;  sepals  4-6,  more  or  less  united,  petals 
0,  stamens  4-6,  ovary  1-celled,  styles  2;  fruit  a  round  drupe. 

A  genus  of  60  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  troincal  regions: 
5  native  species  occur  in  the  United  States. 

Celtis  occidentalis   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Hackberry 

Large  tree,  40-80  ft.  high,  1-4  ft.  diam.  ;  bark  rough,  the  ridges 
prominent  and  projecting,  characteristically  corky  and  curly  or  sinuous; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  edge  singly  toothed,  tapering  gradually 
to  an  acute  tip,  base  more  or  less  unequal,  but  usually  rounded  on  both 
sides  and  frequently  cordate,  midrib  fairly  prominent,  the  lateral  veins 
5-15,  basal  two  prominent,  often  giving  the  leaf  a  3-nerved  appearance, 
more  or  less  rough-hairy  above,  nearly  smooth  beneath,  except  on  the 
veins,  8-15  cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  short,  hairy,  1-2  cm.  long; 
flowers  small,  greenish,  clustered  or  solitary;  fruit  a  globose  drupe, 
pointed  at  tip,  purple  or  orange,  1  cm.  diam.  on  a  slender  pedicel,  2-3  cm. 
long,    often   persisting    through    the    winter :    occidentalis.    western. 

Frequent  in  woodlands  and  along  streams  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  rarer  northward;  Quebec-Ga-La-NM-Wash.  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant shade  trees  in  the  Middle  West.  Flowering  in  May  and  fruit 
ripening  in  September  and  October.  Readily  grown  from  seed,  sown 
when  ripe,  or  stratified;  easily  transplanted,  and  a  rapid  grower. 

Wood  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  heavy,  weight  45  lbs. ;  sometimes 
used  as  a  substitute  for  elm,  in  fencing,  furniture  or  wheel-making. 

Moraceae   Mulberry  Family 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  with  single  alternate  leaves  and  oft<Mi  with 
milky  juice;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  often  in  spikes;  sepals  4-5, 
petals  0.  stamens  4-5,  ovary   1-celled;   fruit  often  multiple  and  fleshy. 

A  family  of  55  genera,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  more 
than  600  species  are  known  for  the  genus  Ficus,  the  fig. 


n.alba. 


MORUS  79 

Morus   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Mulberry 

(L.  ni  e)  r  u  s.  dv.  moron,  mulberry,  probably  from  (Ir.  mores 

insipid,  referring-  to  the  taste  ;  mulberry  was  orii;inally  mur- 

berry.  from  the  same  root ;  cfr.  (ler.  m  a  u  1  b  c  e  r  e.) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  milkv  juice  ;  leaves  alternate  in  2  rows,  simple, 
often  lobed,  3-nerved  ;  flowers  monoecious,  in  catkins  ;  sepals  4.  petals  0, 
stamens  4.  ovary  1 -celled,  stigmas  2;   fruit  a  mass  of  tiny  drupes. 

Propagation  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 

A  genus  of  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  a  third 
s])ecies  occurs  in  the  southwestern  United  States. 


Key  to  the  Species 

( 1 )  Leaves  rough  above,  hairy  below  ;  fruit  long, 

red  to  black  .1/.   ni/>ra 

(2)  Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  below;  fruit 

elliptic,  white  or  pink  M.  alba 


Morus  rubra  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Red  Mulberry 

Tree  of  medium  height,  20-60  ft.  high,  1-3  ft.  diam.  ;  bark  yellowish- 
brown,  moderatelv  rough;  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  usually  deeply  3-lobed, 
often  with  2-3  smaller  lobes  at  the  base,  sometimes  entire,  margin  dentate, 
tip  pointed,  1-2  cm.  long,  base  truncate  or  heart-shaped,  strongly  3-nerved, 
slightly  rough  above  with  scattered  hairs,  hairy  beneath,  10-25  cm.  long. 
8-20  cm.  wide,  petioles  short,  rather  stout,  2-4  cm.  long ;  staminate  spikes 
manv-flowered,  cylindric,  drooping,  4-5  cm.  long.  1  cm.  wide,  pistillate 
spikes  spreading,  usually  hanging  when  ripe,  on  a  slender  stalk,  2-3  cm. 
long.  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  deep  red,  then  red-black,  edible;  flowering  in  May, 
fruit  ripening  in  June  or  July:  rubra,  red,  in  reference  to  the  fruit. 

In  deciduous  woods  in  southeastern  Minnesota  and  along  the  Missis- 
sijjpi ;    Ont-Fla-Tex-S.I). 

^\■ood  yellow  or  orange,  coarse-grained,  compact,  soft,  weak,  tough, 
durable,  weight  37  lbs.;  used  in  boat-l)uilding,  cooperage  and  fencing. 
The  fibers  of  the  inner  bark  were  used  by  the  Indians  in  making  a  coarse 
cloth.  An  ornamental  tree  but  scarcely  hardy,  except  in  southern  Minne- 
sota. 


8o  RUE  FAMILY 

Morus  alba  L  i  n  n  e  1753     White  or  Russian  Mulberry 

Low  tree,  20-40  ft.  high,  3/-2  ft.  diam. ;  bark  light  yellowish-gray, 
more  or  less  deeply  furrowed  ;  leaves  ovate  to  nearly  round,  often  3-5- 
lobed.  edge  coarsely  serrate,  tip  rounded  or  pointed,  base  usually  heart- 
shaped,  smooth  and  somewhat  shining  on  both  faces,  8-12  cm.  long,  7-10 
cm.  wide,  petioles  sparsely  hairy,  2-4  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  1-2  cm. 
long,  pistillate  catkins  elliptic  to  globose,  1  cm.  long ;  fruit  oblong  to 
elliptic,  white  to  pink,  1^-2  cm.  long:  alba,  white,  in  reference  to  the 
fruit. 

Cultivated ;  introduced  from  Europe  for  feeding  silkworms.  The 
fruit  is  much  more  insipid  than  in  the  red  mulberry,  and  the  tree  is 
hardly  desirable  because  of  the  litter  of  fallen  berries.  It  is  of  some 
value  in  cherry  orchards  in  drawing  birds  from  the  cherries,  but  it  is 
scarcely  hardy. 

Geraniales     Geranium  Order 
Rutaceae     Rue  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  compound  leaves,  glan- 
dular-dotted, and  odorous ;  flowers  usually  diclinic,  rarely  perfect,  in  clus- 
ters ;  sepals  0-5,  petals  4-5,  stamens  4-5,  pistils  1-5,  1-2-celled;  fruit  a  pod 
or  samara. 

A  family  of  about  110  genera  found  mostly  in  Soutli  America  and 
Australia. 

Xanthoxylum  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Gr.  X  a  n  t  h  o  s,.  yellow,  x  y  1  o  n,  wood) 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  odd-pinnate  leaves,  prickly  on 
twigs  and  leaves ;  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  dioecious  or  polvg- 
amous,  greenish,  small,  petals  and  sepals  4-5.  distinct,  or  the  latter  lack- 
ing; staminate  flowers  with  4-5  stamens,  pistillate  flowers  with  2-5  separate 
pistils,  occasionally  with  a  few  stamens ;  pods  somewhat  fleshv.  pungent 
and  aromatic,   2-valved,   1-2-seeded. 

Propagated  from  seed  and  perhaps  from  cuttings  also. 

A  genus  of  110  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  in 
addition  to  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 


XANTHOXYLUM 


81 


Xanthoxylum  americanum  jNI  i  1 1  e  r  1768     Prickly  Ash 
Toothache  Tree 

Small  tree  or  shrub,  10-25  ft.  high,  2-6  m.  diam. ;  leaves  odd-pinnate, 
of  7-11  leaflets,  10-20  cm.  long,  the  axis  with  scattered  sharp  prickles  on 
the  lower  side,  leaflets  elliptic,  ovate,  or  obovate,  margin  minutely  glan- 
dular-indented, tip  blunt,  base  rounded,  sparsely  hairy  on  both  faces,  3-6 
cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  petioles  usually  brown-hairy,  prickly  with  two 
large  stipule-like  prickles  at  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  small,  greenish  in  axillary  clusters,  usually  dioecious,  calyx 
lacking,  capsules  dark  brown  or  blackish  when  mature,  ellipsoid  or  ovoid, 
rugose,  5-6  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide ;  seeds  black  ;  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  u  m,  re- 
ferring to  its  home. 

Frequent  along  streams  and  the  edges  of  woodlands;  Quebec-Va-Mo- 
Nebr-Minn-Ont. 


82  RUE  FAMILY 

Wood  light  brown,  soft,  weight  35  lbs.,  of  little  value;  the  bark  yields 
a  yellow  dye  and  a  bitter  resin.  The  latter  is  a  stimulant  and  tonic,  and 
is  used  for  toothache  and  sometimes  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism. 

Ftelea  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Gr.  p  t  e  1  e  a,  elm,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  winged  fruit) 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  3-5-foliolate  leaves,  and  without 
prickles;  flowers  in  panicles,  polygamous,  whitish,  sepals  and  petals  4-5, 
distinct,  stamens  4-5,  the  anthers  often  tiny  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate 
flowers,  ovarv  2-celled,  flattened;  fruit  a  broadly  winged,  round  samara. 

A  genus  of  6  species,  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

Ftelea  trifoliata  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Hop-tree,  Shrubby  Trefoil 


AILANTHUS  83 

Small  tree  or  shrub,  10-25  i"t.  high,  2-6  in.  diani.  ;  leaves  of  3  leaflets, 
6-15  cm.  long  and  wide,  leaflets  ovoid  to  obovate,  margin  finely  wavy, 
pointed,  with  more  or  less  wedge-shaped  base,  smooth  above  when  mature, 
sparsely  hairy  below,  petioles  3-10  cm.  long;  flowers  ap[)earing  after  the 
leaves,  whitish,  8-10  mm.  wide;  fruit  a  round  yellowish  samara  with  a 
broad  veiny  wdng,  2-2]/  cm.  diam.  ;  t  r  i  f  o  1  i  a  t  a,  three-leaved. 

Occasionally  cultivated;  not  known  to  occur  in  the  state  as  a  native: 
LI-Fla-Tex-Colo-Ont. 

Wood  yellow-brown,  hard,  close-grained,  weight  52  lbs.;  the  bitter 
bark  is  used  to  yield  a  tonic.  Readily  grown  from  seed  if  the  latter  are 
planted  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe. 

Simarubaceae     Ailanthus  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  [linnate  leaves,  not  glandular-dotted, 
and  bitter  bark;  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  axillarv  panicles  or 
racemes,  sepals  3-5,  more  or  less  united,  petals  3-5,  stamens  2-10,  ovaries 
2-5,   separate,   or  more  or  less  united,   styles    1-5  ;   seeds  usually  solitary. 

A  family  of  about  2  7  genera,  found  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 

Ailanthus  Desfontaines   1786     Tree-of-Heaven,  Ailanthus 

(The   Chinese  name  in  classical  form) 

Trees,  or  shrubs  in  northern  climates,  with  alternate  odd-pinnate 
leaves;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  polygamous,  greenish;  sepals  5,  unit- 
ed, petals  5,  stamens  10  in  staminate,  2-3  in  pistillate  flowers,  pistils  2-5, 
partly  united;   fruit  elongate,  wdnged,   1-seeded,   1-5   in  each  flower. 

A  genus  of  3  species,  native  to  China  and  the  East  Indes. 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desfontaines  1786 

Tree,  20-50  ft.  high,  6-18  in.  diam.,  or  a  shrub  with  long  club- 
shaped  twigs,  5-12  ft.  high;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  11-41  leaflets,  3-10 
dcm.  long,  leaflets  ovoid  to  lanceolate,  margin  entire  or  slightly  wavy  and 
often  with  one  or  more  blunt  teeth  at  the  base,  long-pointed,  rounded  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  and  oblique  at  the  base,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy 
above,  8-15  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  sparsely  hairy,  7-15  cm.  long; 
panicles  appearing  soon  after  the  leaves,  15-20  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish, 
ill-scented,  3-5  cm.  wide;  samara  oblong,  fusoid,  or  spatulate,  yellow- 
brown,  with  netted  veins  over  the  central  seed,  4-6  cm.  long.  1-1  j/j  cm. 
wide :  glandulosa,  glandular,  possibly  in  reference  to  the  odor. 


84 


HEATH  FAMILY 


Rarely  cultivated  in  Minnesota  owing  to  the  readiness  with  which  it 
is  killed  back  by  winter;  native  of  China;  grown  from  suckers  or  from 
seed. 

Ericales     Heath  Order 


Ericaceae     Heath  Family 

Shj-ubs  or  rarelv  herbs  or  trees,  often  evergreen  ;  sepals  4-5.  free  or 
more  or  less  united,  petals  4-5  rarely  free,  usually  united  more  or  less 
cc)mpletely.  stamens  usually  8  or  10,  but  sometimes  the  same  in  number 
as  the  petals,  inserted  with  the  petals,  and  free  from  them ;  anthers  often 
appcndaged,  usually  opening  by  pores,  disk  often  present  between  the 
stamens  and  the  pistil;   ovary  superior  or  inferior,   3-10   celled,   style    1, 


CHIMAPHILA 


8S 


stigma    1  ;   fruit  a   capsule,   cither  septicidal  or   loculicidal,  a  berry,  or  a 
drupe  with  a  compound  stone ;  seeds  small. 

A  large  family  of  about  90  genera  and  1400  species,  several  of  the 
tribes  of  which  are  often  segregated  as  families,  notably  those  with  in- 
ferior ovary  as  "V  a  c  c  i  n  i  a  c  e  a  e",  and  the  herbaceous  forms  with 
separate  petals  as  "P  y  r  o  1  a  c  e  a  e." 


KEY   TO   THE   GEXEUA 

1.      C'vary  superior 

a.  Corolla   composed  of  separate  petals 

( 1 )  Evergreen   undershrub,    scarcely   woody, 

leaves  smooth,  flowers  pink  Chimaphila 

(2)  Low  bushy  evergreen,  leaves  very  woollv 

beneath,  flowers  white  Ledum 

b.  Corolla  composed  of  plainly  united  petals 

( 1 )      Leaves  deciduous,   corolla  bell-sliaped  Menziesia 

(  2 )      Leaves  evergreen 

(a)  Corolla  with  a  flat  or  spreading  limb 

stamens  awnlcss 
X.      Corolla   wheel-shaped,    stamens   ojien- 

ing  by  pores 
y.      Corolla   salver-shaped,   very   fragrant. 

stamen  opening  by  slits 

(b)  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  jug-shaped 
X.     Anthers  awnless 
y.     Anthers  awned 

(x)      Leaves  not  aromatic,  fruit  a  cap- 
sule 
(y)      Fruit  fleshy 
m.     Leaves   aromatic,   sepals   plainly 
united  at  base,  calyx  tube  be-- 
coming  fleshy  in  fruit 
n.      Leaves  not  aromatic,  sepals  im- 
bricated  and  little   connected, 
fruit  a  drupe 
2.      Ovary  more  or  less  inferior,   fruit  fleshy 
a.     Ovary  half  inferior,   foliage  aromatic,  ever- 
green 
x.     Berry  red — here  might  be  sought  fruiting 

specimens   of  Gaultheria 


Kalmia 

Epigaea 

Chamaedaphne 

Andromeda 

Gaultheria 
Arctostaphylos 


86  HEATH  FAMILY 

y.      Berry  white,   antliers  awnless,   opening   by 

slits  Chiogenes 

1).      Ovary  wholly  inferior,   foliage  not  aromatic 

X.     Ovary  with  ten  ovules,  fruit  drupe-like  Gaylussacia 

y.      Ovary   with   many    ovules,    fruit   a   many- 
seeded  berry  Vaccinium 

Chimaphila  P  u  r  s  h  1814 

(Gr.    c  h  i  m  a    winter,    j)  h  i  1  a    loving",    referring-   to    its    evergreen 

habit) 

Low  semi-herbaceous  under-shrubs ;  stems  upright  from  a  woody  creep- 
ing root-stock;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  flowers  small  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  sepals  5,  persistent  in  fruit,  petals  5,  separate,  stamens  10,  the 
anthers  opening  by  pores  which  are  basal  in  the  bud  but  become  inverted 
in  the  flower,  pistil  5-parted,  ovary  globular,  5-celled,  superior,  style  very 
short,  stigma  disk-shaped ;  fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  splitting  from  the 
top  downward ;  seeds  dust-like,  very  minute. 

Six  species  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Two  others  occur  in  the 
United  States,  one  eastern,  the  other  far  western. 

Chimaphila  umbellata   (Linne)   X  11 1 1  a  1  1   1818     Pipsissewa 

Low  semi-herbac-eous  shrub,  stems  1-3  dm.  high;  leaves  alternate  but 
crowded  toward  the  top  of  each  year's  growth,  leathery,  evergreen,  nar- 
rowly wedge-shaped,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green  and  glossy  above,  paler 
beneath,  2-6  cm.  long,  8  mm. -2  cm.  wide,  petit)les  3-6  mm.  long,  tip 
broadly  wedge-shai)e(l  or  rounded,  base  narrowly  wedge-shaped;  flowers 
in  a  2-8  flowered  corymb;  peduncles  bare,  6-10  cm.  high,  bracts  very  small, 
soon  deciduous,  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long,  flowers  bell-shaped,  sepals  very 
small,  united,  petals  round,  pink,  6-8  mm.  long,  stamens  purplish: 
u  m  b  e  1  1  a  t  a,    having   umbels. 

Dry  woods,  widelv  distributed  throughout  the  cooler  parts  of  the 
northern  lieniisj^here ;  in  North  America  occurring  across  the  continent 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  southwards  to  (Jeorgia,  Iowa,  and 
the  mountains  of  Mexico.  In  Minnesota  thrt)ughout  the  forest  districts 
of  the  northern  and  eastern  parts,  most  abundant  in  the  evergreen  forests 
of  the  north  ;  rare  southward,  usually  in  white  oak  forest.  Flowers  in 
]ulv.  fruit  ripe  in  late  autumn  or  winter. 

Tlie  leaves  are  used  medicinallv. 


LEDUM 


87 


The  eastern  Chimaphila  in  a  c  u  1  a  t  a  (Linne)  P  u  r  s  h,  with 
lanceolate  spotted  leaves  is  reported  from  eastern  and  central  Minnesota. 
There  are  no  specimens  in  the  ITniversity  herbarium  and  it  probably  does 
not  reach  this  state. 


Chimaphila  umbellata 


Ledum  L  i  n  n  e   1753 
(Gr.  name  of  an  t)riental  shrub) 

Erect  evergreen  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  resinous,  entire:  buds  scaly; 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters;  sepals  5,  very  small,  united,  petals  5, 
free,  stamens  5-10.  exserted,  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores,  pistd   ,->- 


88  HEATH  FAMILY 

parted,   ovary  superior,   style   thread-like,   stigma  small,  capitate;    fruit   a 
septicidal  5 -celled  capsule,  splitting  up  from  the  base. 

A  genus  of  three  species.  All  occur  in  northern  North  America,  one 
occurs  also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder  1771     Labrador  Tea 

Shrub,  3  dm.-l  m.  high,  stems  slender,  brittle;  bark  gray,  young  twigs 
brown  woolly;  leaves  evergreen,  lanceolate,  entire,  the  edges  rolled  back- 
wards, green  and  finely  rugose  above,  the  midrib  depressed  and  finely 
hairy,  other  veins  scarcely  evident,  completely  covered  with  long  tawny 
wool  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long,  5-16  mm.  wide,  petiole  about  2  mm.  long, 
tip  rounded,  base  rounded  wedge-shaped ;  flowers  white,  borne  in  a  termi- 
nal umbel-like  coryml),  enclosed  during  the  previous  winter  in  a  large 
scaly  terminal  bud ;  axis  of  the  cluster  and  pedicels  hairy  and  glandular, 
pedicels  thread-like,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  sepals  .3  mm.  long,  petals  narrowly 
ovate,  about  5  mm.  long,  stamens  5-7 ;  capsule  slender,  pointed,  about 
5  mm.  long,  the  style  persistent ;  seeds  thread-like  :  g  r  0  e  n  1  a  n  d  i  c  u  m. 
of  Greenland. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  the  region  of  the   Great 


Ledum 


halmia. 


Lakes,  and  the  State  of  Washington.     In  Minnesota  common  in  bogs  in 
the  northern   and  northeastern  parts   of  the  state,   extending  very  little 


MENZIESIA— KALMIA  89 

beyond  the  limits  of  the  coniferous  forests.     Flowers  usuallv  in  June,  fruit 
ripe  in  August. 

The  leaves  are  said  to  have  been  used  as  tea  by  the  Indians. 

Menziesia  J.   E.   S  m  i  t  h   1791 
(Named  for  Archibald  Menzies) 

Shrubs,  leaves  thin,  entire,  deciduous;  buds  very  scaly;  flowers  small, 
in  terminal  clusters  opening  with  the  leaves,  calyx  small,  of  four  united 
sepals,  corolla  bell-shaped  of  four  united  petals,  stamens  8  included, 
anthers  appendaged  opening  by  terminal  pores,  pistil  compound,  4-parted, 
style  thread-like,  stigma  4-lobed ;  fruit  a  4-celled  capsule,  septicidal,  many 
seeded. 

A  small  genus  of  about  seven  species  of  North  America  and  Japan. 

Menziesia  glabella  A.  G  r  a  y   1878 

Bark  grayish  brown,  shreddy;  leaves  obovate.  petioled,  entire,  light 
green  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below,  finely  and  sparsely  rough  hairy, 
tips  obtuse  wedge-shaped,  very  slightly  bristle  tipped,  base  narrowly 
wedge-shaped.  3-7  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  flowers  in  a  terminal  sessile 
umbel,  pedicels  thread-like,  about  3  cm.  long,  flowers  about  7  mm.  long, 
calyx  barely  lobed,  ciliate,  corolla  brownish  ;  seeds  thread-like  ;  foliage  with 
a  skunk-like  odor :   glabella,  somewhat  smooth. 

British  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Montana.  Reported  from  Minnesota 
Point,  Duluth.  It  possibly  occurs  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Minne- 
sota but  there  are  no  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University.  Flow- 
ers in  Mav. 

Kalmia   Linne   1753     American  Laurel 
(Named  for  Peter  Kalm ) 

Erect  shrubs,  sometimes  very  dwarf,  leaves  entire,  leathery,  evergreen; 
buds  naked;  sepals  5,  united  at  base,  corolla  flat,  wheel-shaped,  of  five 
united  petals  furnished  with  ten  small  pouches  in  which  the  anthers  are 
situated  in  the  bud  and  in  the  newly-opened  flower,  stamens  10,  anthers 
without  appendages  opening  by  terminal  pores,  pistil  5-parted,  ovary 
superior,  style  thread-like,  stigma  slightly  enlarged;  fruit  a  five-celled 
capsule,   septicidal,  many-seeded :   seeds  small,   round. 

A  genus  of  six  species  of  North  America  and  Cuba.  None  of  the 
other  species  reach  as  far  west  as  Minnesota. 


90 


HEATH  FAMILY 


Kalmia  polifolia  W  a  n  g  e  n  h  c  i  m  1788     Swamp  Laurel 

Kalmia  giauca  Aiton   1789 

I-ow  shrub  1-6  dm.  high;  twigs  with  ridges  running  down  from  the 
bases  of  the  leaves;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
evergreen,  leathery,  dark  green  and  glossy  above,  white  beneath,  margins 
entire  and  rolled  backwards,  midrib  prominent  beneath,  tip  blunt  pointed, 
base  tapering,  1-3  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  flowers  in  terminal  umbel-like 
clusters,  pedicels  thread-like,  erect,  about  15  cm.  long,  sepals  ovate,  per- 
sistent, corolla  pink-purple  about  1.5  cm.  across;  capsule  globose,  about 
5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  southward  to  New  Jersey, 
Michigan.  Colorado,  and  California.  In  Minnesota  in  bogs,  most  abun- 
dant in  the  northeastern  jjart  of  the  state,  ai)parently  not  reaching  beyond 
the    region    of    coniferous    forests.       Flowers    in    June,    fruit    ripe    about 

AuLTUSt    1. 


X2, 


Epigaea  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Gr.  c  p  i    upon,  i;-  a  e  a  the  grotind) 
Prostrate    semi-herbaceous    undershrubs;    leaves    evergreen,    alternate, 


EPIGAEA— CHAMAEDAPHNE 


91 


or  crowded  and   nearly  oi)positc  ;    Mowers   in  terminal  clusters   from  scaly 
buds,  sepals   5.   larye,  persistent,  petals   3,  united  to  i'orni  a  salver-shaped 
corolla,  stamens   10,  not  exserted,  o\ary  5-lol)Ltl,   S-celled,  style  columnar, 
stigma  5-lol)ed;  fruit  a  tleshy  capsule,  finally  loculicidal  ;  seeds  oval. 
Two  species,   the  other   Japanese. 

Epigaea  repens    Linne    1753     Trailing   Arbutus 

Leaves  peti^ded,  elliptical,  rough  hairy,  tip  round,  base  round  or  heart- 
shaped,  3-6  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  witle ;  flowers  pink,  very  fragrant,  sepals 
lanceolate.  alH)Ut  7  mm.  long,  corolla  1  cm.  across,  corolla-tube  about  1 
cm.  long  ;  rep  e  n  s,  creeping. 

Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  Florida,  Kentucky,  the 
region  of  the  (ireat  Lakes,  and  Minnesota.  In  Minnesota  common  in  the 
northeastern  and  northern  parts  in  sandy  evergreen  forest,  extending  as 
far  southwest  as  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  Flowers  opening 
in  earliest  spring. 


Chamaedaphne  M  o  e  n  c  h  1794 
(Gr.  c  h  a  m  a  e  tipoii  the  i^round,  d  a  p  h  n  e  a  kind  of  shrnl) ) 

An  erect  shrub,  branches  slender,  stiff;  buds  scaly;  leaves  alternate, 
petioled,  leatherv,  scurfy,  evergreen,  flowers  in  leafy  racemes ;  flowers  with 
two  small  bractlets  just  below  the  calyx,  sepals  5,  separate,  corolla  cylindric 
of    5    united    petals,    stamens    10,    included    in    the    corolla,    anthers    not 


awned,    the    sacs    elongated    above    into    long    tubes    with    terminal    i)ores. 
pistil  of  five  united  carj^els,  ovary  sui)erior,  5-celled,  style  straight,  stigma 


9^ 


HEATH  FAMILY 


uulobcd ;    fruit    a    globose    capsule    surrounded    by    the    persistent    calyx, 
loculicidal,  the  inner  layer  of  the  pericarp  separating  from  the  outer  layer 
and  splitting  into  10  valves;  seeds  small,  numerous. 
One  species, 

Chamae daphne  calyculata   (Linne)   Moench  1794 

3  dm.-l  m.  liigh  ;  leaves  with  scurfy  scale-like  hairs,  apex  pointed,  base 
rounded,  5  mm. -4  cm.  long,  2-15  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  inflorescence 
smallest ;  flowers  white,  about  5  mm.  long :  calyculata,  cup-like. 

Bogs ;  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  Siberia  and  Scandinavia,  south  to 
Georgia,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  and  British  Columbia.  In  Minnesota  most 
abundant  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  occuring  southward  in  the 
edge  of  tamarack  swamps  to  the  region  about  Minneapolis  and  more 
rarely  in  open  peaty  swamps  further  south.     Flowers  in   May. 

Andromeda   Linne   1753 
(Named  for  the  mythological  character  Andromeda) 

Small  upright  shrubs  (some  of  the  sub-genus  P  i  e  r  i  s,  tree-like)  ;  buds 
very  small,  scaly;  leaves  evergreen,  alternate,  flowers  in  terminal  clusters, 
sepals  5,  pointed,  united  at  the  base,  petals  5,  almost  completely  united 
to  form  a  jug-shaped  corolla,  stamens  10,  included,  anthers  awned,  open- 
ing by  terminal  pores,  ovary  5-celled,  superior,  style  short,  straight, 
columnar,  stigma  terminal,  unlobed  ;  fruit  a  sub-globose  capsule,  loculicidal, 
many  seeded,  seeds  small,  flat,  oval. 

A  genus  of  two  closely  related  species,  one  Arctic  the  other  of  north- 
eastern North  America,  with  which  are  often  included  the  twelve  species 
of  P  i  e  r  i  s  of  eastern  Asia  and  eastern  North  America. 

Andromeda  glaucophylla  Link  1821 

Shrubs  5  cm. -4  dm.  high,  from  a  creeping  base;  bark  of  young  shoots 
brown,  of  older  shoots  gray;  leaves  linear,  leathery,  nearly  sessile,  margins 
rolled  back,  dark  green  above,  white  and  finely  hairy  beneath,  tip  acute, 
base  wedge-shaped,  midrib  prominent,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  flow- 
ers in  small  terminal  umbel-like  clusters,  pedicels  3-5  mm.  long,  curved, 
glaucous ;  flowers  white,  about  4  mm.  long ;  capsule  depressed,  globular, 
indented  on  top ;  glaucophylla,  Gr.  glaucous  leaved. 

Labrador  to  Manitoba,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Minnesota.  In  Min- 
nesota common  in  bogs  in  the  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  state, 


GAULTHERIA 


93 


most  abundant  in  the  region  of  coniferous  forests,  but  extending  south  as 
far  as  Minneapolis.  Tins  species  has  been  much  confused  with  the  more 
northern  A.   p  o  1  i  f  o  1  i  a  L  i  n  n  e.      Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  about 

August   1. 

Gaultheria   L  i  n  n  e    1753 
(Named  for  Dr.  Gaultier) 

Shrubs,  stems  creeping  or  erect;  leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  usually 
alternate;  flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  sepals  5,  more  or  less  united,  the 
<-alyx  surrounded  by  a  few  small  scale-like  bracts,  corolla  narrowly  bell- 
shaped,  composed  of  five  united  petals,  stamens  10  included  in  the  corolla, 
filaments  somewhat  thickened,  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores,  awned, 
pistil  5-parted,  ovary  superior,  5-celled,  style  somewhat  thick,  straight, 
stigma  entire ;  fruit  a  more  or  less  fleshy  capsule,  surrounded  by  the  thick 
and  fleshy  calyx;  seeds  minute. 

1 


Rndromeda  flrcto.laphylc.  Gaullhena 

About  lUU  species  of  wide  geographical  distril)ution,  most  abundant  in 
the  cooler  parts  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  especially  in  the  Andes,  three 
species  in  western  North  America,  one  in  Japan,  ten  in  southeastern  Asia. 


Gaultheria  procumbens  L 


1  n  n  e  i 


/DO 


Wintergreen,  Checkerberry 


Low,  creeping,  almost  herbaceous  aromatic  shrub,  about  1  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  petioled,  evergreen,  alternate,  crow^ded  near  the  tops  of  the  branches, 
smooth,  upper  sides  dark  glossy  green,  lower  sides  paler,  margins  obscurely 


94  HEATH  FAMILY 

strrate  with  bristle  tipped  teeth,  tip  rounded  or  obtusely  wedge-shaped, 
base  wedge-shaped,  leaves  2-5  cm.  lung,  1-2.5  cm.  wide;  tlowers  white  or 
pale  pink,  axillary,  solitary;  peduncles  about  5  mm.  U»ng,  bracteoles  2  or 
3,  close  under  the  calyx,  calyx  wheel-shaped,  5-pointed,  corolla  jug-shaped, 
5-8  mm.  long,  the  tips  of  the  petals  triangular,  anthers  with  four  terminal 
awns;  fruit  scarlet,  round,  5-lU  mm.  in  diameter,  composed  chiefly  of  the 
fleshy  calyx,  surrounding  a  nearly  dry  capsule,  style  persistent ;  p  r  o- 
c  u  m  b  e  n  s,  creeping. 

Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  st)uth  to  (Georgia,  Michigan  and  Minne- 
sota. In  Minnesota  very  abundant  as  an  underslirub  in  dry  evergreen 
woods  of  the  northern  and  northeastern  parts  of  the  state.  Flowers  in 
August,   fruit   ripening  the  next   summer. 

All  ])arts  of  the  plant,  but  especially  the  leaves  and  fruit  contain  the 
fragrant  oil  of  wintergreen ;  commercially,  however,  this  oil  is  most  fre- 
quently obtained  from  the  twigs  of  the  black  birch. 

Arctostaphylos  A  dans  o  n   1763   Bearberry 
(  dr.   a  r  c  t  o  s  a  bear,   s  t  a  p  h  3'  1  e   a   grape  ) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  leathery,  evergreen; 
flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  sepals  4-5,  corolla  bell-shaped  or  jug-shaped 
of  4-5  united  })etals,  stamens  8  or  10  included  in  the  corolla,  anthers 
awned  on  the  back,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  pistil  4-5-parted,  ovary 
superior,  4-5  or  8-  or  10-celled  with  one  ovule  in  each  cavity,  style  slender, 
stigma  terminal  ;  fruit  a  drupe,  with  4-10  coherent  stones,  the  calvx  per- 
sisting  unchanged   in   the    fruit. 

About  twenty  species.  The  following  occurs  in  all  the  northern  parts 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  others  in  western  North  America,  where 
they  are  commonly  called  ".Manzanita." 

Arctostaphylos    Uva-ursi     (Linne)     S  ])  r  e  n  g- e  1     1825    Bearberry 

Trailing  shrub,  the  branches  often  a  meter  or  more  long,  but  rising 
scarcely  1  dm.  from  the  ground;  bark  gray  and  scaly,  becoming  finally 
smooth  and  red-brown ;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  leathery,  evergreen, 
dark  green,  glossy,  and  finely  reticulate  above,  rough  and  for  a  tinie  hairy 
"  beneath,  tip  round,  base  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  leaves  1-1.5  cm.  long. 
5-7  mm.  wide,  petioles  about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  in  small  terminal  clus- 
ters, peduncles  about  2  mm.  long,  recurved,  flowers  pale  pink,  corolla 
narrowly  jug-shaped,  about  4-7  mm.  long;  drup'e  globose,  5-10  mm.  in 
diameter,  scarlet,  rather  dry  and  scarcely  edible,  the  stone  composed  usu- 
ally of  5  coherent  nutlets  :  u  v  a    u  r  s  i,  bear-berrv. 


CHIOGENES— GAYLUSSACIA  95 

Greenland  to  Norway,  south  to  New  Jersey,  the  region  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  Nebraska,  California,  central  Asia,  and  central  Europe,  usually 
in  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  often  calcareous.  In  Minnesota  abundant  in 
the  northern  and -northeastern  parts  of  the  state  extending  considerably 
beyond  the  region  of  the  coniferous  forests,  rare  in  the  southeastern  parts 
of  the  state.     Flowers  in   May,   fruit  ripe  in  August. 

The  dried  leaves  are  used  in  medicine. 

Chiogenes  Salisbury    1815 
(Gr.  c  h  i  o  n    snow,  i^'  e  n  e  s   born,  in  allusion  to  the  white  l)erries) 

Creeping  evergreen  semi-herbaceous  aromatic  shrubs ;  leaves  small, 
thin,  leathery,  alternate ;  flow^ers  solitary,  axillary,  furnished  with  two 
bractlets  close  under  the  calyx,  sepals  4,  united,  and  fused  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  ovary,  corolla  bell-shaped,  composed  of  four  united  petals, 
stamens  8,  included  in  the  corolla,  anthers  not  awned,  opening  by  short 
slits,  pistil  of  four  united  carpels,  ovary  partly  inferior,  4-celled,  style 
straight,  short,  stigma  terminal ;  fruit  a  fleshy  berry,  the  ovary  becoming 
entirely   inferior ;   seeds  numerous,   small. 

One  or  two  species  of  North  America  and  Japan. 

Chiogenes  hispidula   (Linne)   Torrey  &   Gray    1843     Creeping 

Snowberry 

Stems  and  lower  sides  and  margins  of  leaves  brown,  strigose ;  leaves 
elliptical,  linely  rugose  above,  leaf  margin  revolute,  U\)  obtuse  with  a 
short  projecting  point,  base  wedge-shaped,  leaves  5-9  mm.  long,  4-7  mm. 
wide,  petioles  1  mm.  long ;  flowers  about  4  mm.  long ;  berry  white,  about 
8  mm.  in  diameter :  hispidula,  somewhat  bristly. 

In  cold  wet  woods,  bogs,  tamarack  swamps,  etc.  Labrador  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  In  Minne- 
sota common  in  wet  coniferous  forests  of  the  northern  and  northeastern 
parts  of  the  state,  extending  south  in  tamarack  swamps  as  far  as  Minne- 
apolis. 

Gaylussacia  H  11  m  b  o  1  d  t,  B  o  n  p  1  a  n  d  a  n  d  K  n  nth     i8r8 
(Named  for  the  chemist  Gay-Lussac) 

Shrubs  :  leaves  alternate ;  flowers  in  racemes ;  sepals  5,  united  at  the 
base  and  fused  with  the  ovary,  corolla  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  com- 
posed  of   five   fused   petals,   stamens    10  usually  included  in   the  corolla; 


96 


HEATH  FAMILY 


anthers  without  awns,  jjrulonged  upward  into  2  tubes  and  opening  by 
apical  pores  ;  pistil  of  5  united  parts,  ovary  inferior,  10-celled  through 
the  development  of  false  partitions,  each  cell  with  one  ovule,  style  straight, 
thread-like,  stigma  terminal,  scarcely  lobed;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  with 
ten  stones  wliich  are  more  or  less  solidly  grown  together. 

About  40  species,  all  American  and  for  the  most  part  South  Ameri- 
can, about  5  occur  in  eastern  North  America. 


Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wangenheim)  L.  K  o  c  h  1872     Huckleberry 

Gaylussacia  resinosa   (Aiton)   Torrey^  and  Gray   1843 

Branching  shrub,  3  dm.-l  m.  high;  stems  stiif,  gray,  young  twigs 
hairv ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  tough  and  somewhat 
leathery,  resinous  dotted,  smooth  except  for  slight  hairiness  on  the  margin 
and  along  the  larger  veins,  green  on  both  sides,  somewhat  pale  below, 
margin  entire,  tip  acute  or  rounded,  base  wedge-shaped,  leaves  2-4  cm, 
long,  1-1.7  cm.  wide,  petioles  about  1  mm.  long;  flowers  in  small  lateral 
racemes  from  scaly  winter  buds;  peduncles  and  pedicels  resinous  dotted, 
pedicels  about  6  mm.  long,  calyx  tube  hemispherical,  free  tips  of  sepals 
broaflly  triangular,  corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-sided,  reddish,  3-4  mm, 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  stamens  included,  filaments  short,  hairy;  fruit 
black,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  edible :  baccata,  having  berries. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Geofgia  and 
Kentucky.  In  Minnesota  apparently  very  rare,  barely  entering  the  eastern 
border  of  the  state;  there  are  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota  from  near  Winona,  and  from  Washington  County,  east  of 


VACCINIUM  97 

St.  Paul,  it  is  also  reported  near  Duluth.     Flowers  in  May  and  June,  fruit 
ripe  in  late  summer. 

Vaccinium  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(V  a  c  c  i  n  i  u  m,  L.  name  for  blueberry) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  semi-herbaceous ;  leaves  alternate,  deciduous  or 
evergreen,  in  the  latter  case  leathery;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  or  in  the  terminal  or  lateral  racemes,  sepals  5  (or  4)  united  at  the 
base  and  fused  with  the  ovary,  corolla  of  5  (or  4)  united  petals  variously 
shaped,  stamens  10  (or  8),  anthers  with  or  without  awns,  prolonged  up- 
ward into  two  tubes  and  opening  by  apical  pores,  pistil  of  5  (or  4) 
united  parts,  ovary  inferior  5-  (or  4-)  celled,  or  by  false  partitions 
10-  (or  8-)  celled,  each  cell  with  several  ovules,  style  straight,  stigma 
small ;   fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

A  genus  of  over  a  hundred  species  distributed  throughout  the  boreal 
regions  and  thence  southward  into  the  warm  temperate  regions  and  the 
mountainous  parts  of  the  tropics.  Several  of  the  subgenera  are  often 
regarded  as  genera. 

Kev  to  Sections  of  genus  Vaccinium 

1.  Leaves     deciduous,     corolla     cylindrical,     bell- 

shaped,   jug-shaped,    or   globular 

a.  Anthers   awned,    berry   4-   or    5-celled  Eti-vaccimuin 

b.  Anthers  not  awned,  berry  8-  or  10-celled  Cyanococcus 

2.  Leaves  leathery  and  evergreen 

a.  Corolla  bell-shaped,   petals  plainly  united  \'itis-Idai-a 

b.  Corolla   consisting   of  reflexed,  nearly   sepa- 

rate petals  O.xycoccits 

Key  to  the  Species 

Eu-vaccinium     Billberries 

Free  limb  of  calyx  collar-like,  often  with  scarcely  any  lobes,  corolla 
bell-shaped,  or  globular,  stamens  included,  anthers  awned,  berry  4-  or 
5-celled,  blue,  black,  or  red,  leaves  deciduous. 

(1)  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fours,  leaves 

entire,  thick  ^'•   I'/igino.uim 

(2)  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives,  leaves  serrate, 

tl^ii^  V.   caespitosiim 


98 


HEATH  FAMILY 


Cyanococcus     Blueberries 

Free  limb  of  calyx  deeply  lobed,  corolla  bell-shaped  to  cylindrical, 
stamens  included,  anthers  not  awned,  berry  more  or  less  completely  10- 
celled  (rarely  8-celled),  blue,  black,  or  sometimes  whitish:  leaves  decidu- 
ous. 

(1)  Leaves  finely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  twigs 

warty,  nearly  glabrous  J'.  pi'iinsylvanicKm 

(2)  Leaves    entire,    twigs    and    leaves    densely 

hairy  V.  canadcnsc 


Vitis-Idaea     Mountain   Cranberry 

Free  limb  of  calyx  deeply  lobed,  corolla  bell-shaped,  stamens  included, 
anthers  not  awned.  berry  4-celled,  red ;  leaves  evergreen. 

]' .    I'iiis-Idai'a. 

Oxycoccus     Cranberries 

Free  limb  of  calyx  deeply  lobed,  corolla  retlexed.  deejjlv  cleft  or  of 
almost  or  quite  se}>arate  petals,  stamens  exserted.  not  awned,  l)erry  4- 
celled,  red  ;  our  species,  prostrate  evergreen  shrubs  with  verv  small  leaves. 

( 1 )  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  fruit  less  than   1   cm. 

in  diameter  /-'.  oxycoccus 

(2)  Leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  fruit  more  than  1 

cm.  in  diameter  /'.   iiiacrocarf>iim 


A'accinium    uliuinosuni  \'acciniuni    cacspitosum 


VACCINIUM  99 

Vaccinium  uliginosum  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Billberry 

Low  much  brancluxl  bush,  stems  upright,  2-60  cm.  higli.  1-3  mm.  in 
diameter,  stiff,  smooth.  rt)und,  dark  purplish-gray  after  the  shedding  of  thu 
thin  whitish  epidermis  ;  leaves  deciduous,  somewhat  thick  and  firm,  obovate 
or  nearly  round,  veiny,  upper  side  dull  green,  smooth,  lower  side  paler, 
slightlv  hairv.  margin  slightlv  revolute.  entire,  U\)  rounded,  indented, 
or  broadly  wedge-shaped,  base  wedge-shaped,  9-15  mm.  long,  2.5-10  mm. 
wide,  sometimes  nearly  double  this  size  in  the  far  north  ;  petioles  1  mm. 
long  or  wanting,  flowers  solitary  or  in  groups  of  2-4  from  special  scaly 
Avinter-buds,  sepals  4  (rarely  5)  their  free  tips  broadly  triangular  and 
verv  obtuse,  corolla  globular,  bell-shaped,  pink,  composed  of  4  (rarely  5) 
petals  which  are  fused  about  two  thirds  of  their  length,*  stamens  8  (rare- 
ly 10)  included,  filaments  smooth,  anthers  each  bearing  two  long  awns  on 
the  back,  the  sacs  tapering  upward  into  short  tubes  with  terminal  pores, 
style  shorter  than  the  corolla,  berry  4-celled  (rarely  5-celled),  bluish 
l)lack  with  a  bloom,  sweet  and  edible  :  u  1  i  g  i  n  o  s  u  m.  full  of  moisture. 
i.  e.,  growing  in  moist  places. 

Moorland,  heaths  and  rocks,  Arctic  regions  of  the  old  and  new 
world,  south  to  northern  New  England,  Lake  Superior.  Washington,  the 
Alps  and  England.  In  Minnesota  it  occurs  only  in  fhe  extreme  north- 
east corner  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior.     Flowers  al)out  July  \. 

Vaccinium  caespitosum  M  i  c  h  a  u  x   1803     Dwarf  Billberry. 

L^warf  tufted  shrubs,  stems  upright,  branched,  5-30  cm.  liigh.  ..■>-3 
mm.  in  diameter:  stiff,  round,  finely  pubescent,  grayish  brown:  leaves 
deciduous,  thin,  obovate,  or  spatulate,  veiny,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides,  margin  finely  serrate,  tip  rounded  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped,  base 
narrowlv  wedge-shaped,  10-20  mm.  long,  3-10  mm.  wide,  rarely  consider- 
ably larger,  petioles  1  mm.  long  or  wanting :  flowers  solitary  from  tlie 
axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  new  growth,  peduncles  2-3  mm.  long, 
drooping;  sepals  5.  almost  completely  united,  their  upper  portion  form- 
in-  a  free  collar-like  projection  which  is  very  slightly  and  obtusely  5- 
lobed.  corolla  bright  pink  or  red,  jug-shaped,  about  5  mm.  long,  com- 
posed of  5  petals  which  are  united  almost  to  the  tip,  stamens  o,  mcluded 
in  the  corolla,  filaments  smooth,  anthers  each  l)earing  two  long  awns  on 
the  back,  their  sacs  tapering  upward  into  rather  long  tubes  with  termmal 
pores,  stvle  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla:  berry  5-celled,  blue- 
black,  wi'th  a  bloom,  sweet  and  edible  :  c  a  e  s  p  i  t  o  s  u  s,  sod-like.     . 


100  HEATH  FAMILY 

Gravelly  woods,  shores,  mountain  slopes,  etc.  Labrador  to  Alaska, 
south  to  northern  New  luigland,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Colorado  and 
California.  In  Minnesota  apparently  uncommon,  occurring  only  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  reaching  as  far  west  as  the  head  waters  of  the 
Mississippi. 


'•  .^ 


■m^  > 


jf# 


^^ 


Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum   L  a  m  a  r  c  k   1783     Blueberry 

Low  upright  shrub;  stems  2-6  dm.  high,  green,  finely  warty,  smooth 
except  for  2  narrow  lines  of  fine  hairs  running  down  from  each  node; 
leaves    deciduous,    thin,    lanceolate,    bright    green,    smooth    above,    smooth 


VACCINIUM 


lOI 


below,  or  hairy  along  the  midrib,  margin  finely  serrulate  the  teeth  bristle 
tipped  (rarely  nearly  entire),  tip  acute,  base  wedge-shaped,  leaves  13-35 
mm.  long,  5-15  mm.  wide,  petioles  about  1  mm.  long;  flowers  in  terminal 
or  lateral  racemes  or  panicles  from  scaly  winter  buds,  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  bracts  broadly  oval,  reddish,  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long,  sepals  5 
their  free  tips  triangular,  somewhat  acute,  about  1  mm.  long,  corolla  of 
5  petals  united  nearly  to  their  tips,  white  or  pale  pink,  narrowly  bell- 
shaped  or  almost  spherical,  tube  4-5  mm.  long,  free  tips  of  the  petals 
about  1  mm.  long,  scarcely  spreading,  stamens  10,  included  in  the  corolla, 
filaments  slightly  hairy,  usually  a  little  shorter  than  the  anthers,  anthers 
without  awns,  the  sacs  prolonged  upwards  into  tubes  with  terminal  pores, 
style  straight,  slightly  exserted;  berry  10-celled,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweet 
and  edible  :   p  e  n  n  s  y  1  v  a  n  i  c  u  m,   Pennsylvanian. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan,  southwards  to  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois,  and  Minnesota.  In  Minnesota  abundant  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state  and  in  the  eastern  part  as  far  south  as  Minneapolis, 


reported  from  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Pepin.     Flowers  in  May  or  June,  fruit 
ripe  in  July. 

The  most  abundant  blueberrv  in  Minnesota  and  the  earliest  to  ripen. 


102  HEATH  FAMILY 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  \  ar.  nigrum  Wood  1873 

Differs  from  the  species  in  having  thicker  leaves,  glaucous  below,  and 
black  berries. 

The  same  general  range  as  the  species,  but  not  extending  so  far  north 
and  west.  In  Minnesota  less  abundant  than  the  typical  form  of  the 
species,  more  abundant  northwards. 

Vaccinium  canadense  K  a  1  m  1823     Blueberry 

Low  upright  shrub ;  stems  2-6  dm.  high,  greenish  brown,  finely  warty 
and  densely  woolly  pubescent;  leaves  deciduous,  thin,  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
bright  green,  hairy  below  and  along  the  veins  above,  margin  entire,  tip 
acute  to  rounded,  base  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded,  leaves  15-35 
mm.  long,  7-15  mm.  wide,  petioles  about  1  mm.  long;  flowers  in  terminal 
or  lateral  few-flowered  racemes  from  scaly  winter  buds,  opening  with 
the  leaves;  bracts  lanceolate,  early  deciduous,  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long, 
sepals  5,  their  free  tips  triangular,  acute,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  corolla  of 
5  petals,  united  nearly  to  the  tips,  white  streaked  with  pink,  narrow  bell- 
shaped,  or  somewhat  constricted  at  the  throat,  about  4  mm.  long,  free 
tips  of  the  petals  about  1  mm.  long,  not  spreading,  stamens  10,  included 
in  the  corolla,  filaments  hairy,  about  as  long  as  the  anthers,  anthers  without 
awns,  the  sacs  prolonged  upwards  into  tubes  with  terminal  pores,  style  not 
exserted ;  berry  10-celled,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweet  and  edible: 
canadense,  Canadian. 

Dry  sandy  soil  or  more  moist  soil,  often  in  oak  woods ;  Labrador  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  In  Minnesota 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  in  the  eastern  part  as  far  south  as 
Minneapolis,  less  abundant  than  V.  p  e  n  n  s  y  1  v  a  n  i  c  u  m.  Flowers  in 
May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Vaccinium    Vitis-idaea    Linne    1753     var.    minus    L  o  d  d  i  g- e  s, 
Mountain   Cranberry 

Dwarf  matted  shrub,  stems  creeping,  upright  branches  stiff",  2-15  cm. 
high,  about  1  mm.  in  diameter ;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  broad  elliptical, 
upper  side  dark  green,  glossy,  lower  pale  and  with  more  or  less  black 
bristly  dots,  margin  entire  or  finely  crenate,  revolute,  tip  rounded  or 
indented,  base  wedge-shaped,  leaves  5-18  mm.  long,  3-9  mm.  wide,  petioles 
about  2  mm.  long ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  from  scaly  winter  buds, 
bracts  thin,   ovate,  about  3   mm.   long,   green  or   reddish,  pedicels  about 


VACCINIUM  103 

2  mm.  long,  furnished  with  two  bractlets  resembling  the  bracts,  sepals  4, 
their  free  tips  triangular,  acute,  glandular  along  the  margin,  about  1  mm. 
long,  corolla  pink,  bell-shaped,  about  5  mm.  long,  composed  of  4  petals 
united  about  half  their  length,  stamens  8,  included,  filaments  hairy,  short, 
anthers  without  awns,  their  sacs  elongated  upward  into  tubes  with 
terminal  pores,  style  curved,  slightly  exserted ;  berry  dark  red,  4-celled, 
acid  and  scarcely  edible  unless  cooked  :  v  i  t  i  s  -  i  d  a  e  a,  probably  "vine 
of  the  wood,"  in  reference  to  its  habitat. 

Dry  granitic  rocks  and  sphagnum  swamps.  Arctic  regions  of  America 
and  Asia,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Lake  Superior  and  British  Columbia. 
The  large  typical  form  occurs  in  northern  Europe.  In  Minnesota  locally 
abundant  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state.  Flowers  in  late  June, 
berries  ripe  in  the  autumn. 

The  berries  "Preiselbeere  n,"  "T  y  1 1  e  b  a  e  r,"  are  much  used 
for  cooking  in  parts  of  northern  Europe.  There  seems  to  be  no  reason  whv 
they  should  not  be  similarly  employed  here. 

Vaccinium  Oxycoccus  Linne  1753  Small  Cranberry 

Oxycoccus  palustris  Persoon  1805 
Oxycoccus  Oxycoccus  MacMillan  1892 

Creeping  prostrate  shrub,  stems  very  slender,  about  .5  mm.  in  diameter; 
leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  ovate  lanceolate,  upper  side  dark  green,  glossy, 
under  side  nearly  white,  margin  with  a  few  small  teeth,  strongly  revolute, 
tip  wedge-shaped,  acute,  base  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  4-12  mm. 
long,  2.5-3.5  mm.  wide,  petioles  slender,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  flowers  in 
small  terminal  racemes  of  1-5,  the  axis  of  the  raceme  usually  very  short 
(2-5  mm.),  but  occasionally  prolonged  upwards  into  a  leafy  shoot  and 
then  the  flower-bearing  part  often  1  cm.  long,  bracts  about  1.5  mm.  long, 
broadly  elliptical,  obtuse,  pedicels  thread-like,  red,  2-4  cm.  long,  bearing 
2  minute  reddish  bractlets;  sepals  4,  their  free  tips  broadly  triangular, 
obtuse,  petals  4,  lanceolate,  5-8  mm.  long,  separate  almost  to  the  base, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  pink,  stamens  8,  exserted,  filaments  hairy,  anthers 
without  awns,  the  anther-sacs  prolonged  upward  into  long  tubes  with 
terminal  pores,  style  straight,  slightly  longer  than  the  stamens;  fruit  red, 
less  than  1  cm.  in  diameter,  sour  and  nearly  inedible  when  raw,  pleasant 
when  cooked  :  oxycoccus,  Gr.  sour  berry. 

Sphagum  bogs,  tundra  and  wet  sour  soil,  generally;  Arctic  regions, 
southward  to  North  Carolina,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  British  Columbia. 
Japan  and  central  Europe.     In  Minnesota  it  occurs  in  sphagnum  bogs  of 


104 


HEATH  FAMILY 


the  northern  part  of  the  state,  extending  in  tamarack  swamps  slightly 
beyond  the  region  of  evergreen  forests.  Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in 
late  fall. 


uaccinium 

\/iTiii  -  idaea 


Vaccinium     Oxycoccus  l/accinium^  macrocarpurn 


Vaccinium  macrocarpum  Alton  1789     Large  Cranberry 

Oxycoccus  macrocaiptis  Persoon  1815 

Creeping  prostrate  shrub,  stems  slender,  often  a  meter  long,  about  1- 
1.5  mm.  in  diameter,  flowering  branches  more  or  less  erect;  leaves  leathery, 
evergreen,  elliptical,  upper  side  dark  green,  glossy,  under  side  paler, 
glaucous,  margin  entire,  slightly  revolute,  tip  rounded,  base  rounded, 
6-15  mm.  long,  2.5-5  mm.  wide,  petioles  slender  about  1.5  mm.  long; 
flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters  of  1-10,  the  axis  of  the  raceme  1-3  cm. 
long,  and  prolonged  upward  into  a  leafy  shoot,  bracts  2-4  mm.  long,  ovate, 
pedicels  thread-like,  red,  2-4  cm.  long,  bearing  two  small  green  leaf- 
like bractlets  above  the  middle ;  sepals  4,  their  free  tips  broadly  triangular, 
obtuse,  petals  4,  lanceolate.  6-10  mm.  long,  separate  almost  to  the  base, 
spreading  or  reflexed.  pink,  stamens  8,  exserted,  filaments  hairy,  very 
short,  anthers  without  awns,  the  anther  sacs  prolonged  upward  into  long 
tubes  with  terminal  pores,  style  straight,  slightly  longer  than  the  stamens ; 
fruit  red,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  sour  and  nearly  inedible  when  raw,  pleasant 
when  cooked  :  m  a  c  r  0  c  a  r  p  u  m,  Gr.  large-fruited. 


EMPETRUM 


105 


Bogs,  wet  sandy  soil  and  other  situations  whicli  combine  a  sour  soil 
with  an  abundance  of  moisture;  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
North  Carolina,  central  Ohio  and  Indiana.  In  Minnesota  common  in 
the  edges  of  tamarack  swamps  and  sour  bogs  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state,  extending  south  across  the  Minnesota  river  and  northwest  as  far  as 
Lake  Itasca,  less  common  northward  than  V.  o  x  y  c  o  c  c  u  s.  Flowers 
in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  the  fall. 

The  common  cranberry  of  commerce,  much  cultivated  in  Wisconsin, 
less  frequently  in  Minnesota.  It  should  do  well  in  bogs  in  the  region 
north  of  Minneapolis  and  east  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Empetraceae     Crowberry  Family 

Low,  evergreen,  heath-like  shrubs;  leaves  small,  narrow,  sessile,  chan- 
neled on  the  lower  side ;  flowers  small,  dioecious,  or  rarely  polygamous, 
axillary  or  in  terminal  heads,  sepals  3,  petals  2,  3,  or  0,  staminate  flowers 
with  2-4  stamens,  filaments  slender,  sometimes  with  a  rudimentary  pistil ; 
pistillate  flowers  with  2-several-celled  ovary,  styles  2-several;  fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe  containing  2-several  1 -seeded  nutlets. 

A  family  of  three  genera  and  five  species,  of  Europe  and  America. 

Empetrum   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Crowberry 

Low  spreading  freely  branching  shrub  with  the  aspect  of  a  heath; 
flowers  polygamous,  purplish,  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  scaly  bracted,  inconspicuous,  calyx  of  3  somewhat  petal-like 
spreading  sepals,  stamens  3  exserted,  styles  short,  stigma  6-9-lobed  ;  fruit 
a  berry-like  drupe,  black  or  red,  with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets. 

A  genus  of  two  species,  the  following  and  one  in  southern  South 
America. 

Empetrum  nigrum  Linne  1753     Crowberry 

Much  branched,  branches  diffusely  spreading,  gla- 
brous or  puberulous,  6-25  cm.  long;  leaves  crowded, 
•linear  oblong,  thick,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent, 
margin  revolute.  tip  obtuse,  4-7  mm.  long,  1-1.5  mm. 
wide;  fruit  black,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter:  nigrum. 
black. 

In  rocky  places,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  coast 
of  Maine,  the  mountains  of  northern  New  England  and 
New  York,  Isle  Royale,  and  the  coast  of  Oregon,  Asia 
and  Europe.  There  are  no  Minnesota  specimens  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  but  it  has  been 


io6 


POTATO  FAMILY 


collected  on  Isle  Royale  and  is  almost  sure  to  occur  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior. 

Polemoniales    Phlox  Order 
Solanaceae     Potato  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines,  with  typically  alternate  simple  often  lobed 
leaves;  flowers  perfect  and  regular,  solitary,  or  in  clusters;  sepals  5, 
united,  petals  5,  united,  stamens  5,  on  the  corolla  tube  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes ;  ovary  2-celled,  superior,  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule  with  many 
seeds. 

A  familv  of  about  70  genera,  of  world-wide  distribution,  liut  most 
abundant  in  the  tropics. 

Lycium  L  i  n  n  e   1/53 
(Named  from  the  cotintr}-  Lycia ) 


Vines  or  shrubs,  often  with  thorns,  with  alternate  entire  leaves ;  flowers 
solitary  or  clustered,  axillary  or  terminal,  greenish  to  purple,  calyx  3-5 
lobed,  persistent,  corolla  5-lobed,  more  or  less  funnelform,  stamens  5. 
ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  globose  to  oblong  berry. 

A  genus  of  about  75  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions;  17  native  species  occur  in  western  North  America. 

Lycium  vulgare   D  n  n  a  1   1852     Matrimony  Vine 

Bushy  vine  with  slender  trailing  or  hanging  stems,  5-20  ft.  long,  the 
lateral  branches  often  reduced  to  thorns ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate  or 
ovoid,   margin  entire,   tip   blunt  or  acute,   base  tapering   into  the  petiole, 


FRAXINUS  107 

smooth  on  both  sides,  3-5  cm.  long,  3/2-13^  cm.  wide,  petioles  J/^-l  cm. 
long;  flowers  solitary  or  2-5  in  the  axils,  on  slender  peduncles,  ^-1>4 
cm.  long,  funnelform,  purple  to  greenish-purple,  10-15  mm.  wide,  corolla 
lobes  oblong  to  ovate,  5-6  mm.  long;  berry  oblong  to  ovoid,  red  or  orange- 
red  :    V  u  1  g  a  r  e,  common. 

Frequent  in  waste  places,  originally  an  escape  from  gardens :  Ont-Va- 
Kan-Colo-Minn ;  native  of  Europe.  Of  great  value  in  covering  eroding 
slopes  and  banks,  and  waste  places;  especially  ornamental  as  a  trailer  on 
stone  walls.     (Jrown  readily  from  cuttings,  suckers,  or  seeds. 


Gentianales  Gentian  Order 
Oleaceae     Olive  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  typically  opposite  simple  or  compound  leaves; 
flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious,  sepals  united,  2-4,  or  lacking, 
petals  united,  2-4,  or  lacking,  stamens  on  the  corolla  tube,  2-4,  ovary 
2-celled,  superior;  fruit  a  capsule,  berry,  drupe  or  samara,  1 -few-seeded. 

A  family  of  about  21  genera,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA 

1.  Trees  with  pinnate  leaves,  dioecious  flowers  and 

winged  fruit  Fra.xiims 

2.  Shrubs  with  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers 

a.  Flowers  purple  or  yellow,  rarely  white ;  fruit 

a  capsule 

( 1 )  Flowers  purple  Syringa 

(2)  Flowers  yellow  Forsythia 

b.  Flowers  white ;   fruit  a  drupe  or  berry 

( 1 )  Petals     thread-like,     separate ;     fruit     a 

drupe  Chionaiithiis 

(2)  Petals  united;  fruit  a  berry  Ligiistriim 

Fraxinus   L  i  n  n  e   1753 
(L.  fraxinus,  the  ash-tree) 

Trees  with  opposite  odd-pinnate  leaves;  flowers  in  clusters,  usually 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  polygamous  or  dioecious;  sepals  0-4,  united, 
petals  0-4,  more  or  less  united,  stamens  typically  2,  ovary  2-celled ;  fruit 
a   1 -seeded  samara. 

Propagated  by  seed  sown  in   autumn  or  stratified  for  spring  sowing. 


io8  OLIVE  FAMILY 

A  genus  of  about  forty  species,  12  of  which  are  natives  of  the  United 
States. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Lateral  leaflets  stalked 

a.  Twigs  round 

(1)  Twigs  and  leaves  velvety-hairy  J'-  pctuisilTauica 

(2)  Twigs  and  leaves  smooth,  at  least  above 

(a)  Leaves    pale    below;    wing    of    fruit 

terminal  /''■  amcricana 

(b)  Leaves   green  below;   wing   extending 

along    the    sides  F.  hviccolata 

b.  Twigs  square  or  4-angled  F.  quadrangiilata 

2.  Lateral  leaflets  not  stalked  F.  nigra 

Fraxinus  pennsilvanica  M  a  r  s  h  a  1 1  1785     Red  Ash 

Tree,  30-60  ft.  high,  1-2  ft.  diam. ;  bark  brown  with  shallow  furrows, 
the  ridges  somewhat  scaly,  twigs  hairy ;  leaves  velvety-hairy  or  woolly, 
of  5-9  leaflets,  2-5  dcm.  long,  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  somewhat 
coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  tip  pointed,  base  more  or  less  rounded, 
sparsely  hairy  or  smooth  above,  coarsely  hairy,  woolly  or  velvety  beneath, 
6-12  cm.  long.  2-5  cm.  wide,  petioles  coarsely  hairy,  3-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
dioecious,  the  small  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  persisting  at  the  base 
of  the  fruit;  fruit  nblong-spatulate,  paddle-shaped,  the  wing  running 
down  the  sides,  21/2-^/2  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide;  the  specific  name  refers 
to  the  original  locality. 

Frequent  throughout  the  wooded  i^ortions  of  the  state;  NB-Fla-Mo- 
Nebr- Minn-Saskatchewan. 

^\'ood  brown,  coarse-grained,  strong,  brittle,  hard,  weight  39  lbs. ; 
used  chiefly  as  a  substitute  for  white  ash  in  agricultural  implements,  car- 
riage-building, furniture,  interior  finishing,  oars  and  tool  handles.  An 
excellent  tree  for  general  planting  in  the  northwest,  though  less  used 
than  the  closelv  related  green  ash. 

Fraxinus  americana  L  i  n  ne  1753     White  Ash 

Large  tree,  40-100  ft.  high,  1-5  ft.  diam.;  bark  brown  or  gray-brown, 
moderately  ridged,  twigs  smooth;  leaves  smooth,  of  5-9,  usually  7,  leaflets, 
2-4  dcm.  long,  leaflets  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  margin  sharply 
toothed,  tip  pointed,  base  rounded,  smooth  and  green  above,  pale  green 


no  OLIVE  FAMILY 

or  slightly  hairy  below,  6-12  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  petioles  slightly 
hairy,  5-7  cm.  long;  flowers  dioecious,  calyx  persistent  in  the  pistillate 
flower;  fruit  paddle-shaped,  the  wing  almost  wholly  terminal,  3-4  cm. 
long,  6-7  mm.  wide;  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a,  American,   native  to  this  continent. 

Somewhat  common  throughout  the  state,  except  westward  and  far 
northward ;  NS-Fla-Tex-Minn. 

Wood  brown,  coarse-grained,  strong,  tough,  hard,  weight  41  lbs.; 
used  in  large  quantities  in  agricultural  implements,  carriage-building, 
furniture,  interiors,  oars,  and  tool  handles.  The  inner  bark  has  some 
use  in  medicine.  An  excellent  ornamental  but  less  valuable  than  green 
ash  for  the  Northwest. 

Fraxinus  lanceolata  B  o  r  c  k  h  a  n  s  e  n  i8oo     Green  Ash 
F.  viridis  Michaux  1813 
F.  pennsilvanica  lanceolata  Sargent   1894 

Medium  tree,  30-50  ft.  high,  ^-2  ft.  diam. ;  bark  gray  or  yellow-brown 
with  shallow  furrows;  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so,  of  5-9  leaflets,  2-3  dcm. 
long,  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovoid  or  obovoid,  margin  with  coarse, 
usually  shallow  teeth,  tip  long-pointed,  base  more  or  less  rounded,  smooth 
and  green  on  both  sides,  slightly  paler  below,  6-12  cm.  long,  2-5  cm. 
wide,  petioles  slightly  hairy,  4-6  cm.  long ;  flowers  dioecious,  calyx  per- 
sistent;  fruit  winged  down  the  sides,  4-5  cm.  long,  6-7  mm.  wide; 
lanceolata,  lance-shaped,  probably  in  reference  to  the  leaves. 

Common    throughout    the    state;    Vt-Fla-Tex-Ariz-Saskatchewan. 

^^'ood  essentially  as  in  the  red  ash,  Fraxinus   pennsilvanica. 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  j\I  i  c  h  a  u  x   1803     Blue  Ash 

Large  tree,  30-80  ft.  high,  1-3  ft.  diam.;  bark  gray,  scaly;  twigs 
four-sided,  winged,  and  more  or  less  velvety  when  young ;  leaves  smooth, 
or  with  white  tufts  of  hairs  on  the  veins  below,  of  7-11,  usually  9, 
leaflets,  2-3  dcm.  long,  leaflets  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or 
less  wavy-toothed,  tip  very  long-pointed,  base  rounded,  smooth  on  both 
sides  or  slightly  hairy  or  hairy  tufted  below,  6-12  cm.  long,  2^.^-5  cm. 
wide,  petioles  smooth,  5-8  cm.  long;  flowers  dioecious,  calyx  usually  dis- 
appearing in  fruiting ;  fruit  oblong  or  oblong-wedge-shaped,  the  wing 
extending  completely  around,  23/2-3  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide;  quadran- 
gulata, four-angled,  referring  to  the  twigs. 

Rarely  cultivated;  not  known  to  occur  native  in  the  state;  Mich-Ala- 
Mo-Ia. 


FRAXINUS— SYRINGA  m 

Wood  brownish-yellow,  coarse-grained,  hard,  brittle,  weight  45  lbs.; 
used  for  carriage  building  and  flooring,  and  probably  not  distinguished 
in  use  from  white  ash.     A  blue  dye  is  made  from  the  inner  bark. 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marshall   1785     Water   Ash,   Black   Ash 

Large  tree,  40-80  ft.  high,  1-3  ft.  diam. ;  bark  gray,  with  irregular 
plates  separating  into  thin  scales;  leaves  smooth,  of  7-11  leaflets,  2-4 
dcm.  long,  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  margin  wavy-toothed, 
tip  very  long-pointed,  base  tapering  or  rounded,  smooth  above,  slightly 
hairy  below,  especially  along  the  midrib,  7-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide, 
petioles  smooth,  4-6  cm.  long;  flowers  dioecious,  calyx  lacking;  fruit 
oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  wing  extending  around,  2y^-3  cm.  long,  7-8 
mm.  wide ;  nigra,  black,  probably  in  reference  to  the  color  of  the  wood. 

Frequent  or  even  plentiful  throughout  the  state,  except  to  the  south- 
west ;    Newfoundland-Del-Va-Ark-Minn-Manitoba. 

Wood  dark  brown,  coarse-grained,  soft,  weak,  tough,  durable  in  the 
soil,  weight  39  lbs.  ;  used  for  baskets,  cabinet-making,  fences,  hoops  and 
interiors. 

Syringa  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Lilac 
(Gr.  s  y  r  i  n  x,  tube,  of  doubtful  application) 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  entire  leaves ;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles 
or  thyrses,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  perfect ;  sepals  4,  united,  persistent, 
petals  4,  united  into  a  cylindric  salverform  tube,  stamens  4,  on  the  throat 
of  the  corolla;  ovary  2-celled,  stigma  2-cleft;  fruit  a  2-valved  capsule. 

Propagation  by  seed  sown  in  the  spring,  by  suckers  and  division, 
grafting  and  hardwood  cuttings,  and  in  the  rarer  sorts  by  greenwood 
cuttings.     Pruning  should  be  done  shortly  after  blooming  is  over. 

A  genus  of  about  12  species,  natives  of  Asia  and  eastern  Europe. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Corolla  much  longer  than  calyx 

a.  Flower  clusters  from  lateral  buds;  terminal 

bud  abortive 

( 1 )  Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  base  S.  vulgaris 

(2)  Leaves  narrowed  toward  the  base  .S'.  pcrsica 

b.  Flower    clusters    usually    on    terminal    leafy 

branches  '">•  '''1^^^^ 

2.  Corolla  little  longer  than  calyx  S-  ainurcusis 


112  OLIVE  FAMILY 

Syringa  vulgaris  Linne  1753     Common  Lilac 

Shrub,  6-20  ft.  high ;  leaves  ovate,  marghi  entire,  tip  acute  or  pointed, 
base  truncate,  rounded  or  cordate,  often  oblique,  smooth  and  green  on 
both  sides,  5-8  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  petioles  l^-2i/2  cm.  long;  flowers 
in  large  apparently  terminal  thyrses  8-20  cm.  long,  lilac  to  white,  10-12 
mm.  long,  on  short  glandular  pedicels;  capsule  oblong,  15-25  mm.  long, 
4   mm.   wide ;   vulgaris,   common. 

Cultivated  throughout  the  state,  and  sometimes  an  escape ;  native  of 
Europe.  The  best  and  most  reliable  of  the  several  cultivated  species, 
especially  desirable  for  ornamental  hedges. 

Syringa  persica  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Persian  Lilac 

Shrub,  6-12  ft.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ov^ate-lanceolate,  margin 
entire,  tip  pointed,  base  tapering,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  3-7 
cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  loose,  apparently  terminal  panicles. 
7-12  cm.  long,  pale  lilac  to  white;  capsule  oblong,  15-20  mm.  long; 
p  e  r  s  i  c  u  s,  Persian,  from  its  home. 

The  species  rarely  cultivated  in  Minnesota,  and  rather  inferior  in 
most  respects  to  the  common  lilac;  native  of  Asia,  Caucasus  to  Afghan- 
istan. The  hybrid  between  the  common  lilac  and  the  Persian  lilac, 
S.  c  h  i  n  e  n  s  i  s,  is  common. 

Syringa  villosa  V  a  h  1  1805     Hairy  Lilac 

Shrub,  5-8  ft.  high;  leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  oblong,  margin  ciliate, 
acute  at  tip  and  base,  bright  green  and  smooth  above,  somewhat  hairy 
below  on  the  midrib,  6-15  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  terminal 
leafy  panicles,  7-16  cm.  long,  lilac,  pinkish  or  white;  villosa,  hairy, 
in  reference  to  the  hairy  leaves. 

Occasionally  cultivated ;  native  of  Asia. 

Syringa  amurensis  R  u  p  r  e  c  h  t   1857     Siberian  Lilac 

Shrub,  8-12  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  margin  entire,  tip 
acute,  base  rounded,  smooth  on  both  sides,  bright  green  above,  pale  be- 
neath, 5-15  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  large  loose  panicles  8-20 
cm.  long,  yellowish  white,  the  stamens  projecting  from  the  corolla  tube : 
amurensis,  of  the  river  Amur,  in  reference  to  the  original  locality. 

Rare  in  cultivation;  native  of  Manchuria  and  Siberia. 


FORSYTHIA 


1 1.^ 


Forsythia  V  a  h  1  1805 
(Named   for   William   Forsyth,  an  English  horticulturist) 

Shrubs,  -with  opposite  simple  or  ternate  serrate  leaves ;  flowers  single 
or  in  groups  of  2-3  along  the  branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  per- 
fect; sepals  4,  united,  petals  4,  united  toward  the  base,  stamens  2,  in- 
cluded; fruit  a  2-celled  capsule  with  winged  seeds. 

Propagated  by  seeds,  and  readily  groAvn  from  both  hardwood  and 
greenwood  cuttings. 

A  genus  of  3  species,  2  native  of  China,  and  1  of  southeastern  Europe. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Corolla    golden    yellow,    with    orange    yellow 

stripes  within ;  leaves  more  or  less  ovate  F.  suspensa 

2.  Corolla    rather    greenish    yellow,    not    striped 

within ;  leaves  lanceolate  F.  viridissiiua 

Forsythia  suspensa  A"  a  h  1   1805 

Shrub,  2-8  ft.  high,  the  slender  branches  often  bent  to  the  ground 
and  rooting ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  margin  toothed,  tip 
acute,  base  tapering,  smooth,  6-12  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  2  cm. 
long;  flowers  1-3,  golden  yellow,  with  orange  yellow  stripes  in  the  corolla 
tube.  2-3  cm.  long,  calyx  about  the  length  of  the  corolla  tube;  capsule 
ovate,  2-3  cm.  long:  suspensa,  suspended,  probably  in  reference  to 
the  rooting  branches. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  though  not  entirely  hardy;  in  protected  situ- 
ations it  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  the  early  flowering  shrubs;  native 
of  China.  The  variety  fortune!  is  more  upright  with  leaves  often  of 
three  leaflets. 

Forsythia  viridissima  L  i  n  d  1  e  y  1846 

Shrub,  3-10  ft.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  some- 
what spatulate,  margin  toothed  above  the  middle,  tip  acute  or  rounded, 
base  tapering,  smooth  and  dark  green,  6-15  cm.  long,  petioles  2-3  cm 
long;  flowers  1-3,  bright  yellow  or  greenish  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long,  calyx 
about  half  as  long  as  corolla  tube ;  capsule  2-3  cm.  long :  v  i  r  i  d  i  s  s  i  m  a, 
very  green,  in  reference  to  the  leaves. 

Rarely  cultivated;  less  desirable  than  the  preceding;  native  of  China. 


Chionan'uvus 


-!iyrir?6a. 
uul6aris 


CHIONANTHUS— LIGUSTRUM  115 

Chionanthus  L  i  11  n  e  1753 

(Gr.  c  h  i  o  n,  snow,  a  n  t  h  u  s,  flower,  in  reference  to  the 
inflorescence) 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  entire  leaves;  flowers  in 
panicles,  appearing  soon  after  the  leaves,  perfect;  sepals  4,  united,  petals 
4,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  stamens  2  on  the  base  of  tlie  corolla,  ovary 
2-celled;  fruit  a  1 -seeded  drupe. 

Propagation  by  seeds  planted  in  the  fall,  by  layering,  or  by  greenwood 
cuttings  under  glass. 

A  genus  of  3  species,  two  of  them  natives  of  China. 

Chionanthus  virginica   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Fringe   Tree 

Shrub  or  small  tree,  8-20  ft.  high,  with  more  or  less  finely  hairy 
twigs ;  leaves  ellipsoid  to  obovoid,  thickish,  tip  acute  or  blunt,  base  taper- 
ing, smooth,  long  white-hairy  below,  6-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  petioles 
more  or  less  white-hairy,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  open  drooping  panicles 
1-2  dcm.  long,  on  slender  pedicels,  petals  strap-shaped,  white,  2-3  cm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  fruit  a  more  or  less  oblong  black  drupe,  10-14  mm 
long :  virginica,  Virginian,  referring  to  the  original  locality. 

Occasionally  cultivated ;   Pa-Fla-Ark-Tex. 

Wood  light  brown,  close-grained,  hard,  weight  40  lbs. ;  the  bark  it 
tonic  and  sometimes  used  in  medicine. 

Ligustrum  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(The  ancient  Latin  name) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  simple  entire  leaves;  flowers  in 
terminal  panicles  or  thyrses,  perfect;  sepals  4,  united,  petals  4,  united, 
stamens  2  on  the  corolla  tube,  ovary  2-celled;  fruit  a  1-3  seeded  berry. 

Propagation  by  seeds  sown  in  the  fall,  or  stratified,  the  germination 
often  delayed,  and  by  hardwood  cuttings. 

A  genus  of  about  35  species,  natives  of  Eurasia. 

Ligustrum    vulgare    L  i  n  n  e    1753     Privet,    Prim 

Shrub,  4-10  ft.  high,  with  slender  branches;  leaves  firm  and  some- 
what persistent,  elliptic,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  entire,  tip  acute 
or  rounded,  base  tapering,  smooth,  2-3  cm.  long,  l^-lYz  cm.  wide,  petioles 
2-5  mm.  long;  flowers  in  erect  dense  panicles  3-?>  cm.  long,  white,  5-6 
mm.  wide;  fruit  a  round  black  berry,  5-6  mm.  diam. ;  vulgaris,  com- 
mon. 


ii6  CATALPA  FAMILY 

Occasionally  cultivated,  especially  as  a  hedge  plant;  native  of  Eurasia, 
but  escaped  from  cultivation;  Ont-NV-NC-Ill. 


Scrophulariales   Snapdragon  Order 
Bignoniaceae     Catalpa  Family 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines,  with  opposite  simple  or  compound 
leaves;  flowers  perfect,  sepals  5,  united,  petals  5,  united,  and  more  or  less 
irregular,  stamens  2-5  on  the  corolla  tube,  ovary  2-celled,  stigma  2-lobed; 
fruit  a  2-valved  capsule,   seeds  flat,  winged. 

A  family  of  about  60  genera,  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics. 

Catalpa  S  c  o  p  o  1  i  1771 
•    (The  name  given  by  the  Indians) 

Trees,  with  large  opposite  simple  entire  leaves ;  flowers  in  terminal 
panicles  or  corymbs,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  perfect,  large,  white,  mot- 
tled; sepals  5,  united,  usually  2-lipped,  petals  5,  united  into  a  2-lipped 
bell-shaped  corolla ;  anther-bearing  stamens  2,  antherless  stamens  3,  ovary 
2-celled,  ovules  in  2-several  rows ;  fruit  a  long  linear  capsule,  with  flat 
winged  seeds. 

Propagation  by  seeds. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Corolla  4-5  cm.  long;  capsule  10  mm.  wide  C.  catalpa 

2.  Corolla  6-7  cm.  long;  capsule  12-20  mm.  wide        C.  spcciosa 

Catalpa  catalpa  (Linne)  Karsten  1880     Catalpa,  Indian  Bean 
Bignonia  catalpa  Linne  1753 
Catalpa  bignonioides  Walter  1788 

Tree,  25-60  ft.  high,  y^-Z  ft.  diam. ;  with  a  thin  smooth  bark,  separat- 
ing in  flakes ;  leaves  very  large,  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  somewhat  3-lobed, 
tip  long-pointed,  base  truncate  to  heart-shaped,  smooth  above,  hairy  below, 
12-25  cm.  long,  10-25  cm.  wide,  petioles  10-15  cm.  long;  flowers  many 
in  large  panicles  20-30  cm.  long,  bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  white,  spotted  with 
yellow  and  purple,  4-5  cm.  long;  capsules  15-40  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide, 
the  winged  seeds  4-5  cm.  long,  5-6  mm.  wide. 

Rarely  cultivated  in  Minnesota  as  it  is  less  hardy  than  the  following; 
Ga-Fla-Miss. 


ii8  ROSE  FAMILY 

Wood  brown,  coarse-graintd.  lii^'ht.  soft,  weak,  durable  in  the  ground, 
weight  28  ll)s.  ;  much  used  for  fence  posts  and  rails. 

Catalpa  speciosa  W  aide  r  1880     Hardy  Catalpa 

Tree,  30-80  ft.  high,  y'j-S  ft.  diam. ;  bark  gray-brown,  with  shallow 
furrows;  leaves  very  large,  broadly  ovate,  entire,  rarely  3-lobed,  tip  long- 
pointed,  base  truncate  to  heart-shaped,  smooth  above,  hairy  below,  15-25 
cm.  long,  10-25  cm.  wide,  petioles  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  few  in  large 
panicles  12-20  cm.  long,  white,  spotted  w^ith  yellow-  and  purple,  6-7  cm. 
long;  capsules  15-40  cm.  long,  12-20  mm.  wide,  the  winged  seeds  4-5 
cm.  long,  5-6  mm.  wide :  speciosa,  beautiful,  in  reference  to  the  habit 
and  flowers. 

Frequently  cultivated  but  scarcely  hardy  north  of  Minneapolis;  Ind- 
l'enn-Ark-Mo-111.  ;  a  rapidly  growing  tree,  much  planted  for  railway  ties, 
and  also  of  much  charm  as  an  ornamental,  owing  to  its  flowers. 

Wood  light  brown,  coarse-grained,  light,  soft,  weight  26  lbs.  :  much 
used  for  fence  posts,  rails,  railway  ties,  and  occasionally  for  furniture  and 
interiors. 

Resales     Rose  Order 

Rosaceae     Rose  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
stipules  commonly  present ;  flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamo-dioeci- 
ous;  sepals  5,  often  with  5  bractlets  alternating  with  them;  petals  5,  or 
rarely  none;  stamens  mostly  numerous,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  a  disk; 
pistils  1-many,  simple  and  free  or  united  below^  into  a  2-10  celled,  com- 
pound ovary;  styles  terminal  or  lateral;  ovules  1-2  or  several;  fruit 
various,  achenes,  follicles,  pomes  or  drupes. 

KEY   TO   THE   fiEXEUA 

1.      Leaves  compound 

a.      Pistils  numerous,  more  than  5,  fruit  achenes. 
drupelets,  or  nutlets 

(1)  Flowers  yellow,  fruit  ripening  into  dry, 

hairy  achenes ;  smooth  shrub  Potentilla 

(2)  Flowers  white  or  pink,  fruit  drupelets  or 

nutlets ;   spiny  or  prickly  shrubs 
(a)      Pistils    on    a    raised    or    conical    re- 
ceptacle,    fruit     an     aggregate     of 
drupelets  Rubus 


POTENTILLA 


119 


(b)      Pistils    in    a    ticshy   urn-shaped   recep- 
tacle, which  encloses  the  nutlets 
b.     Pistils  few,    (5  or  less),  free  or  united  with 
the  receptacle,  fruit  follicles  or  a  pome 

(1)  Flowers  in  Hat  corymbs,  fruit  a  pome 

(2)  Flowers  in  ample  panicles,  fruit  follicles 
Leaves   simple 

a.  Pistils  more  than  one,  3-5  or  manv 

( 1 )  Pistils  on  a  conical  receptacle,   fruit  an 

aggregation  of  drupelets 

(2)  Pistils  in  a  concave  or  hollow  receptacle, 

free  or  united  with  it 

(a)  Flowers    perigynous,     fruit    dry,     2-5 

follicles 
X.      P'ollicles    inflated,    splitting    on    both 

sides,  seeds  shiny 
V.      Follicles  not  inflated,  splitting  on  one 

side,   seeds   dull 

(b)  Flowers  epigynous,  fruit  a  fleshy  \>om^ 
X.     Carpels  cartilaginous  or  leathery  when 

mature,  imbedded  in  the  axis 
(x)      Cavities   of   the   compound   ovary 
as  many   as  styles 
m.     Ovules    and    seeds    1-2    in    each 
cavity 
o.     Trees  ;  flowers  in  cymes 
p.      Low    shrubs ;    flowers   in   ct)m- 
pound  cymes 
n.       Ovules    and    seeds    numerous    in 
each  cavity 
(y)      Cavities    of    the    ovary    becoming 
twice  as  many  as  the  styles 
y.      Carpels    hard    and    Iiony    when    ripe, 
distinct  or  cohering  in  fruit 

b.  Pistil  one,  fruit  a  drupe 


Rosa 


Sorbus 
Sorbaria 


Rubus 


Physocarpus 
Spiraea 


Malus 

Aronia 

Cydonia 

Amelanchier 

Crataegus 
Prunus 


Potentilla  Linue   1753     Cinquefoil  Fivefinger 
(L.  p  o  t  e  n  s,  powerful,  with  a  diminutive  suffix,  referring  to  the  medical 

properties) 

Herbs,   or   rarely   shrubs;    leaves  alternate,   compound   and   stipulate; 
flowers  mostlv  velhnv.  cvmose  or  solitary;  calyx  tube  flat  or  hemispheric. 


120  ROSE  FAMILY 

sepals  5,  persistent,  with  5  bracts  alternating  with  them;  petals  5,  obovate 
or  orbicular;  stamens  mostly  numerous;  carpels  many,  on  a  dry  usually 
hairy  receptacle;  fruit  a  collection  of  achenes. 

A  genus  of  about  150  species,  nearly  all  of  them  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Some  24  species  occur  in  eastern  North  America  and 
about  30  others  in  the  western  and  northwestern  parts  of  the  continent. 
The  great  majority  of  the  species  are  herbaceous;  the  following  one  is 
strictly  shrubby. 


X/o 


Potentilla  fruticosa  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Shrubby  Cinquefoil. 
Dasiphora  fiuticosa  (Linne)   Rydberg  1898 

Stem  more  or  less  erect,  shrubby,  2-8  dm.  (8-32  inches)  high,  much 
branched,  bark  shreddy;  leaves  pinnate,  1-3  cm.  long,  leaflets  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  silky  pubescent,  margins  revolute,  10-15  mm.  long.  2-4 
mm.  wide;  petals  bright  yellow,  orbicular,  achenes  long-hairy:  fruti- 
cosa, shrubby. 

Frequent  in  dry  and  rocky  situations,  along  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  and  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state;  occurs  scattered  south- 
ward  and    westward.      Distributed    from    Labrador   to   Alaska,    south   to 


RUBUS  ij[ 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  northern  Iowa,  Ariz.,  Cal.  and  Eurasia. 
Flowers  and  fruits  from  June  to  Sept. 

Rubus  L  i  n  ne  1753     Bramble,  Blackberry,  Raspberry 

(L.  rubus,  bramble,  akin  to  ruber,  red) 

Erect  or  procumbent  shrubs  or  trailing  vines,  frequently  prickly,  with 
alternate  simple,  lobed,  or  3-7-foliate  leaves;  tlowers  white  (sometimes 
pink  or  purple);  calyx  flat,  5-parted,  persistent;  petals  5,  deciduous; 
stamens  numerous ;  carpels  usually  many,  borne  on  a  spongy  or  succulent 

•.:•  receptacle,  ripening  into  drupelets  and  forming  an  aggregate  fruit,  edible. 

•;  A  genus  of  about  250  species,  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  but 
most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  About  20  species  in  addition 
to  the  following  occur  in  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species. 

'.:  1.     Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed;  stems  unarmed      R.  parviflonis 
■'  2.     Leaves  compound,  3-7-foliate;  stems  prickly  or 
bristly 

a.  Fruit  falling  off  whole  from  the  dryish  re- 

ceptacle when  ripe  Raspberries 

(1)  Stems  upright,  beset  with  straight,  stiff 

bristles ;   fruit  red 

(a)  Calyx      bristly-hispid,      with      slender 

prickles;  native  A',  sfrigosus 

'■U  (b)      Calyx      not      bristly-hispid,      woolly- 

pubescent;  cultivated  R-  idaeiis 

(2)  Stems    recurved,    rooting    at    the    tips, 
.,  armed    with    hooked    prickles;     fruit 

'■  purple-black  R-  Occident alis 

b.  Fruit  not  separating  from  the  juicy  receptacle 

when   ripe  Blackberries 

(1)  Stems  trailing  or   at  least  prostrate  to- 

wards the  ends;  fruiting  branches  iip- 

-[■ynWi  R-  villosus 

(2)  Stems  erect  or  arched  ascending 

^-  (a)      Old  stems  unarmed  or  nearly  so;  leaf- 

lets glabrous  on  both  sides  R-  caiuulensts 

(b)  Old   stems  purplish  and   armed   with 

stout  prickles  R-  allegheniensis 


122  ROSE  FAMILY 

Rubus    parviflorus    Xuttall    1818      Salmonberry     Thimbleberry 

R.  Xutkanus  ]\Iocino  1825 

A  more  or  less  erect-growing,  branched  shrub.  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.) 
high ;  young  branches  glandular  but  hardly  bristly,  old  stems  with  gray, 
shreddy  bark;  leaves  large,  simple,  3-5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base,  coarsely 


Rubus  parviflorus. 


RUBUS  .  123 

toothed,  10-25  cm.  broad;  intiorescenccs  cymose,  tcnninal,  few-Howcred, 
flowers  2.5-6  cm.  broad,  white,  calyx  lobes  tipped  with  a  long  slender  aj)- 
peudage,  petals  oval,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  receptacle  large;  fruit  flattened- 
hemispheric,  edible  but  rather  dry  and  tasteless :  p  a  r  v  i  f  1  o  r  u  s,  small- 
flowered. 

In  rocky  woods,  banks  of  streams  etc.  in  the  northern  and  northeastern 
part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Michigan,  Minn.,  western  Ontario 
to  Alaska  and  south  to  California,  and  in  the  Rocky  mountains  to  Utah 
and  Colorado. 

Rubus  strigosus   M  i  c  h  a  ti  x   1803     Wild  Red  Raspberry 
R.  idaeus  var.  aculeatissimtis   (C.  A.  jNIeyer)   Rei^el  &  Tiling-  1877 

A  branching  shrub,  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high,  biennial,  usually  densely 
covered  with  weak  bristles  (glandular  when  young),  or  the  older  stems 
with  weak  hooked  prickles,  often  glaucous;  leaves  petioled,  3-5-foliate, 
pinnate,  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed  or  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate or  sometimes  sharply  lobed,  whitish  pubescent  beneath,  2.5-7.5  cm. 
long ;  petioles  glandular-hairy  and  prickly,  2-8  cm.  long ;  inflorescence 
terminal  and  axillary,  racemose,  few-flowered,  pedicels  slender,  curving 
in  fruit;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad,  petals  white,  ascending,  5-6  mm.  long, 
sepals  bristly  hispid  10-12  mm.  long;  fruit  elongated-hemispheric,  bright 
red :  strigosus,  hairy,  in  reference  to  the  bristly  stem. 

Very  common  in  thickets,  on  hillsides  etc.  throughout  the  state.  Dis- 
tributed from  Labrador  to  British  Columbia  south  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  the 
Great  Lake  region  and  along  the  Alleghanies  to  N.  C,  in  the  Rocky 
mountains  to  N.  Mex.     Flowers  from  May  to  July.     Fruit  rijjc  July-Sept. 

Rubus  idaeus  Linne   1753     Red  Raspberry 

A  shrub,  resembling  the  preceding  very  closely,  differs  mainly  in  the 
less  bristly  stem,  and  in  having  the  calyx  only  woolly-pubescent  instead 
of  bristly-hispid  :  idaeus  Gr.  of  the  woods. 

Very  extensively  cultivated  and  probably  escaping  from  cultivation. 
Introduced   from   Europe. 

Rubus  occidentalis  Linn  e  1753     Black  Raspberry 

A  shrub  with  recurved  stems,  sometimes  3-4  meters  (9-12  tt.)  long, 
rooting  at   the   tips,    glaucous   all  over  and  armed  with   hooked  prickles. 


124 


ROSE  FAMILY 


not  bristly;  leaves  mostly  3-foliate,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  pointed 
at  the  apex,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  white  pubescent  beneath,  3-S  cm. 
long,  2-5  cm.  wide;  inflorescence  corymbose,  several-flowered,  usually  only 
terminal,  flower  8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  longer  than  petals,  5-7  mm. 
long;  pedicels  short,  ascending  or  erect  in  fruit;  fruit  hemispheric,  black- 
purple  :   occidentalis,   western. 

Common  in  copses,  fence-corners,  along  roadsides,  etc.,  throughout  the 
southern  and  eastern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Quebec  south  to  Ga.  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Several  cultivated  forms  have  been  derived  from  it,  such  as  the  Gregg, 
Hilborn,  etc.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  July. 


Rubus  villosus  A  i  t  o  n  1789     Dewberry 
R.    procumbens    ^Muhlenberg    1813 
R.  canadensis  of  Authors 


A  prostrate  or  trailing  shrub,  sometimes  2  meters  (6  ft.)  long,  stems 
subterete,  rather  woody,  sometimes  armed  with  retrorse  prickles,  fruiting 
branches    upright,    10-30    cm.    high;    leaves   petioled,    with    3-7    leaflets. 


126  ROSE  FAMILY 

leaflets  ovate,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  narrowed  towards  the 
base,  acute  at  the  apex,  doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth  or  slightly  villous 
beneath,  3-7  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide,,  terminal  leaflet  petioled ;  flowers 
1-15,  in  shortened,  leafy  racemes,  2-3  cm.  broad;  sepals  4-6  mm.  long, 
not  foliaceous;  petals  obovate,  12-15  mm.  long;  fruit  black,  subglobose 
short-cylindric,  wath  few  to  many  large,  juicy  delicious  drupelets  :  v  i  1  - 
1  o  s  u  s,  shaggy,  referring  to  the  leaves. 

In  dry  open  places,  common  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  Dis- 
tributed from  Newfoundland  to  Lake  Superior,  south  to  Va.,  La.,  and 
Oklahoma.     Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  June-July. 

Rubus  canadensis   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Blackberry 
Not    R.    canadensis    of   Authors. 
Rtibtis  amabilis  Blanchard  1906 

Shrub  with  erect  or  recurving  canes,  often  stout,  old  canes  glabrous, 
unarmed  or  with  occasional  prickles;  leaves  3-5-foliate,  terminal  leaflet 
petioled,  long-acuminate,  6-10  cm.  long,  lateral  leaflets  4-7  cm.  long, 
sessile,  all  glabrous  on  both  sides,  finely,  evenly  and  sharply  serrate ; 
racemes  cylindric,  10-15  cm.  long,  leafy  bracted  at  the  base,  pedicels 
tomentose,  not  glandular;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  broad,  petals  obovate,  12-15 
mm.  long;  fruit  subglobose  to  short  cylindric,  drupelets  large  and  juicy: 
canadensis,    Canadian,    from   the   original   locality. 

In  rocky  soil  and  thickets,  and  along  roadsides,  common  (?)  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  to  Lake 
Superior,  southward  to  N.  C.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  July-August. 

Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter  1896     Blackberry 

R.  villosus  of  Gray's  Manual  Ed.  6.  in  large  part,  not  R.  villosus  of 

Aiton. 

R.  nigrobacctis  Bailey   1898. 

A  branched  shrub,  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high,  old  stems  purplish  or 
reddish,  with  stout,  straight  prickles ;  branchlets  and  pedicels  glandular- 
pubescent ;  leaves  3-5  foliate,  leaflets  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded 
or  narrowed   at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  ape.x,  mostly  doubly  serrate, 


PHYSOCARPUS 


127 


villous  above,  velvety  beneath,  3-10  cm.  long,  1.5-4  cm.  wide;  tlowers 
in  racemes,  lowermost  ones  leafy-bracted,  2.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  petals  narrow- 
ly obovate,  4-12  mm.  long;  fruit  mostly  subcylindric,  1-2  cm.  long,  drupe- 
lets numerous,  rather  small :  allegheniensis,  referring  to  the  Al- 
legheny mountains. 

In  dry  open  thickets,  roadsides  etc.,  common  throughout  the  state  ex- 
cept southwest  and  extreme  northeast.  Distributed  from  New  England 
to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  July-Aug. 

Various  garden  blackberries  have  been  derived  from  this  species. 


Physocarpus  M  a  x  i  m  o  w  i  c  z  1879     Ninebark 

(Gr.   p  h  y  s  a,    bladder,    c  a  r  p  o  s,    fruit,   referring   to   the   swollen 

carpels) 

Shrubs  with  shreddy  bark  and  alternate,  simple,  palmately  lobed 
leaves;  flowers  white,  numerous,  in  umbel-like  corymbs;  calyx  bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  5-6  mm.  long;  petals  5,  rounded,  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx,  4-5  mm.  long;  stamens  numerous;  carpels  1-5.  short- 
stalked;    fruit    1-5   inflated   follicles. 

A  genus  of  about  5  species;  one  occurs  in  eastern  North  America,  3  in 
the  Rocky  mountains,  one  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  one  in  Manchuria. 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  (Linne)  M  a  x  i  m  o  w  i  c  z  1879     Ninebark 
Spiraea  opulifolia  Linne  1753 
Opulaster  opulifolitis  Knntze   1893 

A  shrub.  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high,  with  long,  more  or  less  recurved 
branches ;  old  bark  peeling  off  in  numerous  layers  or  strips ;  leaves  round- 
ed, somewhat  3-lobed,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  or 
larger  on  young  shoots;  follicles  glabrate,  purplish,  membranous,  showy: 
opulifolius,  leaves  as  in  Viburnum  (Jpulus,  the  snowball  or  guelder 
rose. 

Banks  of  streams  and  edges  of  woods,  apparently  rare ;  collected  from 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Distributed  from  Quebec  to  Fla.  west 
to  111.  and  Manitoba. 


i_,8  ROSE  FAMILY 

A'ar.  i  n  t  e  r  m  e  d  i  u  s   (Rydbero)    Robinson   1908 

Follicles  permanently  pubescent,  otherwise  like  the  species.  Growing 
in  similar  situations;  the  common  form  throughout  the  state,  and  some- 
times planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub.  Distributed  from  Mich,  to  S.  Dak., 
Ark.  and  Ala. 


Spiraea  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Spiraea 

(Gr.  spiraea,  meadowsweet,  perhaps  originally  from  the  twisted 

pods) 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  toothed  or  lobed  leaves ;  flowers  small, 
white  to  rose  or  pink,  in  corymbs  or  panicles ;  calyx  5-cleft,  persistent, 
bell-shaped;  petals  5,  borne  on  the  calyx-tube;  stamens  20-50,  also  in- 
serted on  the  calyx-tube;  carpels  5-8,  in  fruit  forming  follicles,  with 
few  to  several  seeds. 


SPIRAEA  129 

A  genus  of  about  60  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone;  four 
occur  in  the  eastern  and  two  in  the  western  part  of  North  America;  two 
are  native  to  Minnesota.  Many  of  the  cultivated  Spiraeas  are  introduced 
species,  while  many  others  are  of  garden  origin. 

Key   to   the    Species 

1.  Flowers   white,   in   numerous,   small  umbels   or 

corymbs,  on  the  upper  side  of  arched  branch- 
es ;  cultivated  shrubs 

a.  Corymbs    terminating    short,    leafy    shoots; 

leaves  lobed  S.   I'an   Iloitttei 

b.  Umbels    sessile,   subtended   by   a    few    small 

leaves ;  leaves  not  lobed  S'.  argida 

2.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  in  panicles  or  terminal 

corymbs,  branches  not  arched ;  cultivated  and 
native  shrubs 

a.  Flowers    pink    to    rose-color,    in    compound 

corymbs,  cultivated  5.   Uuinalda 

b.  Flowers  in  dense  terminal  panicles,  white  or 

rose-color ;  native 

( 1 )  Leaves  smooth,  scarcely  paler  beneath  S.  salici folia 

(2)  Leaves    green   above,    densely   tomentose 

and  white  or  tawny  beneath  S.  toiiicntosa 

Spiraea  Van  Houttei  Z  a  b  e  I  1884     Bridal  Wreath 

A  shrub  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high  with  arching  branches,  bark  on 
young  branches  smooth,  yellowish  brown,  on  older  parts  gray,  and  some- 
what shreddy;  leaves  rhombic  ovate,  cut-serrate  or  obscurely  lobed,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  dark  green  above,  pale  bluish  green  beneath,  1.5-4  cm. 
long;  flowers  in  numerous  many-flowered  umbels,  white,  5-7  mm.  broad, 
sepals  upright  or  spreading  in  fruit,  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

Very  extensively  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub.  A  very  hand- 
some early  flowering  spiraea,  of  garden  origin,  a  hybrid  between  S. 
cantoniensis  and  S.  triloba. 

Flowers  in  May  and  June;  quite  hardy  and  endures  the  Minnesota 
W'inter  climate  without  injury. 


130 


ROSE  FAMILY 


Spiraea   arguta   Zabel    1884     Spiraea 

A  shrub  1-1.5  meters  (3-5  ft.)  high,  with  arched  branches,  ends  of 
branches  very  slender,  beset  with  prominent  buds  which  remain  unopened 
on  account  of  the  twigs  dying  back  5-15  cm.  each  year;  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  acutish  at  the  apex,  serrate  above  the 
middle,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  .5-1  cm.  wide;  umbels 
very  numerous,  each  with  a  few  scale-like  leaves  at  its  base,  flowers  2-5 
in  each  umbel,  white,  flat,  8-11  mm.  broad,  pedicels  smooth,  1.2-1.5  cm. 
long ;  follicles  smooth :  arguta,  bright. 

Of  garden  origin,  being  a  hybrid  between  S.  T  h  u  n  b  e  r  g  i  i  and  S, 
m  u  1 1  i  f  1  0  r  a.  It  blossoms  a  few  days  earlier  than  S.  Van  H  o  u  1 1  e  i, 
and  before  the  foliage  is  much  developed.  The  umbels  are  very  closely 
crowded  so  that  in  full  bloom  the  branches  are  one  mass  of  flowers. 

Spiraea  Bumalda  B  u  r  v  e  n  i  c  h  1868? 

A  more  or  less  erect  shrub,  about  .5  meter  (1-2  ft.)  high;  bark  brown, 
striped ;  young  shoots  with  small  ridges  running  from  the  base  of  the 
petiole ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  mostly  doubly  serrate,  nar- 
rowed towards  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
glabrous  on  both  sides,  2-8  cm.  long,  1.2-2  cm.  wide;  flowers  numerous, 
in  corymbs,  whitish  to  pink;  follicles  diverging  when  ripe. 

Of  garden  origin,  a  hybrid  between  S.  j  a  p  o  n  i  c  a  and  S.  a  1  b  i  f  1  o  r  a. 
Numerous  forms  or  varieties  are  cultivated,  among  which  the  following  is 
probably  the  most  commonly  planted  within  the  state. 

vS  p  i  r  a  e  a    B  u  ni  a  1  d  a    ^•ar.    A  n  t  h  o  n  y    W"  a  t  e  r  e  r 

Low  compact  shrub,  flowers  pink-purple,  very  numerous  in  compound 
cymes.  Most  of  the  branches  kill  back  almost  to  the  ground  in  the  winter, 
but  it  renews  itself  very  rapidly  from  the  basal  parts  and  bears  the  fliiwers 
on  the  season's  growth.     Flowers  in  July  and  Aug. 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L  i  11  n  e  1753     Meadow  Sweet 

Erect  shrub  .3-1.2  meters  (1-4  ft.)  high,  bark  of  branches  smooth, 
yellowish  brown  or  grayish,  peeling  slightly  on  main  stems ;  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  obovate,  rounded  or  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex,  tapering 
towards  the  base,  finely  serrate,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  sometimes  a  few 
scattered  hairs  on  the  veins  beneath,  4-7  cm.  long,  7-20  mm.  wide  (on 
young  shoots  much  larger)   petioles  3-5  mm.  long;  inflorescence  a  terminal 


^.Kar?  HoutTei 


±ipirada.  ^ ^.  f^alicitolia. 


1 3-' 


ROSE  FAMILY 


panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  5-9  cm.  in  diameter,  flowers  numerous,  white, 
6-7  mm.  wide,  petals  orbicular  2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  stamens  numerous: 
s  a  1  i  c  i  f  0  1  i  a,  leaves  as  in  Salix,  the  willow. 

Mostly  in  low  moist  ground  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from 
N.  Y.  to  N.  C,  Mo.  and  northwestward;  also  in  Asia. 

Flowers  in  July,  fruits  in  Sept. 

Spiraea  tomentosa  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Hardback,  Steeple  Bush 

Erect  shrub,  .5-1.2  meters  (1.5-4  ft.)  high,  twigs  covered  with  woolly 
pubescence ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  tapering  towards  the  base,  coarsely 
serrate  or  toothed,  glabrous  above,  densely  white-woolly  beneath,  or  some- 
times rusty  along  the  veins,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  short  petioled  or 
almost  sessile ;  flowers  in  racemes,  crowded  into  a  dense  panicle,  pink  or 
rose  color,  rarely  white ;  follicles  5,  woolly,  2-2.5  mm.  long :  tomentosa, 
hairy,  referring  to  the  twigs  and  leaves. 

In  moist  meadows,  swamps  and  low  grounds ;  frequent  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state  from  the  Twin  Cities  northward  towards  Duluth. 

Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  to  the  mountains 
of  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

Blossoms  in  July  and  August,  fruits  in  Sept. 

Sorbaria  A.  B  r  a  u  n  1864 

(From  Sorbus,  the  mountain  ash,  in  allusion  to  the  similar  leaves) 
Shrubs,  more  or  less  branched ;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  odd-pin- 
nate, leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate ;  flowers  white, 
small,  in  large  panicles,  calyx  5-lobed,  petals  5,  spreading;  stamens 
numerous;  carpels  5,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes. 

Shrubs  of  the  aspect  of  Spiraea.  A  genus  of  5  species,  four  in  Asia 
and  one  in  North  America. 

Sorbaria  sorbifolia  A.   B  r  a  u  n   1864 
Spiraea  sorbifolia  Linne  1753 
Basilima   sorbifolia   Rafinesque    1836 

Erect  shrub,  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high,  (sometimes  almost  herbaceous), 
with  gray  bark,  leaves  10-40  cm.  long,  leaflets  13-21,  lanceolate,  with 
many  straight  veins  running  from  the  mid-vein,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  stellate  pubescent  beneath  when  young,   7-10  cm. 


134  ROSE  FAMILY 

long;  panicles  terminal,  large,  pyramidal,   15-30  cm.   long;   flowers  white, 
7-8  mm.  broad  :  s  o  r  b  i  f  o  1  i  a,   with  leaves   like  sorbus. 

Frequently    cultivated    and    occasionally    growing    wild.      Native    of 
northern  Asia,  extending  from  the  Ural  mountains  to  Japan. 


Rosa  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Rose 
(Rosa,  classical  L.  name  for  the  rose) 

Bushes  sometimes  with  very  long  canes  which  take  a  semi-climbing 
or  vine-like  habit ;  stems  usually  armed  with  prickles,  often  with  a  pair 
of  unusually  large  ones  just  below  each  node  (infrastipular  prickles)  ; 
buds  scaly;  leaves  deciduous  or  in  warm  climates  sometimes  evergreen, 
pinnately  compound  with  3-11  leaflets  (simple  in  one  Asiatic  species), 
stipules  persistent,  large,  adherent  to  the  petiole  with  short  free  auricles 
at  the  top ;  flowers  perfect,  receptacle  deeply  cup-shaped,  sepals  5,  petals  5, 
stamens  many,  pistils  many,  the  ovaries  free,  becoming  achenes  in  fruit, 
the  styles  sometimes  united,  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  upper 
edge  of  the  receptacle  cup,  ovaries  borne  on  its  inner  surface  completely 
concealed  by  the  cup,  fruit  a  "hip"  formed  by  the  fleshy  receptacle  con- 
taining the  numerous  bony  achenes  ;  seed  solitary,  with  endosperm. 

A  very  large  genus  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  limits  of  the 
species  are  exceedingly  difiicult  to  define  owing  to  the  variability  of  the 
species  themselves,  and  the  hybridizing  of  different  species  whenever  they 
occur  together.  These  two  characteristics  of  rose  species  have  served  as 
a  foundation  for  the  great  and  ever  increasing  number  of  cultivated  forms 
of  roses.  Our  native  roses  need  much  further  study  especially  in  the 
living  state.  In  collecting  roses  for  study  it  is  well  to  have  all  parts 
of  the  plant,  flowering  branches,  fruit,  and  young  non-flowering  shoots. 
Roses  which  have  been  cut  down  at  or  before  the  usual  flowering  time 
often  flower  late  in  the  season  on  new  rapidly  grown  shoots,  which  dift'er 
greatly  in  appearance  from  the  normal  type  of  the  species. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Vines;  styles  united  to  form  an  exscrted 
column;  flowers  Avhite,  pink,  or  red;  culti- 
vated 

a.  Stipules  nearly  entire;  leaves  with  3-5  leaflets      R.  sctigcra 

b.  Stipules  fringed;  leaves  with  about  9  leaflets      R.   inultiflora 


ROSA 

2.      Upright  shrubs  :  styles  free,  not  prutriuling 

a.  Native  species  aiul  introtluced  species  which 

have    become    established;     tlowers    pink; 
"wild   roses" 

(1)  Detinite    infrastipular    prickles    wantin;^. 

prickles  needle-like 

(a)  Flowering   branches   nearly   unarmed; 

leaflets  usually  seven  R.  hlanda 

(b)  Stems  densely  prickly 

X.     Semi-herbaceous;    leaflets    usually    9; 

flowers  in  clusters  A',  arkausaua 

y.      Bushy;    leaflets    3-7;    flowers    usually 

solitary  R.  acicularis 

(2)  Infrastipular     prickles    well    developed, 

prickles  enlarged  at  the  base ;    leaflets 

7-11,  small  R.   Woodsii 

b.  Cultivated  species,  occasionally  persisting  in 

the  vicinity  of  old   gardens 

(1)  Leaflets  1-2  cm.   long 

(a)  Foliage  glandular 

X.      Stems      green,       stout       infrastipular 

prickles;   flowers   pink  R.  nihiginosa 

y.  Stems  brown,  no  infrastipular  prick- 
les ;  flowers  yellow  R.  foctida 

(b)  Foliage  glabrous,  stems  brown,  prick- 

les   bristle-like ;    flowers    white,    yel- 
lowish  or  pinkish  R.  sf'inosissiiua 

(2)  Leaflets  2-5  cm.  long 

(a)  Leaflets  downy  beneath,  not  glandular, 

or  very  slightly  so 

X.     Twigs  red,  leaflets  thin,  flowers  pink      A',   cuuiaiiioiiwa 

y.  Twigs  grayish  brown,  leafl.^ts  thick. 
leathery  and  wrinkled  ;  flowers  red 
or  white  R-  ri/gosa 

(b)  Leaflets    nearly    or    (piite    smooth    be- 

neath, more  or  less  glandular,  thick,, 

and  leathery ;  flowers  pink,  white  or 

red 
X.      Prickles      slender ;       leaflets      obtuse, 

rugose  A',  gallica 

y.      Prickles  stout,  hooked;  leaflets  usual- 

Iv  acute  A'.  ccntijoUa 


135 


136  ROSE  FAMILY 

Rosa  setigera,  M  i  c  h  a  u  x  1803     Prairie  Rose 

Vines  with  canes  2-6  m.  long,  armed  with  stout,  hooked,  infra-stipular 
prickles,  6-8  mm.  long,  about  the  same  width  at  the  base;  leaves  with 
three  large  leaflets,  often  with  an  additional  much  smaller  basal  pair, 
leaflets  ovate,  sharply  double  serrate  to  the  base,  smooth,  glossy,  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  smooth  or  soft  pubescent  beneath,  tip  acute,  base 
rounded,  upper  leaflets  4-7  cm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  petiole  and  rachis 
prickly,  glandular,  stipules  narrow  with  sharply  acute  auricles  the  pair 
only  about  3  mm.  wide,  entire  except  for  a  row  of  small  glands  along 
the  margin ;  flowers  borne  in  many-flowered  corymbs  with  narrow  lanceo- 
late bracts,  pedicels,  receptacles  and  calyx  glandular,  sepals  1-1.7  cm.  long, 
the  outer  ones  usually  with  narrow  linear  lateral  lobes,  petals  deep  pink, 
changing  to  nearly  white,  styles  long,  cohering  in  a  projecting  column, 
flowers  3-5  cm.  across,  nearly  scentless,  calyx  deciduous  after  flowering, 
fruit  globular,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  achenes  pale,  angular  about  4  mm. 
long :  setigera,  prickle  bearing. 

Native  of  the  eastern  United  States,  from  the  gulf  states  north  to 
Nebraska,  Wisconsin,  and  southern  Ontario.  Not  native  of  Minnesota. 
Cultivated  occasionally  in  its  typical  form  and  in  the  double  flowered 
form  "Prairie  Queen."  The  canes  winter  kill  in  the  vicinity  of  Minne- 
apolis unless  laid  on  the  ground  and  given  a  light  protection  of  straw. 
Flowers  in  July. 

Rosa  multiflora  T  h  u  n  b  e  r  g  1784     Rambler  Rose 

Vine  with  canes  up  to  3  m.  in  length,  armed  with  stout  curved,  infra- 
stipular  prickles  about  5  mm.  long;  leaves  with  7-9  leaflets,  leaflets  lance- 
olate, simple  and  sharply  serrate,  bright  green  and  smooth  above,  paler 
and  soft  pubescent  beneath,  tip  acute,  wedge-shaped,  base  wedge-shaped, 
upper  leaflets  2.5-3  cm.  long,  about  1.5  wide,  rachis  and  petiole  prickly 
and  soft  pubescent,  stipules  narrow,  glandular,  conspicuously  and  strongly 
fringed ;  flowers  in  many-flowered  corymbs  with  lanceolate  fringed  bracts, 
the  pedicels  glandular,  receptacle  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  sepals  5-7  mm. 
long,  glandular,  the  outer  with  narrow  lateral  lobes,  petals  white  or  pale 
pink,  styles  long  and  cohering  in  a  column,  flowers  about  2  cm.  across, 
nearly  scentless ;  sepals  deciduous  in  fruit,  fruit  globose  about  5  mm.  in 
diameter,  achenes  pale,  angular,  about  3.5  mm.  long:  multiflora, 
many   flowered. 

Native  of  China  and  Japan.  Several  double-flowered  hybrids  of  this 
species    are    commonly    cultivated,    the    commonest    being    the    "Crimson 


"Pi.blanda 

/N)^^!!/^  species  of  ~Ro^a 


I3S  ROSE  FAMILY 

Rambk-r,"    a   Japanese   hybrid    of   unknown    origin.      'Jlie    canes   are   not 
entirely  liardy  in  Min.nesota  unless  taken  down  and  covered  with  straw. 

Rosa  blanda  Alton  1789     Smooth  Wild  Rose 

Shrub  1  dm.- 12  dm.  high,  spreading  widely  by  creeping  rhizomes, 
woody  twigs  usually  dark  purplish  red,  first  year  shoots  from  the  rhizome 
usually  covered  with  many  weak  bristle-like  prickles,  shoots  on  old  wood 
with  a  few  scattered  prickles,  or  often  entirely  smooth;  leaves  with  5-7 
leaflets,  very  rarely  with  more,  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually  with 
stalks  about  1  mm.  long,  sharply  and  usually  simply  serrate  down  to  the 
middle  or  a  little  lower,  upper  side  dull,  nearly  smooth,  lower  side  pale, 
finely  woolly  pubescent,  the  midrib  prominent,  ridged,  principal  veins 
distinct  l)ut  not  ridged,  tip  rounded,  obtuse  or  acute,  base  wedge-sha}ie(l. 
upper  leaflets  2.1-4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  lower  leaflets  one-half  or  two- 
thirds  as  large,  petiole  and  rachis  with  fine  woolly  pubescence,  very  rarely 
glandular  ;  stipules  simple,  entire  or  with  the  free  auricles  finely  serrate, 
thin,  veiny,  usually  smooth  except  along  the  margin,  wide  expanded, 
especially  those  of  the  upper  leaves,  the  pair  often  1  cm.  wide ;  flowering 
shoots  borne  on  the  old  wood,  flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  clusters  of  2-8. 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leaf-like,  or  with  the  blade  reduced  or  lacking 
and  the  stipules  forming  broad  round-ovate  bracts,  })edicel  of  flower  out- 
side of  receptacle  smooth,  sepals  usually  simple,  slightly  broadened  at  the 
tip,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  glandular  on  the  outside,  or  rarely  smooth,  finely 
woolly  pubescent  within,  petals  bright  pink  or  sometimes  pale,  flower  3.5 
cm.  across;  calyx  persistent,  in  fruit  more  or  less  erect,  fruit  scarlet. 
round  or  somewhat  elongated;  achenes  slender  about  4  mm.  long,  light 
brown  :  b  1  a  n  d  a,  smooth. 

Copses,  edge  of  woods,  prairies,  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan, 
south  to  New  Jersey  and  Illinois — throughout  the  state  except  in  the 
far  northeast,  most  common  in  the  woodland  portion. 

A  form  with  glandular  pubescent  foliage,  doubly  serrate  leaves  and 
usually  solitary  flowers  occurs  about  the  Twin  Cities,  and  in  several  places 
in  the  Minnesota  valley. 

Rosa  arkansana  Porter  1874     Prairie  Wild  Rose 
R.  pratincola   (ireene 

Low  shrub  about  3-5  dm.  high,  or  almost  herbaceous  from  the  wide- 
spreading  woody  rhizome,  and  sometimes  scarcely  1  dm.  high,  woody  twigs 
purplish  red  or  reddish  green,  twigs  usually  covered  with  fine  bristle-like 


ROSA  I3Q 

prickles  about  3  mm.  lung,  the  prickles  sometimes  larger  in  the  vicinity 
uf  the  nodes  but  nut  f  urming  distinct  pairs  uf  inl'rastipular  prickles ;  leaves 
with  7-11,  mostly  9,  leaflets,  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  oblanceulate  with 
stalks  about  1  mm.  long  or  sessile,  thick,  sharply  and  usually  simply  ser- 
rate down  to  the  middle  or  a  little  below,  upper  side  dull,  nearly  smooth, 
lower  side  scarcely  paler,  finely  woolly  pubescent,  the  midrib  and  princi- 
l)al  veins  prominently  ridged,  tip  occasionally  rounded  but  usually  broadly 
or  acutely  wedge-shaped,  base  rounded  or  wedge-shaped,  upper  leaflets 
2-4  cm.  long,  1.2-2.5  cm.  wide,  lower  leaflets  smaller;  petiole  and  rachis 
with  line  woolly  pubescence,  sometimes  intermixed  with  a  few  glandular 
hairs ;  stipules  simple,  entire  or  serrate,  rather  narrow,  the  pair  of  stipules 
rarely  exceeding  8  mm.  in  width,  thick,  usually  covered  beneath  with  fine 
wt)olly  pubescence,  showing  one  prominent  vein  close  to  the  upper  side 
of  the  auricle,  other  veins  small ;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  the  old  wood 
or  often  arising  directly  from  the  underground  parts  of  the  stem,  flowers 
solitary  or  more  frequently  in  dense  clusters  of  2-10,  bracts  of  the 
inflorescence  lanceolate,  acute ;  pedicel  of  flower  and  outside  of  receptacle 
smooth,  sepals  usually  simple,  more  or  less  broadened  at  the  tip,  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  smooth  or  glandular  pubescent  on  the  outside,  densely  fine 
woolly  pubescent  within,  petals  bright  pink,  often  of  a  salmon  tone,  flower 
4-6  cm.  across ;  calyx  persistent  in  fruit,  somewhat  spreading ;  fruit  round 
or  somewhat  elongated;  achenes  stout,  light  brown,  about  5  mm.  long: 
a  r  k  a  n  s  a  n  a.  Arkansan,  the  species  being  originally  described  from  the 
vallev  of  the  Arkansas  river  in  Colorado. 

Prairies,  Wisconsin  to  Manitoba,  Montana  and  C-\)lorado.  Through- 
out the  prairie  regions  of  Minnesota.  It  intergrades  with  Rosa  blanda. 
intermediate  forms  are  especially  common  in  the  region  about  Minneapolis 
where  prairie  and  woodland  forms  are  often  much  intermixed. 

A  rose  probably  of  this  species  occurs  in  southeastern  Minnesota  with 
few  spines,  fruit  narrow  and  top-shaped,  stipules  with  prominent  auricles, 
very  long  sepals   (sometimes  over  3  cm.  long). 

Rosa  acicularis  L  i  n  d  1  e  y  1820 

R.  Sayi  Schweinitz   1824 

R.  Engelmanni   S.  \\atsoii   1889 

Shrub  3  dm.-l  m.  high,  stems  reddish  or  greenish,  thickly  beset  witli 
slender  straight  prickles,  3-6  mm.  long,  those  by  the  nodes  often  longer 
and  stouter  than  the  others,  but  scarcely  forming  definite  infrastipular 
spines;  leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  leaflets  elliptical  or  ovate,  short-stalked 
(about  1  mm.)    or  often  entirely  sessile,  thin,  rather  coarsely  serrate,  the 


140  ROSE  FAMILY 

teeth  minutely  serrulate,  upper  side  dull,  smooth,  lower  side  paler,  some- 
what silky  and  resinous,  glandular,  usually  wedge-shaped,  broadly  acute, 
base  wedge-shaped  or  more  often  rounded,  or  cordate,  upper  leaflets  2-5 
cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  lower  leaflets  one-third  to  two-thirds  as 
large;  petiole  and  rachis  glandular,  with  or  without  long  silky  hairs; 
stipules  simple,  usually  widely  dilated,  a  pair  of  stipules  often  1.5  cm. 
broad,  occasionally  narrow,  thin,  veiny,  glandular,  and  sometimes  also 
woolly  pubescent,  the  margin  roughened  by  glands  but  usually  otherwise 
entire;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  the  old  wood,  flowers  solitary  or  rarely 
in  clusters  of  2-3,  pedicel  of  the  flower  and  outside  of  receptacle  smooth 
or  rarely  glandular,  sepals  usually  simple,  somewhat  broadened  at  the 
tip,  2-3  cm.  long,  glandular  on  the  outside  and  sometimes  finely  pubescent 
within,  petals  bright  pink,  flower  5-7  cm.  across;  calyx  persistent  in  fruit, 
sepals  erect,  fruit  elongated,  tapering  at  the  base,  about  1.5  cm.  in 
diameter ;  achenes  thick,  very  light  colored,  about  4  mm.  long :  a  c  i  c  u  - 
1  a  r  i  s,   furnished  with  needles. 

In  the  variety  R.  acicularis  Bourgeauiana  Crepin  the 
fruit  is  round  and  the  leaves  are  usually  soft  pubescent  as  well  as  glan- 
dular. 

Thickets  and  woods,  Anticosti  to  Alaska,  south  to  Vermont,  the  region 
about  the  Great  Lakes  and  Colorado ;  in  Siberia  growing  within  300  miles 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  In  iSIinnesota  occurring  in  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern parts  of  the  state,  chiefly  in  the  region  of  evergreen  forests. 

Forms  apparently  intermediate  between  this  rose  and  R.  a  r  k  a  n  s  a  n  a 
occur  in  the  northern  Red  River  Valley. 

Rosa  Woodsii  L  i  n  d  1  e  y  1820 
R.  Fendleri  Crepin  1876 

Stems  2-9  dm.  high,  young  woody  twigs  reddish  brown  or  purple  red, 
older  twigs  becoming  grayish  with  the  peeling  of  the  epidermis,  prickles 
straight  or  slightly  bent  at  the  base,  2-12  mm.  long,  infrastipular  prickles 
well  developed,  often  the  only  ones  present  on  flowering  branches,  young 
shoots  from  the  rhizome  often  with  numerous  other  prickles,  some  of  them 
as  large  as  the  infrastipular  ones;  leaves  with  5-9  leaflets,  leaflets  elliptical, 
with  stalks  1-2.5  mm.  long,  thin,  sharply  and  simply  serrate  except  at  the 
base,  upper  side  dull,  lower  side  whitish,  downy  pubescent,  the  midrib 
and  principal  veins  somewhat  prominent  beneath,  tip  rounded,  base 
rounded  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  upper  leaflets  1-3  cm.  long,  6-18  mm. 
wide,  lower  leaflets  somewhat  smaller,  petiole  and  rachis  finely  woolly 
pubescent   and  often  bearing   a   few  slender   prickles,  stipules   entire   or 


ROSA  i^i 

slightly  glandular  serrate,  the  pair  about  4-7  mm.  wide,  veiny,  slightly 
woolly  pubescent  beneath;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  old  Avood,  flowers 
solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-8,  lower  bracts  leafy,  upper  much  reduced, 
lanceolate,  pedicels  and  outside  of  receptacle  smooth,  sepals  slightly  broad- 
ened at  the  tip,  simple,  or  the  outer  ones  slightly  lobed,  about  1.5  cm. 
long,  slightly  pubescent  and  often  a  little  glandular  on  the  outside,  finely 
cobwebby  within,  petals  pink,  flowers  about  3  cm.  across ;  calyx  persistent 
in  fruit  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  fruit  globose  or  nearly  so,  about 
8  mm.  in  diameter,  wall  thin;  achenes  dark-colored,  hairy  along  one  angle, 
not  exceeding  4  mm.  in  length :  named  for  the  botanist,  Joseph  Woods. 

Mostly  prairies  or  exposed  dry  slopes,  Minnesota  to  Alberta,  south  to 
Nebraska  and  New  Mexico.  In  Minnesota  native  Rosa  Woodsii 
is  rare,  occurring  in  typical  form  along  the  western  border  of  the  state  in 
the  vicinity  of  Bigstone  Lake.  An  excessively  prickly  form  of  this  rose, 
apparently  the  "Rosa  M  a  c  o  u  n  i  i"  of  Greene  has  become  established 
along  railroad  tracks  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  probably  introduced 
from  Montana  or  the  Canadian  plains.  In  the  northern  and  northwestern 
parts  of  the  state  occur  forms  more  or  less  intermediate  between  this  rose 
and  Rosa  bland  a.     Their  proper  disposition  is  still  in  doubt. 

Rosa  cinnamomea  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Cinnamon  Rose 

Tall  bush,  2  m.  in  height,  stems  reddish,  armed  with  somewhat  hooked 
broad-based  infrastipular  prickles  about  5  mm.  in  length,  often  with  other 
smaller  scattering  prickles;  leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  leaflets  narrowly  ellipti- 
cal, finely,  sharply  and  simply  serrate  almost  to  the  base,  dull  green,  puber- 
ulent  above,  paler  and  soft  pubescent  below,  upper  leaflets  2-3.5  cm.  long, 
1.2-1.8  cm.  wide,  rachis  and  petiole  soft  pubescent  and  sometimes  slightly 
glandular,  stipules  narrow  or  more  or  less  widely  dilated  on  flowering 
twigs,  the  pair  sometimes  12  mm.  wide,  veiny,  more  or  less  pubescent  and 
glandular;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  the  old  wood,  flowers  usually  soli- 
tary, fragrant,  pedicels  and  receptacles  nearly  smooth,  sepals  up  to  3  cm. 
long,  woolly  pubescent,  enlarged  at  the  tips,  the  outer  usually  with 
prominent  lateral  lobes,  petals  dull  pink,  flower  about  4  cm.  in  diameter ; 
sepals  persistent  and  erect  in  fruit;  hips  elongated,  tapering  upwards, 
12-15  mm.  long,  red  :  cinnamomea,  cinnamon-like,  probably  from  the 
fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

Native  of  northern  Europe  and  northwestern  Asia.  The  double  flow- 
ered form,  Rosa  cinnamomea  var.  f  o  e  c  u  n  d  i  s  s  i  sm  a,  with 
flat  very  double  pink  flowers  is  often  planted  in  old-fashioned  gardens.     It 


M-' 


ROSE  FAMILY 


is  perfectly  hardy  and  sometimes  persists  for  some  time  without  cultivation 
and  spreads  by  suckers. 


Rosa  rugosa  T  h  u  n  b  e  r  g-  1784 


vShrubs  6  dm.  to  2  m.  high;  stems  stout,  grayish  brown  or  black, 
pubescent,  armed  with  many  crowded  bristles  and  strong  pubescent  needle- 
like prickles;  infrastipular  prickles  not  obvious;  leaves  with  5-9  leaflets, 
leaflets  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  iinely  blunt-serrate  or  crenate  to  the 
base,  thick  and  firm,  rugose,  glossy  and  dark  green  above,  paler  and  soft 
pubescent  beneath,  tip  rounded  or  pointed,  base  cordate  or  rounded,  ui^jter 
leaflets  2.5-4  cm.  long,  1.5-2.75  cm.  wide,  lower  ones  somewhat  smaller, 
petioles  soft  pubescent  and  prickly,  stipules  dilated,  finely  crenate,  the 
pair  often  15  mm.  wide;  flowers  in  small  clusters  borne  on  all  the  shoots 
throughout  the  season,  pedicels  pubescent  or  prickly,  receptacle  smooth, 
sepals  pubescent,  pointed,  usually  simple,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  petals  deep  rose 
or  white,  flower  6-8  cm.  across;  sepals  persistent  in  fruit,  hip  globular, 
scarlet,  2  cm.  or  more  in  diameter:  rugosa,  rugose,  referring  h)  the 
leaves. 

A  very  variable  rose,  native  of  Japan,  Siberia  and  eastern  luirope. 
The  forms  from  Russia  and  Siberia  are  perfectly  hardy  in  Minnesota 
without  protection  in  winter.  It  is  much  planted  in  shrubberies  and 
hedges  and  is  valuable  on  account  of  its  fine  foliage,  large  flowers  borne 
throughout  the  summer,  and  handsome  scarlet  fruit.  Double  flowered 
forms  are  in  cultivation  and  also  several  hybrids  of  this  species  with  va- 
rious garden  roses.     They  are  uot  all  as  hardy  as  the  original  species. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L  i  n  n  e   1771      Sweetbrier 

Shrub  6  dm.  to  2  m.  high,  stems  greenish  or  brown,  armed  with  stout 
hooked  infrastipular  prickles,  6-12  mm.  long,  often  also  with  similar 
scattering  prickles;  leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  fragrant;  leaflets  broadly 
elliptical  or  obovate,  sharply  doubly  serrate  almost  to  the  base,  bright 
green,  finely  pubescent  on  the  upper  side,  slightly  pale  and  densely 
glandular  pubescent  below,  tip  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded,  base 
usually  rounded,  upper  leaflets  1-2  cm.  long,  8  mm. -1.8  cm.  wide,  lower 
about  one-half  as  large,  rachis  and  petiole  soft  pubescent,  glandular  and 
prickly,  stipules  widely  dilated,  veiny,  glandular  along  the  margin  and 
on  the  under  side;  flowering  shoots  liorne  on  the  old  wood,  flowers  soli- 
tary or  in  few-flowered  clusters  mostly  wath  leafy  bracts,  pedicels  and 
often  receptacles  prickly  and  glandular,  sepals  1.5-2  cm.  long,  very  glan- 


B.foeTida  R^pir?osi5iima 

CulfiuaTed  ^pecie^  ot  "Roiaa 


144  ROSE  FAMILY 

dular,  the  outer  ones  with  well  developed  lateral  lobes,  petals  pink,  flower 
about  2-3.5  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  deciduous  in  fruit,  hip  obovate, 
scarlet,  about  12-15  mm.  in  diameter:  rubiginosa,  rusty. 

Native  of  Europe,  widely  naturalized  in  the  eastern  United  States  and 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Occasionally  planted  for  its  fragrant  foliage.  It 
is  hardy  without  protection  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  but  the  longer 
canes  are  apt  to  kill  back  and  it  seldom  flowers. 

Rosa  foetida  H  e  r  r  m  a  n  1762  Austrian  Brier 

R.  eglanteria  of  Atithors  (?Linne  1753) 

Shrub  6-12  dm.  high,  stems  dark  reddish  brown,  armed  with  very 
numerous  straight,  strong,  needle-like  prickles,  the  longest  about  1  cm. 
long;  leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  fragrant,  leaflets  oblong,  doubly  serrate, 
glabrous  above,  hairy  and  somewhat  glandular  beneath,  tip  usually  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  base  rounded  or  wedge-shaped,  upper  leaflets  about  1.5  cm. 
long,  1  cm.  wide,  petioles  hairy  and  prickly,  stipules  glandular,  small, 
narrow,  with  acute  triangular  auricles;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  the  old 
wood,  flowers  usually  solitary,  pedicels  smooth  or  prickly;  receptacle 
smooth  or  hispid,  sepals  entire,  glandular  pubescent,  petals  golden  yellow, 
flower  4'- 5  cm.  across,  fruit  globose:  foetida,  bad  smelling. 

Eastern  Europe  and  western  Asia.  The  only  form  commonly  culti- 
vated in  Minnesota  is  the  semi-double  "Harrison's  Yellow"  rose,  a  variety 
of  American  origin,  possibly  a  hybrid  with  Rosa  s  p  i  n  0  s  i  s  s  i  m  a, 
and  the  only  yellow  garden  rose  commonly  grown  in  this  state.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy  without  protection  and  ripens  a  large  amount  of  seed 
so  that  it  would  not  be  surprising  to  find  it  growing  spontaneously  in  the 
vicinity  of  old  gardens.  Flowers  in  early  June,  fruit  dark  reddish  purple, 
ripe  in  September. 

Other  forms  of  Austrian  briers  Avould  probably  prove  hardy  licre  and 
would  be  useful  garden  shrubs. 

Rosa  spinosissima  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Scotch  Rose 

Shrub  6  dm.-l  m.  high,  branches  grayish,  armed  with  numerous 
bristles  and  strong  needle-like  prickles;  leaves  with  7-11  leaflets,  leaflets 
broadly  elliptical,  doubly  or  simply  sharply  serrate,  glabrous,  and  bright 
green  above,  similar  or  slightly  glandular  beneath,  8  mm. -1.8  cm.  long, 
b  mm. -1.5  cm.  wide,  stipules  very  small;  flowering  shoots  borne  on  the 
old  wood;  flowers  solitary,  very  fragrant,  pedicels  smooth  or  somewhat 
glandular,  sepals  entire,  smooth,  petals  white,  or  in  some  forms  yellowish 


ROSA 


145 


or  pinkish,  flower  3-4  cm.  across ;  sepals  persistent  and  erect  in  fruit,  hip 
globular,  black :  spinosissima,  most  spiny. 

Native  of  northern  Eurasia,  from  Iceland  to  China.  The  typical  form 
is  cultivated  as  a  flowering  shrub  and  a  semidouble  white-flowered  form  is 
much  grown  in  Minnesota.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  blooming  in  late  May 
and  June. 

Rosa  gallica  L  i  n  a  e  1753     Rose 

Low  bush  with  stems  1  m.  or  less  high,  prickles  unequal,  scattered, 
slender,  straight;  leaves  with  3-7  leaflets,  leaflets  thick,  somewhat  rugose, 
simply  serrate,  dull  green  and  smooth  above,  paler,  smooth  or  somewhat 
pubescent  beneath,  tip  usually  rounded,  base  rounded,  the  upper  leaflets 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  petioles  hairy  and  somewhat  glandular, 
stipules  somewhat  dilated,  thin;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters, 
pedicels  glandular,  receptacles  somewhat  prickly,  sepals  2-3  cm.  long, 
glandular,  the  outer  ones  with  lateral  lobes,  petals  red  or  pinkish,  flower 
5  cm.  or  more  across ;  sepals  inflexed  and  fmally  deciduous  in  fruit,  hip 
dark  red,  almost  globose :  gallica,  French,  from  its  native  country. 

Native  of  southwestern  Europe,  established  in  the  eastern  United 
States.  This  rose  is  the  parent  of  many  garden  varieties,  some  of  which 
like  the  pale  pink  "blush  rose"  are  the  only  large-flowered  garden  roses 
Avhich  are  truly  hardy  in  Minnesota. 

Rosa  centifolia  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Cabbage  Rose 

Bush,  5  dm. -1.5  cm.  high,  stems  green,  prickles  unequal,  stout,  hooked; 
leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  leaflets  thick  and  sharply  serrate,  nearly  smooth 
on  both  faces,  tip  usually  pointed,  base  rounded,  upper  leaflets  4-5  cm. 
long,  2.5-3  cm.  wide;  petioles  glandular;  stipules  somewhat  dilated, 
glandular;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters,  fragrant,  pedicels  glan- 
dular, receptacles  smooth  or  somewhat  prickly,  sepals  2.5  cm.  long, 
glandular,  the  tips  expanded  and  leafy  with  many  lateral  lobes,  petals 
very  numerous,  pink,  flower  8  cm.  across;  fruit  seldom  formed,  sub- 
globose,  orange  red :   centifolia,  hundred-leaved. 

Rosa  centifolia  L.  var  muscosa  Seringe  1818,  Moss  Rose, 
whole  plant  more  prickly  and  glandular.  The  glandular  pubescence  is 
particularly  noticeable  on  the  pedicels,  receptacles,  and  large  sepals. 

The  cabbage  rose  is  a  double  pink  rose  of  ancient  and  unknown  origin, 
sometimes  regarded  as  a  variety  of  Rosa  gallica  L.,  sometimes  as 
a  distinct  species.     The  type  and  the  moss  varieties  of  various  colors  are 


146  ROSE  FAMILY 

often  grown  as  garden  roses  in  Minnesota  but  are  not  quite  hardy  without 
protection.  During  severe  winters  the  canes  often  kill  back  to  the  level 
of  the  snow  unless  covered  with  straw. 

Garden  Roses 

The  large  Howered  garden  roses  are  mainly  varieties  of  Rosa  g  a  1  - 
1  i  c  a  L.  and  Rosa  c  e  n  t  i  f  o  1  i  a  L.  and  hybrids  of  these  and  other 
species.  These  species  have  been  crossed  with  Rosa  d  a  m  a  s  c  e  n  a 
Mill,  the  Damask  rose  of  southwestern  Asia  and  especially  with  Rosa 
c  h  i  n  e  n  s  i  s  Jacq.  of  eastern  Asia.  Many  of  the  garden  roses  have  most 
complicated  pedigrees,  the  above  mentioned  species  being  crossed  and  re- 
crossed  with  one  another,  sometimes  with  the  introduction  of  vet  other 
species. 

The  hardiest  garden  roses  are  the  varieties  of  Rosa  gallica  and 
Rosa  c  e  n  t  i  f  0  1  i  a,  but  they  flower  but  once  each  year.  Rosa 
c  h  i  n  e  n  s  i  s,  the  jiarent  of  most  of  our  hothouse  roses  blooms  contin- 
uously but  is  tender.  The  hybrids  of  this  species  with  Rosa  gallica 
and  Rosa  centifolia  show  varying  degrees  of  hardiness,  but  all  need 
good  protection  in  Minnesota  in  winter.  In  general  the  freedom  of  bloom 
after  the  first  blossoming  season  in  June  is  inverselv  proportional  to  the 
liardiness  of  the  rose. 

Cydonia  (Totirnefort)  AI  i  1  1  e  r  1752     Quince 
(L.  c  \"  d  o  n  i  a,  quince,  from  Cydonia,  a  town  of  Crete) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  sometimes  spiny,  with  alternate,  stipulate,  serrate 
■or  entire  leaves ;  flowers  large,  scarlet  or  white,  short-stalked,  appearing 
before  or  with  the  leaves;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  sepals  5,  petals  5. 
stamens  20  or  more,  carpels  5  with  numerous  ovules,  styles  united  at  the 
base;  fruit  a  large  5-celled  pome,  firm  when  ripe,  and  fragrant. 

A  genus  of  three  or  four  species  and  several  subspecies,  natives  of 
warm  temperate  Asia  and  southern  Europe.  The  cultivated  quince  be- 
longs to  this  genus. 

Cydonia  japonica  P  e  r  s  o  o  n   1807     Scarlet  Quince 

Small,  more  or  less  spiny  shrub,  1-2  meters  (3-6  ft.)  high;  leaves 
ovate,  serrate,  glossy  above,  3.5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  on  the  old  twigs  in 
2-6  flowered  clusters,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves,  typicallv  scarlet- 
red,   3.5-5   cm.  wide,  sometimes  onlv  staminate ;    fruit   globular  or  ovoid. 


SORBUS 


147 


fltonia  nijr^ 


Cy  A  a  n\  d.  j  dpanica 


3.5-5  cm.  in  diameter,  yellowish  green,  fragrant:  j  a  p  0  n  i  c  a,  Japanese. 
Native  of  Japan.     Used  as  an  ornamental  shrub  in  parks  and  gardens. 
Adapted  for  borders  or  shrubberies,  and  low  oriiamental  hedges.     Flowers 
in  April  and  May. 


Sorbus  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Mountain  Ash 

(L.   s  o  r  b  It  s,   the   service-tree) 


Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  simple  or  compound  leaves,  stipules 
deciduous;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  compound  cymes;  calyx  5-lobed, 
tube  urn-shaped;  petals  5,  spreading,  short-clawed;  stamens  numerous; 
ovary  inferior;  styles  usually  3,  di.stinct ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell:  fruit  a 
small  berry-like  pome,  red. 

A  genus  of  about  7  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Three 
species  occur  in  North  America.  The  genus  is  hardly  .separable  from 
Pyrus  and  should  probably  only  be  regarded  as  a  section  of  the  latter. 


J48  ROSE  FAMILY 

Key  to  the  Species. 

1.  Leaflets  acuminate,  smooth  on  both  sides;  fruit 

4-6  mm.    long  S.  aincricaua 

2.  Leaflets  more  or  less  obtuse,  thicker;  fruit  6-12 

mm.  long 

a.  Leaflets  pubescent  below,  especially  along  the 

veins;  native  S.  sainbiicifolia 

b.  Leaflets   always   more    or    less   pubescent    or 

tomentose  on  both  sides;  cultivated  S.  aucuparia 

Sorbus  americana  Marshall  1785     American  Mountain  Ash 

Pyrus  americana  De  Candolle   1825 

Small  tree,  6-7  meters  (18-21  ft.)  high;  bark  smooth,  light  gray,  with 
small  plate-like  scales;  winter  buds  acute,  8-18  mm.  long,  scales  dark  red, 
pilose  with  gummy  secretion;  leaves  15-20  cm.  long,  petiole  green  or  red, 
leaflets  13-17,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate  at 
apex,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  bright  green  above,  paler  be- 
neath, 5-8  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  inflorescence  flat,  10-15  cm.  broad, 
flowers  cream-white,  4-6  mm.  broad,  calyx  obconic ;  petals  contracted 
below  into  a  short  claw;  fruit  sub-globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  bright 
red,  flesh  thin,  sour :  americana,  American. 

In  woods  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Labrador 
to  Manitoba,  south  into  northern  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  the  Great  Lakes  region, 
extending  south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C. 

Flowers  in  May  and  June,  fruits  in  Sept.  and  Oct.  Sometimes  planted 
as  an  ornamental  tree.  The  wood  close  grained,  light,  soft  and  weak, 
pale  brown,  weight  34  lbs. 

Sorbus  sambucifolia  (C.  &  S.)  R  o  e  m  e  r  1847     Western  Mountain 

Ash 

Pyrus  sitchensis   (Roemer)   Piper  1906 
Pyrus    sambucifolia   C.  &  S.    1827 

Small  tree,  6-10  meters  (18-30  ft.)  high;  bark  gray  and  smooth  with 
small  scales;  wdnter  buds  18-20  mm.  long,  acute,  scales  dark  red  and 
slightly  hairy;  leaves  10-15  cm.  long,  petioles  usually  bright  red  or  green, 
leaflets  7-15,  oblong  to  lance-ovate,  base  rounded  and  unequal,  apex  obtuse 
or  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly  serrate,  Avith  spreading 
teeth,   dark   green   and    glabrous    above   at   maturity,   paler   beneath   and 


^orhuiiX^ 


^aucuparia 


150  ROSE  FAMILY 

pubescent,  at  least  along  the  veins,  5-7  cni.  long,  1.8-2.5  cm.  wide;  in- 
florescence composed  of  several  fiat  cymes,  5-7  cm.  broad;  flowers  cream- 
white,  8-12  mm.  broad;  calyx  glabrous  or  puberulous;  petals  ovate, 
clawed;  fruit  subglobose,  bright  scarlet,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter: 
sambucifolia,   leaves  as  in  the  elderberry,   Sambucus. 

Common  on  river  banks  and  woods  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state ; 
rare  southeastward,  where  it  occurs  along  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi. 

Distributed  from  Labrador  to  central  Maine,  westward  and  northward 
to  Alaska,  Kamchatka  and  Japan. 

Wood  close  grained,  soft,  weak,  light  brown,  weight  37  lbs. 

Sorbus  aucuparia  Linne   1753     Rowan  Tree 
Pyrus  aucuparia   (Linne)    Ehrhart  1787-92 

Small  tree,  7-80  meters  (20-30  ft.)  high,  bark  grayish,  smooth;  winter 
buds  acute,  10-12  mm.  long,  vinous  red,  slightly  white  tomentose;  leaves 
with  reddish  petioles,  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  10-20  cm.  long,  leaflets 
9-15,  oblong  to  lance-oblong,  sharply  serrate,  usually  rounded  at  the  base, 
pointed  at  the  apex,  midrib  furrowed,  permanently  more  or  less  tomentose, 
especially  on  the  lower  surface,  3-7  cm.  long,  10-18  mm.  wide;  in- 
florescence somewhat  flattened,  8-12  cm.  broad,  tomentose,  flowers  numer- 
ous, cream-colored,  8-10  mm.  broad,  calyx  obconic,  tomentose;  petals 
nearly  orbicular,  clawed ;  fruit  subglobose,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter,  red, 
sour  ;  a  u  c  u  p  a  r  i  a,  bird  catching. 

Extensively  planted"  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  and  now  and  then 
escaping  from  cultivation,  especially  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state. 

Flowers  in  June  and  July,  fruits  in  August. 

The  characters  of  the  wood  are  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  native 
species. 

Amelanchier  M  e  d  i  c  u  s  1789     Juneberry    Service-berry 
(Name  of  uncertain  origin) 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  serrate  or  dentate  leaves ; 
flowers  white,  in  racemes;  calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  bell-shaped,  petals  5, 
ovate  to  oblong  or  rarely  linear,  stamens  numerous,  carpels  5,  ovary  be- 
coming 10-celled  in  fruit,  styles  united  at  the  base  and  becoming  hairy; 
fruit  a  small  berry-like  pome,  sweet  and  edible. 

A  genus  of  about  12  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Be- 
sides the  following,  some  three  others  occur  in  western  North  America 
and  one  in  Mexico. 


AMELANCHIER  151 

Key  to  the  Species. 

1.  Petals  narrowly  oblong,   14-25   mm.  in  length; 

leaves  finely  and  sharply  serrate  A.  (.•luuit/i'/isis 

2.  Petals  oblong  to  obovate,  4-12  mm.  in  length 

a.  Flowers  in  racemes,  5 -many  flowered ;  leaves 

obtuse  or  cordate  at  base 

( 1 )  Leaves  oblong,   finely  serrate  ;   blossom- 

ing April  10-May  15,  fruits  June-July      A.  ohlongifoUa 

(2)  Leaves    oval    or    sub-orbicular,    coarsely 

dentate;  blossoming  May   15-25,  fruit 

ripe  Aug. -Sept.  A.  spicata 

b.  Flowers  1-4  in  terminal  clusters;  leaves  acute 

or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  at  base  .-/.  oligocarpa 

Amelanchier    canadensis    (L.)    J\I  e  d  i  c  ti  s    1793     Shadbush   June- 
berry    Service-berry 

A  tall  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree  3-12  meters  (10-40  ft.)  high; 
bark  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  buds  6-8  mm.  long,  scales  chestnut-brown, 
imbricated,  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  when 
young  folded  lengthwise  and  brownish  purple,  somewhat  pubescent  at 
first  but  soon  glabrate,  bracts  and  stipules  long-silky  hairy,  flowers  in 
drooping  racemes,  white,  large,  petals  narrowly  oblong,  14-25  mm.  long, 
3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  fruit  a  globose  pome,  red  or  pur^jk-. 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter :  canadensis,  Canadian. 

Along  banks  of  streams,  river  bluffs,  shores  of  lakes,  etc.,  common 
throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

Flowers  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  June  and  July,  ^\'ood  very 
hard,  brown,  weight  49  lbs. 

Amelanchier  oblongifolia   (Torrey  &  Gray)   R  o  e  m  e  r   1847 
A.  spicata  of  Authors. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  2-6  meters  (6-20  ft.)  high,  bark  as  in  preced- 
ing species;  leaves  oblong,  usually  rounded  at  each  end,  sometimes 
mucronate  at  the  tip,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  densely  white  tomentose 
when  young,  becoming  glabrate,  usually  pale  green,  especially  beneath, 
4-6  cm.  long,   1.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  rather  dense  white  tomentose 


Pi.  fepicata 


AMELANCHIER— ARONIA  153 

racemes,  small  petals  obovate  or  short-oblong  7-10  mm.  long ;  fruit  about 
5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  red  or  purple,  juicy :  o  b  1  0  n  g  i  f  0  1  i  a,  witli  oblong 
leaves. 

Common  on  edges  of  river  bluffs,  rocky  uplands  etc.  throughout  the 
state.  Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia,  Missouri  and  Minn. 
Flowers  early,  from  April  15  to  May  15,  fruit  ripe  in  June  and  Julv. 

Amelanchier  spicata  (Linne)  C.  Koch 
Amelanchier  rotundifolia  Roemer  1847 
Amelanchier  alnifolia  of  some  Authors 

A  shrub  1-3  meters  (3-10  ft.)  high;  bark  smooth;  buds  6-7  mm.  long, 
scales  brown,  imbricated,  pilose  or  smooth ;  leaves  oval  or  orbicular,  coarse- 
ly dentate  towards  the  end  or  sometimes  nearly  to  the  base,  veins  numerous 
and  straight,  while  young  the  lower  surface  at  least  covered  with  a  dense 
yellowish  white  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  3-8  cm.  long, 
2.3-5.5  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  short  racemes,  rather  dense,  white,  petals 
6-12  mm.  long;  fruit  dark  purple,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter:  spicata,  in  a 
spike,  referring  to  the  short  dense  racemes. 

Woods,  thickets,  and  banks  of  streams,  infrequent  throughout  the  state. 
Distributed  from  eastern  Quebec  to  central  Manitoba,  south  to  central 
Mass.,  w^estward  as  far  as  Minn.  Flowers  from  May  20  to  June  25,  fruit 
ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Amelanchier  oligocarpa  (Michaux)    Roemer  1847 

A  shrub  1-3  meters  (3-19  ft.)  high,  with  smooth  bark;  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  oval,  usually  acute  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  early  glabrate  or 
nearly  so,  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  and  terminal  or  in  terminal  2-4- 
flowered  racemes,  petals  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long;  fruit 
pear-shaped  or  sub-globose,  6-8  mm.  long,  dark  purple  with  dense  bloom : 
oligocarpa,  of  few  fruits. 

In  cold  swamps  and  wet  rocky  places,  northern  and  northeastern  part 
of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Labrador  to  New  England,  westward  to 
Minn.     Blossoms  in  May.  fruits  in  Autumn. 

Aronia  P  e  r  s  o  o  n  1807     Chokeberry 
(L.  aronia,  formed  from  aria,  the  beam-tree) 

Low  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  finely  serrate  leaves;  flowers  small, 
white  or  pink,  in  terminal,  compound  cymes;  calyx  5-lobed,  urn-shaped; 


154  ROSE  FAMILY 

petals  5,  spreading;  styles  3-5,  united  at  the  base;   ovary  woolly,  pome 
small,  berry-like. 

A  North  American  genus  of  two  species,  probably  not  to  be  separated 
from  the  genus  P  y  r  u  s.  Besides  the  following  species,  another  occurs  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States. 

Aronia  nigra  (Willdenow)   B  r  i  1 1  o  n  1894     Black  Chokeberry 
Pyrus  nigra  Sargent   1890 

A  branching  shrub  1-1.5  meters  (3-5  ft.)  high,  bark  smooth  grayish; 
leaves  from  broadly  oblong  and  acuminate  to  spatulate-oblanceolate, 
finely  glandular  serrate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  acute  or  mucronate  at  the 
apex,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces,  2-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide, 
petiole  5-6  mm.  long;  corymbs  3-5  cm.  long,  several-flowered,  flowers 
white,  10-12  mm.  broad;  calyx  and  pedicels  slightly  tomentose  or  soon 
becoming  glabrous;  petals  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long;  fruit  a  globose  pome, 
6-8  miB.  in  diameter,  black  or  purplish :  nigra,  black,  from  the  color  of 
the  fruit.     (See  Fig.  page  147.) 

In  swamps  and  moist  ground,  occurring  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state  from  Olmsted  county  northward.  Distributed  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  Florida  and  Minnesota.  Flowers  in  May  and 
June,    fruits    in   August. 

Crataegus  L  i  n  n  e  1753 

(Gr.    krataigos,    the    hawthorn    tree,    from    k  r  a  1 0  s,    strength,    re- 
ferring to  the  wood) 

Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate,  simple,  usually  lobed 
leaves ;  buds  small  obtuse,  3-4  mm.  long,  scales  imbricated ;  flowers  in 
corymbs ;  calyx  tube  cup-shaped  or  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  carpels, 
5-cleft  or  divided;  petals  5,  rounded,  white  or  rose  color;  stamens  5-25, 
in  1-3  rows,  anthers  oblong,  yellow  or  red;  ovary  inferior,  consisting  of 
1-5  carpels,  styles  distinct;  fruit  a  small  pome,  yellow  or  red,  flesh  dry  or 
mealy,  nutlets  1-5,  each  usually  1 -seeded. 

A  large  genus,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  temperate  regions 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  genus  offers  great  taxonomic  difficulties 
and  it  is  impossible  at  present  to  say  how  many  species  the  genus  includes. 
Of  late  years  numerous  species  have  been  segregated  and  described,  but 
it  is  very  likely  that  when  the  group  is  thoroughlv  monographed  a  large 
proportion  of  these  will  have  to  be  withdrawn. 


CRATAEGUS 


1 55 


No  critical  work  has  as  j'et  been  done  on  Minnesota  Crataegi  and  for 
that  reason  it  has  been  thought  advisable  to  adhere  only  to  the  broader 
concept  of  species  in  this  work.  It  is  therefore  to  be  expected  that  after 
more  extensive  collection  and  careful  systematic  work  several  more  species 
will  be  credited  to  the  state. 


2. 


Key  to  the  Species. 

Leaves  ovate,  elliptic-ovate  or  nearly  orbicular 
in  outline,  mostly  lobed,  more  than  4  cm.  wide 

a.  Leaves  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  densely 

tomentose  below,  fruit  pubescent  C.  mollis 

b.  Leaves    cuneate    at    the    base,    glabrous    or 

pubescent,  fruit  glabrous 

(1)  Leaves  ovate-orbicular,    coarsely   serrate, 

glabrous  on  both  sides  C.  I'otundifoHa 

(2)  Leaves    rhombic-elliptic,    pubescent,     at 

least    on    the    veins    beneath    coarsely 
serrate 

(a)  Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  shin- 

ing above  C.   macracantha 

(b)  Leaves  thin,  dull  green,  pubescent  and 

with  impressed  veins  above  C.  tomentosa 

Leaves  obovate,  oblanceolate.  or  spatulate, 
slightly  or  not  at  all  lobed,  mostly  2-4  cm. 
wide 

a.  Leaves  dull,  gray-green,  pubescent  C.  punctata 

b.  Leaves  bright  green,  glabrous  and  shining  C.  crus-galli 


Crataegus  mollis   (Torrey  and  Gray)   Scheele  1845     Red-fruited 

Thorn 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  2-7  meters  (6-21  ft.)  high;  branches  armed  with 
thorns  3-6  cm.  long,  lustrous,  or  at  last  grayish ;  bark  of  trunk  ashy  gray ; 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  acutish  at  the  apex, 
lobed,  shari)ly  and  rather  coarsely  serrate,  rough  above,  densely  tomentose 
below,  4-13  cm.  long,  4-10  cm.  wdde ;  corymbs  several-  to  many-flowered; 
flowers  white,  about  2  cm.  broad,  pedicels  and  calyx  densely  tomentose, 
stamens  about  20;  fruit  sub-globose,  scarlet,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter, 
pubescent  when  young,  flesh  yellow,  nutlets  usually  5,  7-8  nnu.  long,  drop- 
ping off  as  soon  as  ripe :  mollis,  soft,  referring  to  the  leaves. 


CRATAEGUS  157 

Perhaps  common  from  the  region  of  Minneapolis  southward  and  west- 
ward. Distributed  from  southern  Ontario  to  eastern  S.  Dak.,  eastern  Kan., 
and  south  to  Mo.  and  Ky.  This  species  is  said  to  be  the  largest  and 
handsomest  of  the  scarlet  hawthorns  of  North  America.  The  wood  is 
light  brown  or  red,  close  grained  and  hard  and  weighs  49  lbs.  Blossoms 
in   May,  fruits  in  September. 

Crataegus   rotundifolia    Moench    1794     Glandular    Thorn 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  3-5  meters  (9-15  ft.)  high;  bark  smooth,  green- 
ish gray;  branches  spiny,  spines  3-5  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate,  orbicular  or 
obovate,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  3-4  pairs  of  lobes, 
doubly  serrate,  entirely  glabrous,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  Avide ;  corymbs 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent;  flowers  white,  about  1.5  cm.  broad,  calyx 
lobes  lanceolate,  glandular  serrate,  slightly  villous  inside,  about  5  mm. 
long;  stamens  5-lU,  styles  2-4;  fruit  1  cm.  long,  red,  flesh  yellow,  sweet: 
rotundifolia,  round  leaved. 

Common  throughout  the  state.  Occurs  from  Nova  Scotia  to  southern 
Minn,  and  northern  111.,  in  the  Alleghenics,  south  to  Va.  Flowers  in  May, 
fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Crataegus    macracantha    L  o  d  d  i  g  e  s    1854     Long-spined    Thorn 

A  bushy  tree,  3-6  meters  (10-20  ft.)  high;  bark  ashy  gray  or  light 
brown;  thorns  on  the  straggling  branches  5-10  cm.  long,  bent,  chestnut 
brown,  on  the  main  stem  7-20  cm.  long  and  branched;  leaves  rhombic- 
ovate  to  obovate,  wedge-shaped  and  contracted  below  into  the  wide  petiole, 
acute  at  the  apex,  sharply  lobed,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate,  coriaceous 
and  shiny  above,  slightly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long,  2.5-6 
cm.  wide;  corymbs  slightly  villous;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  sepals  glan- 
dular, about  4  mm.  long;  stamens  10;  styles  3-4;  fruit  sub-globose,  8-10 
mm.  in  diameter;  nutlets  3-4,  5-7  mm.  long:  macracantha,  with 
long  thorns. 

Common  throughout  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  the  state. 
Distributed  from  Novia  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  southward  in  the  mountains 
to  Virginia. 

The  wood  is  brown  and  tinged  with  red,  hard  and  close  grained.  Flow- 
ers in  Ma}^,  fruit  ripe  in  Sept. 

Var.  s  u  c  c  u  1  e  n  t  a   (Schradcr)   Eggleston   1908 
A  variety  with  somewhat  larger  fruit  and  about  20  stamens.     Occurs 
with  the  species. 


158 


ROSE  FAMILY 


Crataegus  tomentosa  Linne  1753     Pear-thorn,  Pear  Haw 

C.  Chapmani  (Beadle)  Ashe  Var.  Plukenetii  Eggleston  Gray's  New 

Manual    1908 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  2-5  meters  (6-15  ft.)  high;  bark  of  main  stem 
gray  or  fissured;  branches  spiny,  spines  3-5  cm.  long,  clothed  with 
tomentum  when  young;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  narrowed  below  into  broad 
petioles,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  incisely  lobed,  sharply 
serrate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  becoming  scabrate,  dull  green,  4-11  cm. 
long,  3-8  cm.  wide,  petioles  pubescent ;  corymbs  white  tomentose ;  flowers 
1-1.5  cm.  broad;  stamens  10-20;  styles  2-4;  fruit  upright,  pyriform  to 
ellipsoid,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  orange  red,  flesh  yellow,  nutlets  2-3,  about  5-7 
mm.  long,  strongly  ridged  on  the  back :  tomentosa,  woolly. 

Probably  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  southern  Ontario  to 
N.  J.,  westward  to  Minn,  and  eastern  Kan.,  and  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  Sept. 


CraTae6u5» 


Crataegus  punctata  J  a  c  cj  u  i  n  1770     Large-fruited  Thorn 

A   flat   or   round-topped   tree,    3-9   meters    (9-28    ft.)    high;    branches 
spreading  at  right  angles  with  the  spiny  stem.  9-16  cm.  in  diameter;  bark 


CRATAEGUS— MALUS  159 

rough,  dark  gray  or  brown;  leaves  wedge-obovate  or  spatulate,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes 
lobed,  dull  gray-green,  becoming  orange  or  scarlet  in  autumn,  scattered 
pubescent  and  impressed-veined  above,  strongly  pubescent  on  the  veins 
below,  2-8  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide;  corymbs  flat,  tomentose;  flowers  1-2 
cm.  broad,  calyx  tube  obconic,  pubescent,  stamens  about  20,  anthers  white 
to  pink,  styles  2-5;  fruit  pyriform  or  subglobose,  1.2-1.5  cm.  in  diameter, 
yellow  or  red,  flesh  thin,  dry,  nutlets  3-4,  8  mm.  long :  punctata,  dotted. 

Common  throughout  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  and  in  the  Big 
Woods  country.  This  is  the  largest  and  commonest  of  our  native  species 
of  Crataegus.  Distributed  from  Quebec  to  Minn.,  through  western  New 
England  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  Iowa,  along  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

The  wood  is  bright  red  in  color,  close  grained,  hard  and  heavy,  weigh- 
ing about  49  lbs.  Flowers  in  May  and  June,  fruits  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 
Fruit  drops  off  when  ripe. 

Crataegus   crus-galli    L  i  n  n  e    1753     Newcastle    Thorn,    Cockspur 

Thorn 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  2-6  meters  (6-20  ft.)  high,  with  spreading 
branches  and  gray  bark,  thorns  numerous,  slender  and  nearly  straight, 
4-8  cm.  long ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  sometimes  nearly  spatulate. 
very  much  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  sharply  serrate  except  at  the  base,  leathery  and  shining  above,  duller 
beneath,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  petioles  short, 
passing  gradually  into  the  blade;  corymbs  many-flowered,  glabrous,  4-6  cm. 
broad;  flowers  1.2-1.5  cm.  broad,  calyx  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  glabrous 
or  slightly  pubescent,  about  3  mm.  long,  stamens  10,  styles  1-3;  fruit 
ovoid  or  sub-globose,  about  1  cm.  long,  greenish  to  dull  red,  firm;  crus- 
galli,  cock's  spur. 

Occasionally  planted  but  not  native  to  the  state.  Occurring  in  thickets 
from  western  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  southern  Michigan,  southeastern 
Kansas  and  south  to   Georgia. 

Malus  J  u  s  s  i  e  ti  1789 
( M  a  1  u  s,   classical   L.  name  of  the  apple-tree) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed,  simple  leaves ;  flowers 
in  corymbs  or  umbel-like  cymes,  white  or  pink,  showy  and  fragrant ;  calyx 
tube  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped ;  sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  rounded  or  obovate ; 


lOO 


ROSE  FAMILY 


stamens  numerous;   carpels  2-5,  papery  or  leathery;  styles  united   at  the 
base;  fruit  usually  a  large  fleshy  pome,  sometimes  small  and  berry-like. 

A  genus  of  about  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Be- 
sides the  following,  one  occurs  in  eastern  and  one  in  western  North 
America. 

Key  to  the  Species. 

1.  Leaves  and  outer  surface  of  sepals  glabrate,  cul- 

tivated trees  or  shrubs 

a.  Leaves   thick,    flowers   very   numerous,    fruit 

1-1.2  cm.  or  less,  red  .1/.  floribunda 

b.  Leaves  thin,  flowers  less  numerous,  fruit  1.5- 

2.5  cm.,  yellow  M.   haccata 

2.  Leaves  and  outer  surface  of  sepals  persistently 

tomentose,  native  or  cultivated 

a.  Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  pome 

5-10  cm.  in  diameter,  cultivated  M.  silvestris 

b.  Leaves  mostly  narrow  at  the  base,  pome  2.5- 

3.5  cm.  in  diameter,  native  M.  ioensis 

Malus   floribunda   S  i  e  b  o  1  d    1835-44     Flowering   Crab 
Pyrus  floribunda  Nicholson. 

A  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  often  spiny,  young  branches  smooth 
or  soon  becoming  so ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharp- 
ly serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glabrous  below,  at  least  in  age. 
thickish,  4-7  cm.  long;  petioles  thick  and  reddish,  about  2.5  cm.  long; 
flowers  in  umbels,  appearing  with  the  leaves  and  very  numerous,  white  and 
showy,  carmine  in  bud ;  fruit  1-1.2  cm.  in  diameter,  red  :  floribunda, 
many  flowers. 

Planted  in  gardens  and  parks  as  an  ornamental  tree  or  shrub.  Native 
of  Japan. 

Malus  baccata   (Linne)   M  o  e  n  c  h   1794     Siberian  Crab 
Pyrus    baccata    Linne    1753 

A  small  tree  with  spreading  branches;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  and 
evenly  serrate  but  not  lobed,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  thin  and  glabrous  on 
both  sides,  at  length  becoming  subcoriaceous,  4-8  cm.  long ;  petioles  slender 
2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  fascicled,  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  with  narrowed,  elongated  base,  pedicels  green,  5-7  cm.  long;  fruit 
on  long  hard  stems,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  yellow  with  a  reddish  cheek, 


r\alu^ 


i62  ROSE  FAMILY 

firm  and  often  translucent  in  texture,  never  becoming  mellow,  calyx  falls 
off  before  maturity  :  b  a  c  c  a  t  a,   having   berries. 

Introduced  from  Europe  and  Asia.  Native  of  Siberia.  Manchuria  and 
the  Himalaya  region. 

Malus  silvestris  Miller  1768     Apple 
Malus   Malus    (Linne)    Britton    1897 
Pyrtis  Malus  Linne  1753 

A  cultivated  tree  with  spreading  branches,  sometimes  reaching  a  height 
of  10-15  meters  (30-45  ft.)  ;  bark  on  mature  trunks  rough  and  gray;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  dentate 
or  nearly  entire,  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above, 
pubescent  and  often  woolly  beneath,  especially  when  young;  flowers  in 
umbel-like  corymbs,  white  or  pink,  3.5-7  cm.  broad;  calyx  tomentose; 
pedicels  stout,  woolly,  2-3  cm.  long;  fruit  5-10  cm.  in  diameter:  sil- 
vestris, of  the  forest. 

Common  fruit  tree,  sometimes  escaped  from  cultivation.  Numerous 
varities  or  races  have  been  developed  from  this  species  through  cultivation. 

Malus  ioensis   (Wood)   Britton   1897     Wild  Crab  Apple 

Pyrus    ioensis    (Wood)    Bailey    1891 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  a  shrub  2-6  meters  (6-12  ft.)  high;  branchlets 
sometimes  hardened  and  thorn-like ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  usually 
narrowed  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate  or  pinnately  several-lobed,  glabrate, 
dull  green  and  somewhat  rugose  above,  pale  and  densely  tomentose  be- 
neath, 2.5-5  cm.  long;  petioles  w^oolly;  flowers  in  corymbs,  rose  colored, 
2.5-4  cm.  broad,  pedicels  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  2.5-3.5  cm.  long 
in  fruit;  calyx  lobes  persistent;  fruit  green  or  yellowish  green,  2-4  cm. 
in  diameter:  ioensis,  named  from  the  original  locality. 

Along  edges  of  woods  and  thickets,  common  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state,  comparatively  rare  as  far  north  as  the  Twin  Cities.  Dis- 
tributed from  111.  and  Wis.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  ( )klah()ma.  P'lowers  in 
May.  fruit  rijje  in  ( )ctober. 

Malus   Soulardi    ( Bailey)    Britton   Soulard's    Crab   Apple 

A  hybrid  between  Malus  s  i  1  \'  e  s  t  r  i  s  and  Malus  ioensis, 
reported  to  occur  in  a  wild  state  from  Minnesota  southward.  May  pos- 
sibly occur  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  the  state. 


PRUNUS 


163 


Prunus  L  i  n  n  e   1753 
(Classical  L.  name  of  the  plum-tree) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  spiny;  leaves  alternate,  simple  and  serrate; 
flowers  variously  clustered,  white  or  pink;  calyx  tube  campanulate  or 
obconic,  sepals  5,  petals  5,  spreading;  stamens  15-20,  distinct,  filaments 
slender;  pistil  1,  in  the  hollow  cup-shaped  calyx  tube,  style  terminal; 
ovule  1  ;  fruit  a  drupe,  stone  smooth  or  a  little  roughened,  globose  or  oval, 
or  oblong  and  flattened. 

A  genus  of  90  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  tropical 
America  and  Asia.  In  addition  to  the  following  about  25  species  occur 
in  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species. 

1.     Flowers  single      Cherries  and  Plums 

a.  Large  shrubs  or  trees 

( 1 )  Flowers  in  racemes,  terminating  the  sea- 

son's  growth 

(a)  Small    tree,     or    large    shrub,     leaves 

broadly  ovate 

(b)  Large  tree,   leaves  narrowly  ovate  or 

lanceolate 

(2)  Flowers  in  scaly  umbels  or  cor\-mbs,  ex- 

panding with  or  before  the  leaves 

(a)  Branches    usually    thorny    or    armed, 

fruit      sub-globose,      borne      singly 

Plums 
X.     Teeth  of  leaves  obtuse,  gland-tipped, 

stone  of  fruit  flat 
y.     Teeth  of  leaves  acute,  bristle-tipped, 

stone  round 

(b)  Branches  not  thorny  or   armed,   fruit 

globose  or  sub-globose    Cherries 
X.      Flowers  in  corymbs,  small,  petals  4-6 

mm.  long,  fruit  3-6  mm. 
y.      Flowers  in  umbels,  large,  petals  8-12 

mm.  long,  fruit  8-15  mm. 

b.  Dwarf  shrubs,  (1-4  ft.),  with  narrow  leaves 

(1)  Shrub   with    wand-like    branches,    leaves 

thin 

(2)  Bushy  shrub,  leaves  thick 


P.  virginiana 
P.  serotina 


P.  nigra 

P.  am  eric  ana 

P.  pennsylvanica 
P.  cerasus 


P.  piimila 
P.  Besseyi 


i64  ROSE  FAMILY 

2.      Flowers  double     Flowering  almonds  and  plums 

a.  Leaves  lanceolate,  flowers  2-3  cm.  broad  P.  japonica 

b.  Leaves  ovate,  mostly  3-lobed,  flowers  3-5  cm. 

broad  P.  triloba 

Prunus  virginiana  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Choke    Cherry 

A  tall  shrub  or  a  small  tree  1-3  meters  (3-10  ft.)  high,  with  grayish- 
brown  bark,  the  inner  layers  of  which  have  strong,  disagreeable  odor ; 
leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate  with  slender  teeth,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  thin,  4-8  cm.  long,  2-4.5  cm. 
wide;  petiole  1-1.5  cm.  long,  with  1  or  2  glands;  racemes  erect  or  spread- 
ing, terminating  the  leafy  shoots  of  the  season,  5-12  cm.  long,  many- 
flowered,  flowers  white,  strong  scented,  0.8-1  cm.  broad;  pedicels  4-6  mm. 
long;  fruit  red  or  nearly  black,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  very  astringent, 
stone  globular :  virginiana,  Virginian. 

Common  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  to 
Ga.  and  westward  to  Minn,  and  British  Columbia. 

The  fruit  is  sometimes  used  for  making  wine  and  preserves ;  it  was 
formerly  an  important  article  of  food  among  the  North  American  Indians. 
The  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  close  grained,  light  brown  in  color  and 
weighs  40  lbs.  per  cubic  foot.    Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  July  and  August. 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrhart   1788     Wild  Black  Cherry,  Cabinet  or 

Rum  Cherry 

A  large  forest  tree,  12-25  meters  (36-75  ft.)  high  and  2-5  dm.  (7-22 
inches)  in  diameter,  (in  more  southern  localities  reaching  much  greater 
dimensions)  ;  bark  dark  brown,  very  rough  and  peeling  off  in  flakes, 
branches  reddish  brown,  inner  bark  fragrant ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate- 
oblong,  round  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  long  pointed  at  the  apex,  shining 
above,  glabrous  or  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  serrate  with  ap- 
pressed  callous  teeth,  4-12  cm.  long,  2.5-3.5  cm.  wide;  petioles  2-3  cm. 
long;  racemes  at  the  ends  of  leafy  shoots,  spreading  or  drooping,  flowers 
numerous,  white,  8-10  mm.  broad;  fruit  rounded,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter, 
dark  purple  or  black,  slightly  astringent,  but  with  sweetish  taste : 
serotina,  late  ripe. 

Rather  common  throughout  the  hardwood  region  of  the  state.  Dis- 
tributed from  Nova  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to  Dakota,  Arizona,  and  along 
the  mountains  of  Mexico,  Central  America  and  Peru. 


i60  ROSE   FAMILY 

The  fruit  is  used  to  flavor  alcoholic  liquors  and  sometimes  fermented 
and  made  into  a  licjuor.  The  wood  is  close  grained,  hard,  strong,  reddish 
brown  in  color,  a  cubic  foot  weighs  36  lbs.  It  is  used  in  cabinet  making 
and  is  capable  of  a  very  high  j^olish.     Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  Aug.-Sept. 

Prunus  nigra  A  i  t  o  n  1789     Canada  Plum    Wild  Plum 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  2-7  meters  (6-21  ft.)  high,  armed  with  thorns; 
bark  brownish  gray,  exfoliating  in  plates ;  leaves  oval  to  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  crenate- 
serrate,  the  teeth  usually  gland-tipped,  pubescent  when  young,  7-13  cm. 
long,  3-7  cm.  wide;  petioles  1-1.5  cm.  long,  with  1  or  2  red  glands  near 
the  base;  flowers  in  lateral  umbels,  opening  before  the  leaves,  2.5-3  cm. 
broad ;  calyx  lobes  glandular  serrate,  glabrous  within ;  petals  white,  pink- 
ish tinged  towards  the  base,  broadly  obovate,  1.2-1.4  cm.  long;  stamens 
pinkish  tinged  ;  fruit  orange,  pink  or  yellow,  sub-globose  or  compressed 
ovoid,  with  little  or  no  bloom,  2.5  cm.  long,  stone  oval,  compressed  or 
flattened  :   nigra,   black. 

River  banks  and  thickets.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  from 
north  to  south,  infrequent.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  and  New 
England  westward  to  the  Great  Lakes,  Lake  Winnepeg  and  south  to  Iowa. 

The  fruit  is  very  delicious,  rather  firm  fleshed,  used  for  jellies  and 
preserves.  The  wood  close  grained,  hard  and  heavy,  reddish  brown  in 
color  and  weighs  43  lbs.     Flowers  in  May,  fruits  in  August. 

Prunus  americana  Marshall   1785     Wild  Plum 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  3-10  meters  (9-30  ft.)  high;  branches  more 
or  less  thorny;  bark  tliick  and  rough,  exfoliating  in  irregular  plates; 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate  rounded  at  the  base,  long  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped,  not  glandular, 
pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  4-10  cm.  long, 
2-5  cm.  wide;  petioles  with  or  without  glands,  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers 
in  sessile,  lateral  uml)els,  opening  before  the  leaves,  white,  1.5-2.5  cm. 
broad,  pedicels  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  calyx  lobes  entire,  hairy  on  the  inner 
surface ;  petals  narrowly  obovate,  about  1  cm.  long ;  fruit  subglobose,  red 
or  yellow,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter,  bloom  light  or  none:  americana, 
American. 

Common  in  thickets,  along  roadsides,  riverbanks,  etc.,  throughout  the 
state.  Distributed  from  Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.,  New  Mexico,  north- 
ern Mexico,  northward  to  Colorado  and  Montana. 


ai7?encar?a. 


nufi 


i68  ROSE  FAMILY 

The  fruit  is  used  for  making  jellies  and  preserves  or  eaten  raw.  The 
wood  is  close  grained,  heavy  and  hard,  it  is  dark  brown  in  color,  tinged 
with  red,  and  weighs  47  lbs.  Flowers  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripens  in 
August  and  September, 

Prunus   pennsylvanica    Linne    filius    1781     Pin    Cherry     Wild 

Red  Cherry 

A  tall  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  5-10  meters  (15-30  ft.)  high;  bark  light 
reddish-brown,  bitter  and  aromatic,  on  the  trunk  it  separates  horizontally 
into  broad,  papery  plates ;  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  serrations  not 
equal,  shining,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  4-8  cm.  long,  1-3  cm. 
wide,  petiole  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  numerous,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  white, 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  1-1.2  cm.  broad,  sepals  2  mm.  long  glabrous, 
petals  ovate,  5  mm.  long,  pedicels  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  fruit  globose,  light 
red,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  without  bloom,  its  flesh  thin  and  sour,  stone 
globular :  pennsylvanica,  named  from  the  original  locality. 

Woods,  thickets,  and  clearings,  throughout  the  state  except  southwest- 
ward.  Distributed  from  Labrador  to  British  Columbia  and  Col.,  south 
to  Pa.,  central  Iowa,  and  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

The  fruit  is  sometimes  used  domestically  and  in  preparation  of  medi- 
cines. The  wood  is  soft,  light  and  close  grained,  light  brown  in  color  and 
weighs  31  lbs.     Flowers  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Prunus  Cerasus  Linne  1753     Sour,  Pie,  or  Morello  Cherry 

A  small  tree  2-4  meters  (6-12  ft.)  high,  with  a  round  crown;  bark 
gray;  leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  short  pointed 
at  the  apex,  serrate,  firm  in  texture  and  more  or  less  glossy  above,  4-8 
cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  small  clusters,  from  lateral  buds,  ap- 
pearing mostly  before  the  leaves,  large,  3-4  cm.  broad,  petals  1.2-1.5  cm. 
long;  fruit  depressed-globose,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter:  Cerasus,  Or. 
cherry  tree,  from  the  town  Cerasus  in  Pontus,  where  the  cherry  is  native. 

Commonly  cultivated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Introduced 
from  southern  Europe,  probably  native  of  Asia  Minor.  Flowers  in  May. 
fruit   ripe  in   July. 

Prunus  pumila  Linne  1753     Sand  Cherry,  Dwarf  Plum 

A  low,  much  branched  shrub,  0.2-1.5  meters  (1-5  ft.)  high,  strict, 
branches  Avand-like;  bark  brown  or  grayish,  shiny  lenticels  numerous; 
leaves    mostly    oblanceolate    or    spatulate,    narrowed    towards   the    base, 


170  ROSE  FAMILY 

acute  (ir  acutish  at  the  apex,  toothed  or  serrate  above  the  middle,  deep 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides  when 
mature,  3-7  cm.  long,  0.6-1.8  cm.  wide;  flowers  2-5,  in  fascicles,  appearing 
with  the  leaves,  white,  0.8-1  cm.  broad,  pedicels  0.6-1.2  cm.  long;  fruit 
globose,  pendulous,  dark  red  or  nearly  black,  0.8-1.2  cm.  in  diameter, 
without  bloom,  flesh  thin,  acid  :  {)  u  m  i  1  a,  dwarfish,  in  reference  to  the 
small  size. 

In  sandv  and  rocky  soil,  common  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  rare  southward.  Distributed  from  eastern  Quebec  to  Pa.,  northern 
Ind..  \\'is.,  Minn,  and  Manitoba.  Blossoms  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  June 
and  July. 

Prunus  Besseyi  B  a  i  1  e  y  1 894 

A  low  shrub,  0.3-1.2  meters  (1-4  ft.)  high,  the  branches  dift'use  or 
spreading,  not  strict ;  bark  gray ;  leaves  elliptic,  oblong  or  oval,  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  acutish  at  the  apex,  teeth  appressed,  thick,  glabrous.  3-6 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  flowers  in  sessile  umbels,  expanding  with  the 
leaves,  0.8-1.2  cm.  broad,  fruit  on  short,  stout  pedicels,  1-1.5  cm.  in 
diameter,  black  or  sometimes  yellowish,  bitter  and  astringent :  Besseyi, 
named  for  C.  E.  Bessey. 

On  prairies,  southern  and  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed 
from  Manitoba  and  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Utah.  P'lowers  in  April-May,  fruit 
ripe  July. 

Prunus  japonica  T  h  ti  n  b  e  r  g  1784     Flowering  Almond 

A  shrub  about  1  meter  (3  ft.)  high,  branches  slender,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, young  shoots  reddish ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  towards  the 
base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  doubly  but  finely  serrate,  serrations 
gland-tipped,  glabrous  above,  a  few  scattered  hairs  along  the  veins  be- 
neath, veins  and  reticulations  prominent  on  the  lower  surface,  4-8  cm. 
long,  1.4-2.5  cm.  wide,  petiole  3-4  mm.  long,  stipules  lance-linear,  entire 
or  remote  glandular-serrate,  5-6  mm.  long ;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves  in  lateral,  few-flowered  umbels,  2-3  cm.  broad,  at  first  light,  later 
turning  a  deep  pink,  petals  very  numerous,  stamens  much  reduced  or  lack- 
ing, the  filled  flowers  usually  produce  no  fruit,  in  fertile  flowers  the  ripe 
fruit  is  globular  or  short  oblong,  about  1.2  cm.  in  diameter,  smooth  shin- 
ing and  red  :  j  a  p  o  n  i  c  a,  named  from  the  place  where  it  is  native. 

A  very  beautiful  ornamental  shrub,  flowers  in  April  or  early  May. 
It  is  reasonably  hardy  but  does  best  with  a  slight  protection  in  winter. 

Native  of  China  and  Japan. 


PRUNUS 


i/i 


IrunuSk 


Prunus  triloba  L  i  n  d  1  e  y  1857     Flowering  Plum 

An  erect  shrub,  1-3  meters  (3-9  ft.)  high,  with  spreading  or  ascending 
branches  ;  bark  brownish,  young  shoots  reddish,  puberuh)us  or  glabrous ; 
leaves  obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  3-lobed  and  abruptly  pointed  at  the 
apex,  sometimes  merely  obtuse  or  acute,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  rough 
with  a  few  bristly  hairs  and  impressed-veined  on  the  upper  surface, 
prominently  veined  and  with  scattered  hairs  beneath,  3-6  cm.  long.  2-4  cm. 
wide,  petiole  1-1.5  cm.  long,  pubescent  along  the  upper  side;  flowers  soli- 
tary, appearing  before  the  leaves,  3-4  cm.  broad,  petals  numerous,  light 
pink  ;  pistil  hairy,  the  fruit  usually  does  not  set  from  the  filled  flowers, 
from  fertile  flowers  the  fruit  is  small,  red  and  shining  when  ripe :  t  r  i  - 
1  o  b  a,  three-lobed.  in  reference  to  the  leaf. 

A  very  desirable  ornamental  bush  as  it  is  entirely  hardy  in  our  climate. 
It  is  not  quite  as  showy  as  the  preceding  species. 

Native  of  China. 


Leguminosae     Pulse  or  Pea  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  trees ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound,  with 
stipules  ;  flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous,  in  spikes, 
heads,   racemes,  or  panicles,  apopetalous,  hypogynous,  or  perigynous  and 


1/2 


PEA  FAMILY 


regular  or  irregular,  sepals  3-5,  more  or  less  united,  petals  5,  rarely  fewer, 
stamens  10,  more  or  less  united  by  their  filaments  or  distinct;  pistil  1, 
simple,  1 -many-seeded,  becoming  a  pod  or  legume  in  fruit.  The  typical 
flower  of  this  family,  e.  g.  the  pea,  has  the  sepals  united  into  an  irregular 
cup;  the  petals  are  of  three  forms,  an  upper  odd  petal  (standard),  two 
lateral,  spreading  petals,  (the  wings),  and  two  lower  ones,  the  keel,  more 
or  less  united  and  inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.  The  stamens  are 
usually  united  by  their  filaments  into  a  group  of  nine,  the  tenth  stamen 
being  free.  * 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

1.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so,  imperfect,  monoe- 

cious or  dioecious,  large  trees 

a.  Tree   without    thorns,    leaves    twice   pinnate, 

stamens  10  Gymnocladus 

b.  Tree  with  thorns,  leaves  once  and  twice  pin- 

nate, stamens  less  than  10  Gleditsia 

2.  Flowers    irregular,    papilionaceous    (sometimes 

with  only  1  petal),  perfect,  trees  or  shrubs 

a.  Flowers  numerous,  in  spikes  or  racemes,  not 

yellow 

(1)  Flowers   small,    in   dense   spikes,    1 -pet- 

ailed,  pods  less  than  2  cm.  long  Amorpha 

(2)  Flowers  large,  in  drooping  racemes,  pods 

over  2   cm.  long  Robinia 

b.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  racemes, 

yellow  Caragana 

Gymnocladus  L  a  m  a  r  c  k  1783 

(Gr.  g"  y  m  n  o  s,  naked,  c  1  a  d  o  s,  branch,  in  allusion  to  the  stout, 

naked  branches.) 

Trees  with  rough  bark  and  stout  branchlets ;  leaves  large  and  bi-pin- 
nate;  flowers  showy,  in  terminal  racemes,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  calyx 
tubular,  5-lobed,  lobes  narrow,  petals  5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  at  the  top 
of  the  calyx-tube,  stamens  10,  distinct,  short,  pistil  rudimentary  or  lack- 
ing in  the  staminate  flowers,  sessile  and  many-ovuled  in  the  pistillate  and 
polygamous  ones;  fruit  an  oblong  pod,  flat,  hard,  pulpy  inside,  seeds 
numerous. 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


GYMNOCLADUS— GLEDITSIA 


173 


Gymnocladus   dioica    (Linne)    Koch    1869     Kentucky   Coffee-tree 

Tree  attaining  a  height  of  15-30  meters  (45-90  ft.)  and  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  1.5-8  dm;  bark  gray,  deep-fissured  and  roughened  by  persistent 
scales ;  buds  small,  in  hairy  cavities,  2  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  one  above 
the  other,  the  lower  sterile ;  leaves  large,  6-9  dm.  long,  bi-pinnate,  the 
pinnae  with  7-15  leaflets  each,  leaflets  stalked,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath, 
2-10  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide;  racemes  many-flowered,  10-18  cm.  long, 
flowers  15-18  mm.  long,  calyx-tube  campanulate,  1  cm.  long;  pod  12-25 
cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  wide:  dioica,  dioecious. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  as  far  north  as  St.  Paul  and 
westward  in  the  Minnesota  River  valley  to  New  Ulm.  Common  in  the 
Mississippi  River  Valley  and  westward  along  some  of  the  tributaries. 
Distributed  from  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Kan.,  southward  be- 
tween the  mountains  to  the  middle  of  Tenn. 

The  wood  is  heavy  but  not  very  hard,  strong  and  coarse  grained  and 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.  It  is  light  brown  in  color  and  takes 
a  good  polish,  weight  48  lbs.  Frequently  planted  as  a  park  tree  but  not 
very  ornamental.     Flowers  in  June. 


Gleditsia  Linne   1753 

(Named  for  J.  G.  Gleditsch,  a  German  botanist  who  lived  at  the 
same   time   as   Linne.) 

Thorny  trees  with  evenly,  once  or  twice  pinnate  leaves ;  thorns  branched 
or  simple,  situated  above  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  often  very  large ;  flowers 
small,   greenish,   in   axillary   spikes;   calyx  short,   3-5-cleft,  petals   equal, 


1/4 


PEA    FAMILY 


(lleditsia   triacanthos 


the  two  lower  sometimes  united,  stamens  3-10,  distinct,  pistil  rudimentary 
or  none  in  the  staminate  flowers,  in  the  pistillate  ones  elongated  or  ovoid, 
ovules  2-many;  pods  flat,  nearly  straight  at  lirst,  twisted  at  maturity, 
pulpy  between  the  seeds. 


GLEDITSIA— ROBINIA  ,;5 

A  genus  of  S  si)ecies.  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  Asia;  in 
addition  to  the  foHowing  one  other  species  occurs  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the   U.  S. 


Gleditsia  triacanthos   Linne   1753     Honey  Locust 

Tree  attaining  a  height  of  15-20  meters  (45-60  ft.)  within  our  range, 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  15-40  cm.;  bark  dark  brown,  fissured;  thorns 
large  and  numerous,  simple  or  branched ;  branches  slender,  spreading  or 
somewhat  pendulous,  with  numerous  lenticels;  buds  minute,  several  to- 
gethtjr  and  superposed,  upper  ones  with  scurfy  scales,  the  others  liidden  by 
the  base  of  the  petiole;  leaves  1-2-pinnate,  10-20  cm.  long,  leaflets  short- 
stalked,  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  crenulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. 
wide;  inflorescence  5-10  cm.  long,  the  staminate  ones  more  slender  than 
the  pistillate;  calyx  obconic;  pods  15-45  cm.  long,  bent  or  twisted,  pulp 
sweetish,    edible :   triacanthos,    three-spined. 

On  the  Mississippi  River  bottom  lands  of  Houston  Countv.  Distrib- 
uted from  the  Allegheny  mountains  of  Pa.  through  southern  Ontario  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  south  to  Tex..  Ala.,  and  Miss. 

The  wood  is  red  or  light  reddish  brown  in  color,  it  is  coarse  grained, 
hard,  strong  and  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  weight  42  lbs.  It  is 
used  for  fence  posts,  rails,  for  hubs  of  wheels,  etc.  Frecjuently  planted 
as  a  park  tree. 

Robinia  Linne  1753 

(Named  for  John  and  X'espasian  Robin,  the  latter  l)ein|^"  the  first 
who  ctiltivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

Small  to  medium  sized  trees  or  shrubs,  with  rough  and  furrowed  bark 
and  spiny  stipules  or  in  the  shrubby  forms  bristly;  leaves  alternate,  com- 
pound, odd-pinnate  ;  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate,  short-stalked ;  flowers  showy, 
white  or  deep  rose  color,  in  hanging  axillary  racemes,  calyx  5-toothed,  the 
two  upper  teeth  slightly  united,  upper  petal  or  standard  rounded,  reflexed, 
wings  oblong,  curved,  blunt,  stamens  diadelphous.  pistil  stalked,  ovules 
numerous ;  fruit  a  flat,  linear  pod.  several-seeded. 

A  genus  of  6  species  natives  of  the  southern  United  States  and  Mexico. 

Key  to  the  Species 

Tree  with  glabrous  twigs,  petioles  and  pods  R.  fscud-acacia 

Shrub  with  bristly  twigs,  petioles  and  pods  K.  hispuia 


1/6 


PEA    FAMILY 


l^obIr?ia  bispida 


T\obir?id  pi^euid- acacia 


Robinia  pseud-acacia  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Common  Locust   False  Acacia 

A  tree  6-20  meters  (20-60  ft.)  high  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  20-40 
tm. ;  bark  nearly  black,,  rough  and  deeply  furrowed ;  twigs  glabrous,  with 
opines  in  pairs  (stipules)  ;  leaves  12-25cm.  long,  leaflets  11-15,  ovate  to 
oblong,  2-6  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  glabrous,  margin  entire,  petioles  short; 
racemes  slender,  9-20  cm.  long,  loose,  flowers  white,  fragrant,  about  2  cm. 
long;  pod  smooth,  6-12  cm.  long,  flat,  brown,  1.2  cm.  wide:  pscud- 
acacia,  false  acacia. 

Along  the  mountains  from  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  in  the  Ozark  mountains  of 
Mo.,  also  in  Ark.  and  Oklahoma.     Extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental 


ROBINIA— AMORPHA  x-j-j 

tree  and  becoming  more  or  less  naturalized.  Often  spreading  by  means 
of  miderground  stems  and  forming  thickets  of  small  trees.  Perfectly- 
hardy  in  Minnesota,  but  suffering  greatly  from  the  attacks  of  borers,  and 
as  a  result  short-lived. 

The  wood  is  brown  or  light  green  in  color,  close  grained,  very  hard  and 
heavy  and  is  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  and  used  to  some  extent 
as  fence  posts,  weight  about  45  lbs.     Flowers  in  late  May  or  June. 

Robinia  hispida  L  i  n  n  e  1767     Rose  Acacia    Bristly  Locust 

A  much-branched  shrub,  1-3  meters  (3-9  ft.)  high;  branches,  twigs 
and  petioles  bristly;  leaves  10-20  cm.  long,  leaflets  9-15,  ovate  or  orbicular, 
2-5  cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex  and 
mucronate-tipped,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath; 
racemes  drooping,  6-10  cm.  long,  flowers  large,  deep  rose  color  or 
purple,  not  fragrant,  2-3  cm.  long;  pod  linear,  bristly  hispid,  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  4-6  cm.  long  brown :  hispida,  prickly. 

Native  of  the  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.  Cultivated  to  some  extent 
as  an  ornamental  shrub  in  parks.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  Sept. 

Amorpha  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Gr.  a,  without,  m  o  r  p  h  e,  form,  referring  to  the  four  lost  petals) 

Branching  shrubs  with  odd-pinnate,  compound  leaves,  leaflets  marked 
with  minute  dots  or  glands;  flowers  violet  or  purple,  in  dense  terminal 
spikes;  calyx-teeth  5,  nearly  equal,  only  one  petal,  the  standard  present, 
wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style;  stamens  10,  united  at  the  base, 
pistil  2-celled;  fruit  an  oblong  pod,  exceeding  the  calyx,  1-2-seeded, 
tardily  splitting. 

A  genus  of  about   10  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Mexico. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Tall  shrub,  1-3  meters,  leaflets  2-5  cm.  long  A.  fruticosa 

2.  Low  shrubs,  3-14  dm.  high,  leaflets  6-12  mm. 

long 

a.  Densely  silky-hairy  all  over,  3-14  dm.  high       A.  canescens 

b.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout,  3  dm.  or  less      A.  nana 


PEA    FAMILY 


fl.car?e2>cen& 


Rmorpha 


fl.  fruticosa 


Amorpha  fruticosa  L  i  n  n  e  1753     False  Indigo 

Tall  shrub.  1-3  meters  (3-9  ft.)  high;  leaves  15-30  cm.  long,  leaflets 
9-25,  short-stalked,  oblong  or  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  and  mucronate  at 
the  tip,  rounded  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  1.2  cm. 
wide;  spikes  clustered.  7-15  cm.  long,  clustered  or  solitary,  flowers  very 
numerous,  purple,  7-10  mm.  long,  stamens  exserted,  with  bright  orange 
anthers;  pod  5-10  mm.  long,  with  numerous  dark  glands,  thick-stalked: 
fruticosa,  shrubby. 

Common  throughout  the  state  except  northeast.  Along  banks  of  rivers, 
streams  and  lakes.  Distributed  from  Ohio  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla., 
Colo,  and  Chihuahua.     Flowers  in  June  and  July,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 


AMORPHA— CARAGANA  179 

Amorpha  canescens   Pursli   18 14     Lead-plant  Shoe-strings 

A  bushy  shrub,  3-14  dm.  (1-4  ft.)  high,  densely  white-canesceut  all 
over;  stems  longitudinally  ridged  or  furrowed;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  leaf- 
lets 21-49,  crowded,  oblong-elliptic,  short-stalked,  rounded  at  the  base, 
obtuse  or  acutish  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  less  hairy  on  the  upper  than 
on  the  lower  side,  8-14  mm.  long,  4-9  mm.  wide;  si)ikes  densely  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  stems,  5-18  cm.  long;  Howers  deep-purple,  stamens 
orange  yellow;  pods  1-seeded,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  in  length: 
canescens,  hoary. 

Common  on  hills  and  prairies  throughout  the  state  except  northeast. 
Distributed  from  Ind.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  La.  and  Tex. 

Flowers  in  June  and  July,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Amorpha  nana  X  u  1 1  a  11  18 13      Fragrant  False  Indigo 
Amorpha  microphylla  Piirsh  1814 

A  low  bushy  shrub,  2-3  dm.  (8-13  in.)  high,  branches  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  throughout;  leaves  3-8  cm.  long,  leaflets  13-19,  oval  or  oblong, 
rounded  at  the  base,  blunt  and  mucronate  at  the  tip,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  with  glistening  glands  or  dots,  rather  ridged ;  spikes  usually  only  one 
to  a  branch  4-7  cm.  long,  flowers  fragrant,  dark  purple;  pods  1-seeded, 
gland-dotted,  about  3  mm.  long :  nana,  dwarf. 

Common  on  prairies  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  state  from 
south  to  north.  Distributed  from  Minn,  to  Manitoba  and  Kan.  Flowers 
in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July. 

Caragana  Lamarck  1783 
(Tartar  name  of  the  original  species) 

Branching  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate,  compound,  even-pin- 
nate, often  fascicled  leaves  ;  stipules  sometimes  spiny  and  persistent ;  flow- 
ers yellow  in  long-stalked,  few-flowered  racemes,  or  solitary,  clustered  at 
the  base  of  the  young  twigs  or  at  the  nodes  of  older  twigs ;  calyx  tubular, 
the  two  upper  sepals  smaller,  standard  with  reflexed  sides  and  long- 
clawed,  wings  oblique,  elongated,  keel  short,  blunt,  pistil  nearly  sessile, 
ovules  many,  style  straight  or  slightly  bent;  fruit  a  sessile,  linear,  at 
length  cylindrical  pod,  about  4-5  cm.  long,  pointed,  seeds  oblong  or  nearly 
spherical. 

A  genus  of  20  species,  distributed  from  southern   Russia  to  China. 


i8o 


PEA    FAMILY 
Key  to  the  Species 


1.  Small  tree,  leaflets  8-18 

2.  Shrub,  leaflets  4,  almost  palmate 


C.  arborescens 
C.  digitata 


6iTaTa 


Caragana  arborescens  Lamarck  1783     Siberian  Pea  Tree 

Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-6m.  (6-18  ft.)  high;  bark  gray;  leaves  5-10  cm. 
long  with  8-12  leaflets,  obovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  mucronate 
at  the  tip,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath  or  at  length  glabrous,  1-3  cm.  long, 
5-10  cm.  wide;  flowers  2-4,  pale  or  bright  yellow,  1.5  cm.  long,  pedicels 
usually  longer  than  the  flower ;  fruit  a  linear  pod :  arborescens,  tree- 
like. 

Native  of  Siberia  and  Manchuria.  Frequently  cultivated  in  Minn, 
and  perfectly  hardy.     Flowers  in  May. 

Several  varieties,  of  which  variety  p  e  n  d  u  1  a,  with  pendulous  branch- 
es, is  the  most  remarkable. 


CARAGANA— PHILADELPHUS  i8i 

Caragana  digitata  Lamarck  1783 

A  shrub  2-3.5  mm.  high;  leaves  with  4  leaflets  which  are  nearly 
digitately  arranged,  cuneate,  obovate  or  oblong,  rounded  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  glabrous,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long, 
yellow :  digitata,  like  the  fingers  of  the  hand. 

Distributed  from  southern  Russia  to  China. 

Var.  grandiflora,  with  large  flowers  and  usually  large  and  broad 
leaflets. 

Saxifragaceae     Saxifrage  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  sometimes  trees;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite 
or  whorled  or  basal ;  flowers  mostly  perfect  and  regular,  sometimes  poly- 
gamo-dioecious,  racemose,  cymose,  or  paniculate  or  sometimes  solitary,  calyx 
mostly  5-lobed,  sometimes  4-12  lobed,  united  below  and  adnate  to  the 
concave  or  cup-shaped  axis,  petals  mostly  5,  sometimes  4  or  all  are  lack- 
ing, perigynous  or  epigynous,  stamens  mostly  5  or  10,  or  sometimes  nu- 
merous, disk  usually  present;  carpels  mostly  2,  or  1 -several,  united, 
(sometimes  only  towards  the  base),  styles  as  many  as  carpels  or  united  into 
one ;  fruit  a  capsule  or  a  berry,  seeds  small  and  numerous. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

1.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  not  lobed,  stamens 

more  than  5 

a.  Stamens   more   than    10,    flowers   white   and 

showy,  leaves  opposite  Philadelphus 

b.  Stamens    3-10,   flowers   greenish,    outer   ones 

often  sterile,  leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3         Hydrangea 

2.  Leaves  alternate,  lobed,  stamens  4-5  Ribes  ' 

Philadelphus  Linne  1753     Syringa    Mock  Orange 
(Gr.   P  h  i  1  a  d  e  1  p  h  o  n,  a  sweet  flowering  shrub) 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  toothed  or  entire  leaves;  flowers  large 
white  or  cream  colored,  terminal  or  axillary,  in  cymes,  racemes  or  solitary, 
calyx  top-shaped,  sepals  4-5,  persistent,  petals  4-5,  rounded  or  obovate, 
stamens  20-40,  styles  free  united  below,  ovary  3-5-celled ;  fruit  a  3-5-celled 
capsule,  seeds  numerous. 

A  genus  of  about  1 5  species,  natives  of  North  America,  Asia  and  Cen- 
tral Europe.  In  addition  to  the  following  6  other  species  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 


P.  6f*ar?ditlora5 


Philadelpbub 


Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Flowers  solitary  or  few,  not  odorous,  leaves  8- 

12  cm.  long  P.  grandiflorus 

2.  Flowers   racemose,   odorous,    leaves    12-20   cm. 

long  P.  coronarius 


Philadelphus    grandiflorus    W  i  1  1  d  e  n  o  w    1809      Large-flowered 

Syringa 

A  shrub  2-3  m.  (6-9  ft.)  high,  with  reddish  twigs,  bark  on  the  older 
branches  grayish,  buds  covered  by  the  base  of  the  petioles;  leaves  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
3  nerved,  teeth  or  serrations  distant,  small,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  6-10  cm. 
long,  3-6  cm.  broad,  petiole  less  than  1  cm.  long;  flowers  1-3  borne  at  the 


PHILADELPHUS— HYDRANGEA 


183 


ends  of  branches  or  axillary,  white  and  scentless,  3-5  cm.  broad,  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long,  petals  ovate  1.5-2  cm.  long;  fruit  a 
top-shaped  capsule,  9-12  mm.  long :  grandiflorus,  large-flowered. 

Distributed   from  Va.  to  Tenn.   and  Fla. 

Grown  in  parks  and  yards  as  an  ornamental  shrub  and  entirely  hardy. 
Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Philadelphus    coronarius    L  i  n  n  e    1753      Mock    Orange    Garden 

Syringa 

A  shrub  2-3  meters  (6-9  ft.)  high,  with  smooth  grayish  bark,  young 
twigs  reddish,  glabrous;  leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  rounded  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  margin  with  sharp  and  distant  teeth,  mostly  5- 
veined,  glabrous  above,  mostly  pubescent  below,  4-7  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide, 
short  petioled ;  flowers  in  racemes  at  the  ends  of  branches,  cream-colored, 
3-4  cm.  broad,  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  petals  ovate,  12-16 
mm.  long;  fruit  a  top-shaped  capsule,  7-10  mm.  long;  coronarius, 
crown-like. 

Frequently  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub,  and  quite  hardy,  escaped 
from  gardens  in  Va.  to  111.  Native  of  central  Europe.  Blossoms  in  June, 
fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Hydrangea  L  i  n  n  e  1753 

(Gr.  h  y  d  r  o,  water,  a  n  g  e  i  o  n,  vessel,  referring-  to  the  shape  of 

the  fruit) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  or  whorled,  simple  leaves ;  flowers  white  or  tinged 
with  pink,  in  terminal,  compound  cymes,  the  marginal  ones  usually  sterile 
and  consisting  of  a  large,  membranous,  flat,  colored  calyx,  fertile  flowers 
small,  caly^x-tube  hemispherical,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  5-lobed,  petals  4-5, 
ovate,  stamens  8-10,  ovary  2-4  celled,  styles  2-4,  distinct;  fruit  a  many- 
ribbed,  many-seeded  capsule,  opening  between  the  styles. 

A  genus  of  about  35  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America,  east- 
ern Asia  and  the  Himalayas,  and  South  America.  Three  species  occur  in 
the  southeastern  states. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves   ovate,   mostly  cordate   at    base,   flower 

cluster  nearly  flat-topped  H.  arboresccns 

2.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  flower  cluster  pyrami- 

dal, large  ^-  paniculata 


i84 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 


H.a.rhoteseens 


HydrdnSee 


H-panlculata 


Hydrangea  arborescens    Linne    1753     Wild   Hydrangea 

A  shrub  1-3  m.  high  (in  our  climate  only  about  5-9  dm.,  dying  back 
in  winter  to  within  2-3  dm.  of  the  ground),  young  twigs  pubescent;  leaves 
ovate,  cordate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  serrate,  scattered  rough  hairs 
on  upper  surface,  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  thin  and  with  promi- 
nent veins  beneath,  6-9  cm.  long,  4.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-2  cm.  long; 
cyme  compound,  flattened,  5-10  cm.  broad,  sterile  marginal  flowers  few 
or  quite  nimierous  (in  the  cultivated  forms  often  constituting  the  entire 
flower  cluster) ,  white  and  showy ;  fruit  a  two-beaked  capsule :  arbores- 
cens, tree-like. 

Common  on  rocky  banks  and  river  banks,  from  southern  N.  Y.  and 
N.  J.,  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Iowa  and  Mo.  Not  native  of  Minn. 
The  following  variety  is  frequently  cultivated  within  the  state. 

Va:r.  s  t  e  r  i  1  i  s  Torrey  and  Gray. 

This  variety  has  almost  all  the  flowers  sterile.  It  is  sometimes  called 
"Hills  of  Snow." 


HYDRANGEA— RIBES  185 

Hydrangea  paniculata  Siebold  &  Zuccarini   1835-44 

Hydrangea 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  1-9  m.  high;  leaves  opposite  or  mostly  in  whorls 
of  3,  elliptic  or  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serrate, 
pubescent  with  stiff,  scattered  hairs  above,  more  densely  and  finely 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-12  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  less 
than  1  cm.  long;  cymes  terminal,  9-30  cm.  long,  flowers  whitish,  the 
sterile  ones  later  changing  to  purplish,  styles  3,  fruit  a  3-beaked  capsule, 
about  4  mm.  long :  paniculata,  in  a  panicle. 

Native  of  Japan. 

The  following  variety  is  perfectly ,  hardy  and  is  the  one  commonly 
grown  in  Minnesota. 

Var.  grandiflora  of  gardeners. 

Almost  all  the  flowers  are  sterile.  The  panicles  are  very  large  and 
showy.     Blossoms  in  August  and  September. 

Ribes  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Ribes,  the  Arabic  name) 

Low  shrubs,  often  with  spines  or  prickles;  leaves  alternate,  palmately- 
lobed,  often  fascicled ;  flowers  small,  white,  yellowish-green,  yellow  or 
purplish,  borne  with  the  leaves  or  from  separate  lateral  buds,  calyx  5- 
lobed,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  petals  5,  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
the  calyx,  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  ovary  1 -celled,  with  2 
styles ;  fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  mostly  edible. 

A  genus  of  about  60  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and 
the  Andes  of  South  America.  In  addition  to  the  following  about  40  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.     Stems  with  spines  or  prickles  or  both 
a.     Flowers  1-4,  rarely  5   (Gooseberries) 

( 1 )  Cultivated     shrub,     sometimes     escaped 

from  gardens,  spines  stout,  usually  in 

3'g  R.   Grossularia 

(2)  Native  shrubs,  spines  mostly  slender 

(a)  Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  ber- 

ries mostly  bristly  R-  Cynoshati 

(b)  Calyx-lobes  as  long  or  longer  than  the 

tube,  berries  smooth 


186 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 


X.     Calyx  9-12  mm.  long,  stamens  long- 

exserted 
y.     Calyx  5-7  mm.  long,  stamens  not  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx 
b.     Flowers  in  elongated  racemes,  mostly  numer- 
ous, stems  densely  prickly 
Stems  smooth,  without  spines  or  prickles,  flow- 
ers in  racemes  (Currants) 

a.  Calyx  flat  or  saucer-shaped 

( 1 )  Ovary  and  berries  glandular  bristly 

(2)  Ovary  and  berries  smooth 

X.     Calyx  purplish,  shrubs  decumbent 
y.     Calyx  greenish-yellow,  shrubs  erect,  cul- 
tivated 

b.  Calyx  campanulate  to  long-tubular 

( 1 )  Racemes  erect  or  ascending,  calyx  white 

(2)  Racemes  drooping 

X.     Calyx  greenish  white 
y.     Calyx  bright  yellow 


R. 


R. 


R. 


R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 
R. 


gracile 

oxyacanthoides 

lacustre 

prostratum 

triste 

vulgare 

hudsonianiivi 

floridtim 
aureum 


Ribes    Grossularia    L  i  n  n  e    1753     European    Gooseberry 

Ribes  uva-crispa  Linne  1753 

Cultivated  shrub  0.5-1  m.  high;  spines  stout,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  usually 
together  in  3's;  leaves  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  widening  upwards, 
rather  short  petioled,  3-5  lobed,  pubescent  at  least  when  young,  Idbes 
obtuse  or  crenate-dentate,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide;  petiole  1-3  cm. 
long ;  peduncles  very  short,  1  or  rarely  2  flowered ;  flowers  green,  about 
6  mm.  long,  calyx  hirsute,  sepals  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long,  fruit  globose- 
ovoid,  smooth,  1-2  cm.  long ;  grossularia,  like  a  small  unripe  fig. 

The  ordinary  garden  gooseberry,  sometimes  escaped  from  cultivation, 
locally  established  in  Quebec,  New  England  and  the  Middle  States.  In- 
troduced from  Europe. 


Ribes  cynosbati  Linne  1753     Prickly  Gooseberry    Dogberry 

Low  spiny  shrub;  spines  slender,  5-10  mm.  long;  prickles  of  the 
branches  few  or  weak  or  none;  leaves  round-ovate,  3-5  lobed,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  soft-pubescent,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide, 
jietiole  1-2  cm.  long,  pubescent;  racemes  loose,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  few-flow- 
ered, flowers  7-10  mm.  long;  stamens  and  united  styles  not  longer  than 


"R.  Cvnosbafi 


i88  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

the  bell-shaped  calyx;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  yellowish-white;  berries 
large,  with  long  prickles,  or  sometimes  smooth  :  c  y  n  o  s  b  a  t  i,  resembling 
the  wild-briar. 

Rocky  woods,  throughout  the  wooded  part  of  the  state.  Distributed 
from  western  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C,  west  to  Manitoba  and  Mo. 

Distributed  from  western  Me.  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C,  west  to 
Manitoba  and  Mo. 

Fruit  edible  but  not  much  used  on  account  of  the  sharp  prickles. 
Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July. 

Ribes    gracile   M  i  c  h  a  u  x    1803     Missouri   Gooseberry 
Ribes  missouriensis  Nuttall  1814 

A  bushy,  much  branched  shrub  1-2  m.  high,  spines  mostly  solitary, 
7-17  mm.  long,  reddish,  bark  grayish,  peeling  off;  leaves  slender-petioled 
round  or  broader  than  long,  3-5  lobed,  lobes  blunt  and  dentate,  pubescent 
when  young,  2-3.5  cm.  broad;  racemes  several-flowered,  pedicels  of  the 
flowers  very  slender,  8-12  mm.  long,  flowers  white  or  whitish,  drooping, 
12-18  mm.  long,  calyx  tube  narrow,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  lobes  5-6  mm. 
long,  petals  2  mm.  long,  stamens  with  slender  filaments  10-15  mm.  long, 
projecting  beyond  the  sepals;  berry  reddish-purple,  10-12  mm.  long: 
gracile,  slender. 

Common  on  river  bottoms  and  in  rocky  soil  throughout  the  state. 
Distributed  from  Ct.  to  S.  D.  and  southward.  Blossoms  in  May,  fruit 
ripe  in  July  and  August. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Smooth  Gooseberry  Northern 

Gooseberry 

Branching  shrub,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  bark  grayish  to  dark,  spines  generally 
solitary,  5-10  mm.  long,  light-colored,  sometimes  with  scattered  prickles; 
leaves  round,  3-5  lobed,  truncate  to  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  thin  but  leath- 
ery, thinly  pubescent  along  the  margins  and  on  the  veins  beneath.  1.5-3  cm. 
wide,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  petioles  pubescent,  1-2  cm.  long,  often  with  naked 
glands  among  the  hairs  ;  racemes  1-3  flowered,  their  peduncles  about  12  mm. 
long,  flowers  short  pediceled,  greenish-yellow  to  dull  purple,  6-8  mm. 
long,  stamens  about  the  same  length  as  the  oblong  calyx  lobes,  calyx 
lobes  3  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  erectly  spreading ;  berry 
glabrous,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish-purple  when  ripe;  oxyacan- 
thoides, with  sharp  spines. 

In  moist  woods  and  low  grounds,  common  throughout  the  northern 
half  of   the  state,   rare   as  far  south  as   Minneapolis.      Distributed   from 


"R.fnsfe 


n.bud5ornar?ij»m 


190  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

Newfoundland  to  Pa.,  west  to  N.  D.  and  Manitoba.     Blossoms  in  June, 
fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Persoon)  Poiret  1811       Swamp  Gooseberry 

Low  shrub,  4-6  dm.  high,  young  stems  and  branches  covered  with 
bristly  prickles  and  weak  slender  spines;  leaves  heart-shaped,  deeply  3-5 
lobed  or  parted,  3-6  cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm.  wide,  pubescent  along  the  veins 
beneath  and  on  the  petioles ;  racemes  loosely  spreading  or  drooping  gland- 
ular-bristly, 2-5  cm.  long,  pedicels  about  4  mm.  long,  flowers  greenish, 
about  4  mm.  long,  calyx-tube  very  short  and  broad,  stamens  and  styles 
not  longer  than  the  petals;  fruit  bristly,  purplish-black,  4  mm.  long: 
lacustre,  of  the  lake  shore. 

In  cool  woods  and  swamps  in  the  northern  and  northeastern  part  of 
the  state.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  to  Vancouver  island,  south 
to  northern  New  England,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Colorado  and  northern 
California,  in  the  mountains  to  Pennsylvaia. 

Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Ribes  prostratum  L"H  e  r  i  t  i  e  r  1784     Fetid  Currant 

Low  shrub  with  reclined  or  decumbent  branches,  Avithout  prickles  or 
thorns,  bark  grayish  or  brown;  leaves  deeply  heart-shaped,  5-7  lobed,  the 
lobes  ovate-acute,  doubly  serrate,  smooth,  2.5-7.5  cm.  wide,  petioles 
slender,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  glabrous;  racemes  erect,  appearing  from  the 
same  buds  as  the  leaves,  flowers  about  5  mm.  broad,  pedicels  glandular, 
4-5  mm.  long,  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  sepals  spreading,  about  2  mm. 
long,  petals  minute,  purplish,  stamens  short ;  fruit  red,  glandular-bristly, 
about  4  mm.  in  diameter :  prostratum,  prostrate. 

Common  in  damp  woods,  northern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from 
Labrador  to  Athabasca  south  to  northern  New  England,  Mich.,  Minn., 
and  along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina.  Blossoms  in  May  and  June, 
fruits  in  August. 

Ribes   triste   Pallas   1797     Swamp   Red    Currant 
Ribes  rubrum  Linne   1753 

Low  straggling  or  reclining  shrub,  2-5  dm.  high,  the  branches  often 
rooting  freely,  the  bark  of  last  year's  shoots  brownish,  often  peeling  off 
in  strips;  leaves  somewhat  cordate  when  mature,  the  lobes  mostly  broadly 


RIBES 


191 


deltoid,  white-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  5-10  cm.  wide,  petioles  2-5 
cm.  long;  racemes  drooping,  3.5-9  cm.  long,  borne  on  the  old  wood,  mostly 
below  fascicles  of  leaves,  pedicels  mostly  glandular,  flowers  5-6  mm.  broad, 
calyx  mostly  purplish,  its  lobes  broadly  triangular,  about  as  broad  as.  long, 
petals  broadly  wedge-shaped,  disk  conspicuous;  fruits  small  and  hard, 
4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  dark  red :  t  r  i  s  t  e,  dark. 

In  cool  woods  and  swamps,  from  Minneapolis  northward  and  north- 
eastward. Distributed  from  Newfoundland,  to  x\laska,  south  to  Me.,  Vt., 
Mich,  and  Minn.     Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  the  common  red  currant  of  the 
garden. 

Ribes  vulgare  Lamarck  1786    Red  Currant 
Ribes  rubrum  Linne  1753 

Cultivated  shrub,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  unarmed,  bark  gray  or  brownish; 
leaves  mostly  cordate,  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  or  glabrate,  broadened 
upward,  3-5  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  short-ovate  and  coarsely  dentate,  3.5- 
6.5  cm.  wide,  3-6  cm.  long,  petioles  2-5  cm.  long,  pubescent;  racemes  3-7 
cm.  long,  mostly  drooping,  borne  among  the  leafy  shoots,  pedicels  mostly 
glandular,  flowers  flat,  6-9  mm.  broad,  calyx  yellowish-green,  the  lobes 
oval  and  narrowed  below  the  middle,  1-2  mm.  long,  petals  narrowly 
wedge-shaped,  style  cleft  partly  down ;  fruit  a  red  juicy  berry :  vulgare, 
common. 

The  common  cultivated  currant,  sometimes  escaping  from  cultivation. 
Native  of  Europe  and  naturalised  from  thence.  Blossoms  in  May  and 
June,  fruit  ripe  in  July. 

Ribes  hudsonianum  Richardson  1823     Northern  Black  Currant 

Shrub  with  erect,  unarmed  branches,  bark  grayish,  peeling  off  in  thin 
layers;  leaves  broader  than  long,  3-5  lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse  or  acute,  more 
or  less  pubescent  and  resinous  dotted  beneath,  2.5-10  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-7 
cm.  long;  racemes  short,  upright  or  spreading,  from  the  same  buds  as  the 
leaves,  3-10  cm.  long,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter,  flowers  numerous,  white, 
5-6  mm.  long,  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  its  lobes  2  mm.  long,  tube  less 
than  2  mm.  long,  stamens  short,  not  exserted ;  fruit  smooth  and  black,  4-6 
mm.  in  diameter :  hudsonianum,  found  about  Hudson's  Bay. 

In  swamps,  northern  and  northeastern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed 
from  Hudson's  Bay  westward  and  northward.  Blossoms  in  June,  fruit 
ripe  in  August. 


19^ 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 
Ribes  floridum   L'H  e  r  i  t  i  e  r   1784     Wild   Black  Currant 


Shrub  with  erect,  unarmed  branches,  bark  gray  or  grayish ;  leaves  some- 
what heart-shaped,  3-5  lobed,  the  lobes  acutish,  doubly  serrate,  glabrous 
above,  somewhat  pubescent  below,  2.5-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  2-4  cm.  long; 
racemes  appearing  from  the  same  buds  as  the  leaves,  pubescent,  3-8  cm. 
long,  the  elongated  bracts  persistent,  flowers  yellow  and  whitish,  calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  8-10  mm.  long,  smooth,  sepals  spreading,  longer  than 
the  petals ;  fruit  black,  smooth,  6  mm.  in  diameter :  floridum,  flowery. 


I^.aureurr? 


Tlibe^s  lacufifre 


In  rich  woods,  thickets  and  banks,  throughout  the  wooded  part  of  the 
state.  Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  Va., 
Ky.,  la.  and  Neb.     Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 


Ribes  aureum  Piirsh  1814     Golden  Currant    Buffalo  Currant 

Tall  unarmed  shrub,  1-2  m.  high;  bark  gray  or  brown,  peeling  off  on 
the  old  branches;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
3-5  lobed,  pubescent  and  ciliate  or  at   length  glabrous,  thick,   convolute 


HAMAMELIS  193 

in  buds,  2-5  cm.  long,  petioles  1-3  cm.  long,  puberulent ;  racemes  3-5  cm. 
long,  leafy-bracted,  few-flowered,  flowers  golden  yellow,  spicy  scented,  12- 
24  mm.  long,  calyx-tube  cylindric,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  spreading  or 
reflexed  lobes,  petals  pink,  erect,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  stamens  short,  slightly 
exserted ;  berries  black  or  yellow  :  a  u  r  e  u  m,  golden. 

Along  banks  of  streams,  probably  native  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  state.  Extensively  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub  and  occasionally 
escaped.  Distributed  from  Minn.  (  ?)  through  Mo.  and  Ark.  westward 
to  Saskatchewan,  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon.  Blossoms  in  May, 
fruit  ripe  in  July  and  August. 

Hamamelidaceae     Witch-Hazel   Family 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules, 
flowers  in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious,  calyx  adher- 
ing to  the  base  of  the  pistil,  4-5  parted  or  lobed,  petals  4-many  or  none, 
long  and  narrow,  stamens  4-many,  distinct,  pistil  compound,  carpels  2, 
united  at  base;  fruit  a  two-beaked,  two-celled,  woody  capsule,  opening  at 
the  summit,  with  1 -several  bony  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Hamamelis  L  i  n  n  e  1753      Witch-Hazel 
(Greek  name  for  some  tree) 

Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate,  toothed,  straight-veined 
leaves ;  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  bright  yellow,  surrounded  by 
a  scale-like  3-leaved  involucre,  appearing  in  late  summer  or  autumn,  calyx 
4-parted,  persistent,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  petals  4,  narrow, 
strap  shaped,  stamens  8,  short,  the  4  opposite  the  petals  imperfect  and 
scale  like,  pistil  2-celled,  styles  2,  short;  fruit  a  woody  capsule,  opening 
by  two  valves  at  the  top. 

A  genus  of  3  species,  one  native  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others 
of  Japan. 

Hamamelis  virginiana    L  i  n  n  e    1753   Witch-Hazel 

A  branching  shrub  2-4  meters  (6-12  feet)  high,  twigs  with  slightly 
scurfy  or  smooth  bark ;  leaves  short  petioled,  obovate  or  oval,  wavy  toothed 
and  stellate  pubescent  at  least  when  young,  6-15  cm.  long,  4-10  cm.  wide; 
flowers  appear  in  autumn  when  the  leaves  are  falling  and  while  previous 
fruit  remains  ;  seeds  mature  the  summer  after  the  flowering  :  v  i  r  g  i  n  i  - 
a  n  a,  Virginian. 


194 


WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY 


In  damp  woods  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  the  state.  Dis- 
tributed from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west  to  eastern  Minn,  and  Texas. 
Blossoms  in  September  and  October,  fruits  the  following  summer. 

Wood  is  hard,  light  brown  and  streaked  with  red,  weighs  43  lbs. 
The  bark  is  astringent  and  is  used  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts  and 
decoctions,  but  is  not  known  to  have  any  essential  properties. 


Celastrales    Bittersweet  Order 
Celastraceae    Bittersweet  Family 

Shrubs    or   twining   woody    vines    with   simple    alternate    or    opposite 
leaves;  flowers  small,  regular,  in  cymes  or  racemes,  sepals  4-5,  more  or 


EUONYMUS— CELASTRUS  195 

less  united,  petals  4-5,  stamens  4-5  alternate  with  the  petals,  borne  on 
a  fleshy  disk  which  fills  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  ovary  3-5  celled;  fruit 
fleshy,  dehiscent,  seeds  arilled,  remaining  on  till  late  in  the  winter. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENEUA 

1.  Shrub  with   opposite   leaves,   flowers   in  cymes, 

fruit  lobed  Euonymus 

2.  Twining    vine,     leaves    alternate,     flowers    in 

racemes  Celastrus 

Euonymus  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Gr.  e  u,  good,  o  n  o  m  a,  name,  of  doubtful  application) 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  petioled,  serrate  leaves;  branchlets  four- 
sided  ;  cjones  axillary,  several-flowered,  4-6  cm.  long,  borne  on  the  season's 
growth,  flowers  flat,  7-10  mm.  wide,  sepals  4-5,  united  at  the  base,  petals 
4-5,  rounded,  spreading,  about  3  mm.  long,  stamens  4-5,  usually  borne  on 
the  top  of  a  flat  disk  which  adheres  to  the  calyx,  ovary  3-5  celled;  fruit 
3-5  lobed,  loculicidal,  seeds  1-3  in  each  cell. 

A  genus  of  65  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  besides  the  follow- 
ing, two  occur  in  Eastern  North  America  and  two  in  California. 

Euonymus  atropurpureus  J  a  c  q  u  i  n  1772    Burning  Bush,   Wahoo 

A  shrub,  sometimes  tree-like,  3-4  m.  high,  bark  greenish-gray ;  leaves 
oval,  oblong,  tapering  at  the  base,  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  ser- 
rate, glabrous  above,  puberulent  beneath,  5-14  cm.  long,  2.5-5.5  cm.  wide, 
petioles  1-1.5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  cymes,  purplish,  inconspicuous;  fruit 
3-5  lobed,  pinkish,  dehiscent,  seeds  with  crimson  aril:  atropurpure- 
u  s,  deep  purple. 

Common  throughout  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  reported  as 
far  north  as  Clay  county  in  the  Red  River  Valley.  Distributed  from  New 
York  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  southward  and  westward.  Frequently 
planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub  on  account  of  the  brilliant  scarlet  fruits 
which  remain  on  the  tree  for  several  months  during  the  fall  and  winter. 

Celastrus   L  i  n  n  e    1753 
(Greek  name  of  some  evergreen) 

Shrubs,  mostly  climbing ;  leaves  alternate,  thin,  deciduous ;  flowers  in 
terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  or  paniculate,  inconspicuous,  dioecious  or 
polygamo-dioecious,  calyx  5-lobed,  petals  5,  inserted  below  or  along  the 


196 


BITTERSWEET  FAMILY 


£.uor?yr?7usj  afropurpureus  CelaSiTrufi    ^carrdens* 

margin  of  the  disk,  stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  5,  in  the  sinuses  of 
the  disk,  ovary  2-4  lobed  and  2-4  celled,  two  ovules  in  each  cell;  capsule 
2-4  celled,  dehiscejit  into  as  many  valves,  1-2  seeds  in  each  cell,  each  with 
a  scarlet  aril. 

A  genus  of  about  30  species,  one  of  which  occurs  in  North  America, 
the  others  are  found  in  Asia,  Australia  and  Madagascar. 


Celastrus  scandens  L  i  n  n  e  1753  Shrubby  or  Climbing  Bittersweet 

A  twining  woody  vine  climbing  up  trees  to  a  height  of  8-10  m.,  some- 
times trailing  on  the  ground,  bark  gray  or  brownish,  smooth;  leaves  alter- 
nate, appearing  2-ranked  by  the  twisting  of  the  stem,  ovate  to  obovate,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
crenulate-serrate,  thin,   glabrous  on  both  sides,   5-10  cm.   long,  3-5   cm. 


RHAMNUS  197 

wide,  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles,  yel- 
lowish-green, 8-9  mm.  broad,  sepals  short,  triangular,  petals  3-4  mm.  long, 
crenulate ;  fruit  a  yellow,  globular  capsule,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  seeds 
with  scarlet  aril :  scandens,  climbing. 

In  woods,  common  throughout  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  less  fre- 
quent northward.  Distributed  from  Quebec  to  North  Carolina,  especial- 
ly along  the  mountains,  west  to  Manitoba,  Kan.,  Okla.  and  New  Mexico. 
Often  planted  as  a  climber  on  trellises,  porches,  etc.  Sometimes  it  is 
troublesome  among  young  trees  as  it  encircles  and  strangles  them.  Blos- 
soms in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  September  and  persisting  through  the  winter. 

Rhamnaceae     Buckthorn  Family 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  thorny;  leaves  mostly 
alternate,  simple,  stipulate,  often  prominently  3-5  nerved;  flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or  racemes,  small  and  regular,  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous, calyx-tube  obconic  or  cylindric,  sepals  4  or  5,  small,  petals  4-5, 
inserted  on  the  calyx-tube  or  lacking,  stamens  4-5,  in  front  of  the 
petals,  disk  fleshy;  ovary  free  from  or  immersed  in  the  disk,  3-5  (mostly 
3)  celled,  one  ovule  in  each  cell;  fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule,  mostly  3- 
celled,   seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA 

1.  Calyx  and  disk  free   from  the  ovary,   fruit  a 

drupe  Rhamnus 

2.  Calyx  and  disk  adherent  to  base  of  ovary,  fruit 

a  dry  capsule  Ceanothus 

Rhamnus  Linne  1753     Buckthorn 
(Gr.  r  h  a  m  n  o  s,   buckthorn) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  simple, 
pinnately-veined  leaves;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  panicles  or  cymes, 
perfect  or  polygamous,  greenish,  calyx-tube  campanulate,  lined  with  a 
disk,  4-5  toothed,  petals  4-5,  small,  short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end  and 
hooded  or  globose,  sometimes  lacking,  disk  free  from  the  ovary,  stamens 
4-5,  in  front  of  the  petals,  short,  ovary  3-4  celled,  style  3-4  cleft;  fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe,  oblong  or  globose,  containing  3-4  nutlet-like  seeds. 

A  genus  of  about  75  species,  native  of  temperate  and  warm  regions. 
Five  of  these  occur  in  eastern  and  six  in  the  western  parts  of  North 
America. 


198 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY 
Key  to  the  Species 


1.  Flower  parts  in  4's,  petals  present,  large  shrub 

or  tree 

2.  Flower  parts  in  5's,  petals  lacking,  low  shrub 


R.  cathartic  a 
R.  a! ni folia 


Rhamnus  cathartica  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Buckthorn 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  2-6  m.  high;  bark  brown,  twigs  often  ending 
in  stout  thorns;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  ovate  or  elliptic, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mi- 
nutely serrate,  glabrous,  3-6  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-2  cm. 
long ;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  dioecious,  greenish,  about 
4  mm.  broad,  sepals  4,  spreading  or  reflex,  lanceolate,  2  mm.  long,  petals 
4,  minute,  erect,  about  the  same  length  as  the  stamens,  pedicels  5-8  mm. 
long,  slender;  fruit  a  globose  drupe  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  with  3-4 
grooved  nutlets :  cathartica,  purgative. 


"Rhai^nus  calharTica 


Frequently  planted  for  hedges.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  native 
of  that  continent  and  Asia.  Flowers  in  May  and  June,  fruits  ripe  in 
August  and  September.  The  leaves  remain  green  and  are  retained  on 
the  shrubs  until  very  late  in  the  autumn. 


RHAMNUS— CEANOTHUS  199 

Rhamnus  alnifolia   L'H  e  r  i  t  i  e  r   1788     Dwarf  Alder 

A  small  shrub  3-6  dm.  high,  thornless ;  bark  gray  or  dark  on  the  old 
branches,  young  twigs  puberulent ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  to  elliptic, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  crenate-ser- 
rate,  glabrous  above,  puberulent  along  the  veins  beneath,  4-10  cm.  long,  2- 
5  cm.  wide,  veins  nearly  straight,  in  4-6  pairs,  petioles  4-10  mm.  long; 
flowers  1-3  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  appearing  with  them,  green, 
small,  2-3  mm.  broad,  mostly  dioecious,  sepals  5,  about  1  mm.  long,  petals 
lacking,  pedicels  slender,  4-5  mm.  long,  fruit  a  black  ovoid  or  globose 
drupe,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  nutlets  3  :  alnifolia,  leaves  as  in 
Alnus,  the  alder. 

Mostly  in  tamarack  swamps  throughout  the  northern  half  of  the 
state  and  as  far  south  as  Minneapolis.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland 
to  British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pa.,  111.,  Neb.,  Wyo.,  etc. 
Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  July  and  August. 

Ceanothus  Linne  1753 
(Ancient   Greek   name   for   some   plant) 

Low  bushes  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  petioled  leaves ;  flowers 
white,  blue  or  yellow,  in  small  umbel-like  clusters  forming  dense  panicles 
or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower  branches,  calyx-tube  top- 
shaped,  sepals  5,  incurved,  petals  5,  hooded,  spreading  with  slender  claw, 
longer  than  the  calyx  lobes,  attached  under  the  disk,  stamens  5,  filaments 
elongated,  ovary  sunk  in  the  disk,  3-celled,  styles  3,  short ;  fruit  a  dry 
capsule,  3-lobed,  splitting  lengthwise  at  maturity  into  3  nutlets. 

A  genus  of  35  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Mexico,  only 
the  two  following  within  our  range. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pubescent  C.  aincricanus 

2.  Leaves   oblong  or  narrowly   oval,    or   elliptic- 

lanceolate,  nearly  smooth  C.  ovafiis 

Ceanothus  americanus  Linne  1753     New  Jersey  Tea 

Branching  shrub,  3-9  dm.  high,  several  branches  from  a  deep  reddish 
root,  lower  branches  dark  brown,  upper  ones  densely  puberulent  or  rusty- 
colored  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate,  pubescent  on  both  sides  especially  along 


200 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY 


Cear7othu5i 


C.ar7?ericar?uSi 


the  veins,  with  three  principal  nerves,  3-10  cm.  long,  2.5-5.5  cm.  broad, 
petioles  6-12  mm.  long;  peduncles  several,  axillary  and  terminal,  naked 
or  with  one  or  two  leaves  just  below  the  flowers,  10-15  cm.  long;  flowers 
very  numerous,  white,  small,  about  2  mm.  broad,  pedicels  7-8  mm.  long, 
petals  long  and  narrow  clawed ;  fruit  globose,  depressed,  faintly  3-lobed, 
splitting  into  3  valves  :  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  u  s,  American. 


CEANOTHUS  2or 

Common  throughout  the  state,  except  far  northward.  Distributed 
from  central  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
The  leaves  were  used  for  tea  during  the  American  revolution.  This  small 
shrub  has  a  thick,  gnarled  root,  often  15-20  cm.  in  diameter.  Flowers  in 
July,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Ceanothus  ovatus  Desfontaines    1809     Smaller  Red-root 

A  shrub  3-6  dm.  high,  much  branched,  nearly  glabrous  throughout ; 
leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  glandular-serrate,  glabrous 
or  slightly  pubescent  along  the  principal  veins,  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm. 
wide,  petioles  about  5  mm.  long ;  peduncles  short,  nearly  always  terminal ; 
flowers  in  dense,  umbel-like  clusters,  white,  about  5  mm.  broad,  pedicels 
10-15  mm.  long;  fruit  globose,  slightly  flattened  at  the  top,  faintly  3- 
lobed :  ovatus,  egg-shaped. 

Probably  throughout  the  state  but  less  common  than  the  preceding. 
Distributed  from  Vt.  and  eastern  Mass.  to  Manitoba,  Minn.,  111.  and 
south  to  Texas.     Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Var.  pubescens  Torrey  and  Gray  1878. 

This  variety  has  leaves  permanently  sordid-tomentose,  it  occurs  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state. 

Vitaceae       Grape  Family 

Climbing  or  erect  shrubs  with  watery  acid  juice;  leaves  alternate, 
simple,  palmately  veined  or  lobed,  or  compound ;  tendrils  and  flower-clus-. 
ters  opposite  the  leaves;  flowers  in  panicles,  racemes  or  cymes,  small, 
regular,  greenish,  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx  entire  or  4-5 
lobed,  petals  4-5,  separate  or  coherent,  valvate,  often  falling  off  when 
flowers  open,  stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  petals,  filaments  short,  disk  present 
or  sometimes  lacking,  ovary  2-celled,  generally  immersed  in  the  disk, 
ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity;  fruit  a  2-celled  berry,  seeds  usually  4,  seed- 
coat  bony. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA 

1.  Hypogynous  disk  present,  petals  deciduous  as 

they  open  Vitis 

2.  Hypogynous  disk  lacking,  petals  not  deciduous 

as  they  open  Parthenocissus 


202 


GRAPE  FAMILY 


Vitis  L  i  n  n  e   1753 
(The  classical   Latin  name  of  the  Vine) 

Climbing  or  trailing  woody  vines,  rarely  shrubby,  mostly  with  tendrils ; 
leaves  simple,  (in  our  species),  usually  palmately  lobed  or  dentate;  flow- 
ers in  a  compound  thyrse,  very  fragrant,  mostly  dioecious  or  polygamo- 
dioecious,  calyx  very  short,  usually  with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none 
at  all,  petals  5,  separating  only  at  the  base  and  falling  without  expanding, 
hypogynous  disk  of  5  nectar-bearing  glands,  alternate  with  the  stamens; 
fruit  a  globose  or  ovoid  berry,  few-seeded  and  pulpy,  seeds  with  a  beak- 
like base. 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
In  addition  to  the  following  some  other  species  occur  in  the  southern  and 
Avestern  parts  of  the  United  States. 


\|.labrus>ca. 


Key  to  the  Species 


1.  Lower  leaf  surface  velvety  or  woolly,  berries 

large,  cultivated  V.  Labriisca 

2.  Lower  leaf  surface  nearly  smooth,  berries  small,  V .  vulpina 

native. 


VITIS  203 

Vitis  Labrusca   L  i  n  11  e   1753      Northern   Fox-grape 

Climbing  or  twining  vines,  often  ascending  tall  trees,  stems  sometimes 
becoming  6-12  cm.  in  diameter,  bark  loose  and  separating  into  strips, 
twigs  rusty-pubescent,  especially  when  young ;  leaves  opposite  the  tendrils, 
cordate,  dentate  or  deeply  lobed,  with  rounded  sinuses,  upper  surface 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  tawny  or  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  4-12 
cm.  long,  5-14  cm.  wide,  petioles  5-10  cm.  long,  rusty-pubescent;  fertile 
flowers  in  compact  panicles,  6-10  cm.  long,  staminate  inflorescence  looser, 
flowers  yellowish-green,  fragrant ;  berries  black  or  brownish-purple,  with 
a  bloom,  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  borne  in  compact  bunches,  strongly 
musky :  Labrusca,  the  wild  grapevine. 

Occurs  in  moist  or  dry  thickets,  from  New  England  to  the  Allegheny 
Mountains,  south  to  Georgia,  also  in  northwestern  Indiana. 

This  species  has  given  rise,  through  cultivation,  to  the  Isabella,  Ca- 
tawba, Concord  and  other  varieties  of  grapes.  Flowers  in  May  or  early 
June,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Vitis  vulpina  L  i  n  n  e  1753     River  bank  or  Frost  Grape 

Climbing  or  trailing  vine,  ascending  high,  into  tall  trees,  stems  2-10 
cm.  in  diameter,  with  loose,  fissured  bark ;  leaves  alternate,  the  upper 
ones  opposite  tendrils  or  inflorescences,  cordate,  mostly  3-7  lobed,  with 
broad  sinuses,  coarsely  toothed,  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs  along  the 
veins  beneath,  6-20  cm.  long,  5-15  cm.  broad,  petioles  5-10  cm.  long; 
inflorescences  paniculate,  rather  loose,  8-12  cm.  long,  flowers  small,  green- 
ish, petals  falling  as  flower  opens,  very  fragrant;  fruit  a  bluish-black 
berry,  with  bloom,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  very  juicy  and  sour :  vulpina, 
pertaining  to  a  fox. 

Common  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to 
W.  Va.,  westward  to  North  Dakota  and  Kan.  The  wild  grape  vine  is 
sometimes  grown  as  a  climber  on  porches,  pergolas,  etc.  The  fruit  is  used 
in  making  wine  and  preserves.  Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripens 
from  September  to  November. 

Parthenocissus  P  1  a  n  c  h  o  n  1887     Virgin's  Bower  Woodbine 
(Gr.   p  a  r  t  h  e  n  o  s,    virgin,    c  i  s  s  o  s,   ivy) 

Climbing  or  trailing  woody  vines  with  alternate,  digitately  compound 
or  simple  lobed  leaves,  tendrils  tipped  with  adhesive  expansions  or  disks, 
or   sometimes   only' coiling;    inflorescence  a   compound   cyme   or   panicle, 


\\'oodbine,  on  elm  trees,  in   Houston   County 


PARTHENOCISSUS  205 

flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  calyx  slightly  5-lobed,  petals  thick 
and  concave,  expanding  before  dropping  off,  disk  obsolete  or  wanting  in 
our  species,  stamens  5,  ovary  2-celled,  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  fruit  a 
globose,  1-4  seeded  berry,  flesh  thin,  inedible. 

A  genus  of  about   10  species  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and 
.  Asia. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  simple  and  lobed  or  some  3-foliate  P.  triciispidata 

2.  Leaves  all  palmately  compound  5-7-foliate 

a.  Tendrils  with  5-12  branches,  mostly  with  ad- 

hesive disks,  leaflets  much  paler  beneath  P.  quinquefolia 

b.  Tendrils  with  2-5  branches,  mostly  without 

adhesive  disks,  leaflets  not  much  paler  be- 
neath. P.  vitacca 

Parthenocissus   tricuspidata    (Siebold    tSc   Zuccarini)    P  1  a  n  c  h  o  n 

1887     Boston  Ivy 

A  high  climbing  vine,  when  growing  on  walls  very  closely  appressed, 
young  shoots  and  foliage  pinkish,  with  scattered  granules  of  wax,  tendrils 
short  and  much-branched,  adhesive  disks  large  and  numerous ;  leaves 
mostly  simple,  3-lobed  and  palmately  veined,  more  rarely  3-foliate,  very 
coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  mucronate-tipped  and  bristly-ciliate,  both  sur- 
faces with  a  few  scattered  short,  stiff  hairs,  the  simple  leaves  cordate  at 
the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  5-9  cm.  long,  5-8  cm.  wide,  leaflets  of  the 
compound  leaves  5-7  cm.  long,  the  two  lateral  ones  oblique  at  the  base, 
petioles  stout,  4-8  cm.  long ;  flowers  in  short-stalked  racemes ;  fruit  a  blue- 
black  berry :  tricuspidata,  three-toothed. 

This  species  is  not  entirely  hardy  in  Minnesota  and  is  able  to  endure 
our  winters  without  injury  only  when  growing  in  well  protected  situations. 
Very  extensively  cultivated  in  the  cities  of  the  eastern  states.  Native  of 
China  and  Japan. 

Parthenocissus  quinquefolia    (Linne)    Planchon    1887     Virginia 

Creeper    Woodbine 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia  Michaux  1803 

Psedera  quinquefolia  (Linne)   Greene   1906 

A  high  climbing  or  trailing  woody  vine,  stem  sometimes  2>-6  cm.  in 
diameter,  tendrils  opposite  the  leaves,  5-12-branched,  mostly  ending  in  ad- 
hesive disks;   leaves  petioled,   5-7-foliate,  leaflets  stalked,  oval-elliptic  or 


"P  u'ltacea 


ParTbeaociiSiua 


PARTHENOCISSUS  207 

oblong  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  dull  green  above,  much  paler  beneath, 
glabrous  throughout,  4-12  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide;  inflorescence  panicu- 
late, 6-12  cm.  long,  rather  loose,  its  main  branches  unequal,  flowers  small, 
greenish,  about  6  mm.  broad,  calyx  forming  a  shallow  cup,  petals  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  stamens  erect,  slightly  shorter  than 
the  petals;  fruit  a  blue-black  berry,  not  very  fleshy,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter: 
quinquefolia,  five-leaved. 

In  woods  and  thickets  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  N.  H. 
to  Quebec  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mexico.  Blossoms  in 
June,    fruit   ripe   in   September. 

Extensively  planted  as  a  climber  on  porches,  fences,  walls,  etc.  Called 
Parthenocissus  or  Ampelopsis  Engelmannii  by  horticul- 
turists. 

Var.  Saint  Paulii   Rehder   1905 

Somewhat  pubescent  upon  the  younger  leaves  and  shoots,  aerial  roots 
numerous,  leaflets  cuneate  to  a  sessile  or  scarcely  petiolulate  base,  cymules 
somewhat  racemosely  arranged. 

Occurs  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  and  probably  as  far  north 
as  St.  Paul.     Distributed  from  111.  to  Iowa  and  southwestward. 

Parthenocissus  vitacea  Hitchcock  1894 

A  high  climbing  or  trailing  vine,  tendrils  with  2-5  long  twining  branch- 
es, these  only  very  rarely  ending  in  adhesive  disks,  no  aerial  rootlets ; 
leaves  petioled,  digitately  compound,  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
cuneate  or  slightly  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  coarsely  dentate, 
deep  green,  thin,  somewhat  shining  above,  scarcely  paler  beneath,  glabrous 
or  slightly  pubescent,  4-13  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  wide,  petioles  5-10  mm.  long; 
inflorescences  regularly  dichotomous,  flat-topped,  peduncles  4-8  cm.  long, 
the  first  branches  nearly  equal,  flowers  greenish,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter, 
calyx  entire,  shallow  petals  spreading  or  reflexed;  fruit  obovoid,  bluish 
black,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  somewhat  fleshy,  at  least  more  so  than  in 
the  preceding :  vitacea.  like  the  grape-vine. 

Common  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  Me.  to  Assiniboia 
and  south  to  Tex.  Planted  to  some  extent,  the  leaves  turn  a  brilliant  scar- 
let in  the  fall  becoming  very  showy. 

Thymelaeaceae  Leatherwood  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  very  tough,  acrid  inner  bark;  leaves  alternate, 
simple  and  entire  ;  flowers  in  racemes  or  capitate  clusters  or  borne  singly. 


2o8  LEATHERWOOD  FAMILY 

regular  and  mostly  perfect,  calyx  tubular,  colored  and  corolla-like,  petals 
none   (in  our  genera),  stamens  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes 
or  fewer,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube  and  longer  than  its  lobes,  ovary   1- 
celled,  ovule  1,  style  short  or  elongated;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe. 
The  family  is  represented  by  only  one  genus  within  the  state. 

Dirca  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Leatherwood  Moosewood 

(D  i  r  c  a,  perhaps  from  the   name   of  a   region   in   Thebes) 

Branching  shrubs  with  tough,  fibrous  bark,  branchlets  jointed;  leaves 
alternate,  thin,  short-petioled ;  flowers  2-4  in  a  cluster,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  hairy  bud  scales,  calyx  corolla- 
like, tubular-funnel-shaped,  obscurely  4-lobed,  petals  lacking,  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  calyx-tube  about  the  middle,  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes,  the 
alternate  ones  longer,  filaments  very  slender,  disk  lacking,  ovary  nearly 
sessile,  1 -celled,  style  filiform,  long-exserted ;  fruit  a  red,  oval-oblong 
drupe. 


A  genus  of  2  species,  one  in  the  southeastern  United  States,  the  other 
in  California. 

Dirca  palustris  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Leatherwood 

A  branching  shrub,  0.5-2  m.  high,  bark  on  stem  brownish,  the  twigs 
yellowish-green,  jointed,  wood  white  and  brittle,  inner  bark  unusually 
tough,  bud  scales  hairy,  becoming  very  large  when  flowers  and  leaves  un- 
fold; leaves  alternate,  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the 
apex,  entire,  glabrous  in  age,  pubescent  when  young,  3-8  cm.  long,   1.5-5 


ELAEAGNUS  209 

cm.  wide,  petioles  about  2  nim.  long ;  flowers  appearing  in  clusters  of 
2-5  before  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile,  the  yellowish  calyx  about  1  cm.  long; 
drupe  oval-oblong,  red,    10-12  mm.  long:  p  a  1  u  s  t  r  i  s,  marshy. 

Common  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  and  westward  as  far  as 
the  White  Earth  Indian  Reservation  and  Lake  of  the  Woods,  infrequent 
throughout  the  wooded  area  southward.  Distributed  from  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Minn.,  southward  to  Va.  and  Mo.  Blossoms  in  April  and  May, 
fruit  ripe  in  August.  The  bark  was  used  by  the  Indians  for  making 
thongs ;  it  produces  violent  vomiting  if  taken  internally  and  is  an  irritant 
to  the  skin  if  applied  externally. 

Elaeagnaceae     Oleaster  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  silvery  scaly  or  stellate  pubescent ;  leaves  en- 
tire, opposite  or  alternate ;  flowers  in  clusters  or  rarely  solitary,  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  or  at  the  nodes  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  calyx  of  the 
perfect  or  pistillate  flowers  urn-shaped,  4-lobed  or  cleft,  upper  part  decidu- 
ous, stamens  4  or  8,  those  of  the  perfect  flowers  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx,  filaments  short,  disk  round  or  lobed,  ovary  1 -celled,  ovule  1, 
erect,  style  slender;  fruit  drupe-like,  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx  becom- 
ing fleshy  and  enclosing  the  achene. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

1.  Flowers  perfect,  stamens  4,  leaves  alternate  Elaeagnus 

2.  Flowers  dioecious,  stamens  8,  leaves  opposite  Shepherdia 

Elaeagnus   L  i  n  n  e   1753 
(Gr.   e  1  a  e  a,  olive,   a  g  n  o  s,  chaste-tree) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  silvery-scaly  branches  and  foliage;  leaves  simple, 
alternate  and  petioled;  flowers  borne  singly  or  in  clusters  of  2-4  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  short-stalked,  perfect,  or  staminate  and  pistillate, 
calyx  tubular,  slightly  constricted  just  above  the  ovary,  campanulate  and 
4-lobed,  deciduous,  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx- 
tube  ;  fruit  drupe-like,  fleshy  or  mealy,  inclosing  the  ellipsoid  achene. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  North  America 
and  Australia. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Twigs  with  brown  scales,  thornless,  native  shrub      E.  argentea 

2.  Twigs  without  brown  scales,  often  thorny,  cul- 

tivated tree  E.  angnstifolia 


£la.edL(5nu.s  atden-tTecL 


ELAEAGNUS— SHEPHERDIA  2ii 

Elaeagnus  argentea  P  u  r  s  h    1814     Silver-berry 

A  much  branched,  unarmed  shrub,  1-4  m.  high,  stoloniferous,  branches 
covered  with  ferruginous  scales,  becoming  silvery;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or 
oval-lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  base,  blunt  or  acute  at  the  apex,  densely 
silvery-scurfy  on  both  sides,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-3.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  3-5  mm. 
long;  flowers  fragrant,  silvery  on  the  outside,  yellow  on  the  inside,  10-14 
mm.  long,  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  about  3  mm.  long ;  fruit  1  cm. 
long,  the  achene  8-striate :  argentea,  silvery. 

Native  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Quebec 
to  Hudson's  Bay  and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Minn.,  South  Dakota  and 
Utah.     Blossoms  from  May  to  July,  fruit  ripe  July  to  August. 

Elaeagnus  angustifolia  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Russian  Olive 

A  tall  shrub  or  more  often  a  small  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height 
of  10-16  m.  (30-50  feet)  often  spiny,  the  bark  on  last  year's  twigs  smooth 
and  olive-colored,  young  shoots  silvery  gray  and  densely  covered  with  stel- 
late hairs ;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  slightly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  grayish-green  with 
scattered  peltate-stellate  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery  gray  beneath, 
2.5-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  axillary, 
solitary  or  in  groups  of  2-3,  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  1  cm.  long, 
8-9  mm.  broad,  4-lobed,  silvery  gray  on  the  outside,  lemon-colored  within, 
very  fragrant,  petals  lacking,  stamens  very  short,  inserted  near  the  throat 
of  the  calyx,  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long ;  fruit  oblong-ovoid  :  angustifolia, 
narrow-leaved. 

Entirely  hardy  and  extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub  or 
tree  on  account  of  the  silvery  gray  foliage  and  fragrant  flowers.  Native 
of  Europe.     Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Shepherdia  N  u  1 1  a  1 1    1818 
(Named  for  John  Shepherd,  an  English  Botanist) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  twigs  brown,  or  silvery-scurfy  or  stellate-pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  opposite,  petioled ;  flowers  small,  dioecious  or  sometimes  polyg- 
amous, in  fascicles  or  short  spikes,  at  the  nodes  of  the  shoots  of  the  pre- 
ceding season,  or  axillary;  calyx  of  pistillate  flowers  urn-shaped,  4-lobed, 
inclosing  the  ovary  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit,  disk  8-lobed,  calyx 
of  staminate  flower  4-parted,  valvate  in  bud,  stamens  8,  disk  many-lobed, 


212 


OLEASTER  FAMILY 


style  slender,  stigma  one-sided ;  fruit  berry-like,  the  fleshy  calyx  inclosing 
an  achene  or  nutlet. 

A  genus  of  three  known  species  two  of  which  occur  within  the  state, 
the   other   western. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  green  above,  silvery  be- 

neath,   thornless    shrub.  S.  caiiadensis 

2.  Leaves  oblong,  silvery  on  both  sides,  mostly 

thorny  shrub,  S.  argentea 


S.a£ge.ritea    ||        Shephecdid-.x^     S.ccinadeRSis 


Shepherdia  canadensis   (Linne)   Nuttall  i8i8    Canadian  Buffalo- 
berry 

Lepargyraea  canadensis    (Linne)    Greene    1890 

A  spreading  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  thornless,  bark  gray,  young  shoots 
brown-scurfy;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  at  the  base,  blunt  at  apex, 
green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silvery  beneath  but  with  rusty  scales,  2-6 
cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  in  short  spikes 
at  the  nodes  of  the  twigs,  yellowish,  about  5  mm.  wide,  buds  formed  in 
the  summer  with  the  leaves,  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves  next 
spring,  brown,  about  1.5  mm.  in  diameter:  fruit  a  yellowish  berry,  very 
insipid  or  nauseous,  about  4-6  mm.  long :  canadensis,  Canadian. 

This  species  occurs  around  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  probably  eastward 
along  the  International  Boundary.     Distributed   from   Newfoundland  to 


SHEPHERDIA— ILEX  213 

Alaska,   south   to    Nova   Scotia,    Me.,   western   N.    Y.,    Mich.,   Wis.    and 
Minn.      Blossoms   April-June,    fruit   ripe   July- August. 

Shepherdia  argentea   N  u  1 1  a  1 1   1818     Buffalo-berry 
Lepargyraea  argentea   Greene   1890 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  1-6  m.  high,  more  or  less  thorny,  with  gray  bark 
and  brown  or  silvery-scurfy  twigs ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate  or 
cuneate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  densely  silvery- 
scurfy  on  both  sides,  2.5  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide,  petioles  5-10  mm.  long; 
liowers  in  clusters  at  the  nodes  of  the  twigs,  yellowish ;  fruit  ovoid,  red, 
acid  and  edible,  4-6  mm.  long :  argentea,  silvery. 

Occurs  in  the  wiestern  and  probably  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
the  state.  Distributed  from  Manitoba  and  Minn,  to  Kansas  and  west- 
ward. Planted  to  a  considerable  extent  as  an  ornamental  shrub  or  small 
tree.     Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  July  to  August. 

Ilicaceae    Holly   Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  watery  sap  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  petioled, 
often  leathery  in  texture ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  borne  singly,  small, 
regular,  white  or  greenish,  mostly  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx  3-6  parted, 
generally  persistent,  petals  4-6  or  sometimes  more,  separate  or  slightly 
united  at  the  base,  deciduous,  stamens  hypogynous,  as  many  as  the  petals 
or  more,  anthers  cordate,  disk  lacking,  ovary  superior,  3-several  celled,, 
style  short  or  none,  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  fruit  a  small 
berry-like  drupe  enclosing  several  nutlets.  « 

Ilex  L  i  n  n  e    1753 
(Classial    Latin    name    of   the    holly   oak) 

Shrubs  or  trees ;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  dentate  or  spiny-toothed, 
sometimes  leathery,  stipules  minute;  flowers  axillary,  cymose  or  solitary, 
perfect  or  polygamous,  calyx  small,  4-6  toothed,  petals  4-6,  separate  or 
united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or  obovate,  spreading,  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  attached  to  their  base  ;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing 
4-6  nutlets. 


214 


HOLLY  FAMILY 


A  genus  of  about  160  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,  some  in  Asia, 
Africa  and  Australia.  In  addition  to  the  following  about  12  species  occur 
in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  the  U.  S. 


Ilex   verticillata    (Linne)    A.    Gray    1856     Virginia   Winter-berry 

Black  Alder 

A  shrub  .5-6  m.  high,  with  a  smooth  grayish  bark,  twigs  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  oval,  obovate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at 
the  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serrate,  dark  green  and  nearly 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  4-11  cm.  long, 
1.5-4  cm.  wide,  petioles  8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  mostly  crowded,  pedicels 
about  3  mm.  long,  sepals  ciliate  on  the  margins,  petals  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  ;  fruit  a  bright  red  drupe,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter :  verticillata, 
in   wiiorls. 

Common  in  swamps  throughout  the  northern  and  northeastern  parts 
of  the  state,  and  occasionally  as  far  south  as  Lake  Pepin.  Distributed 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west  to  western  Ontario,  Minn,  and  Mo. 
Blossoms  in  June,   fruit  ripe   in  September. 


STAPHYLEA  215 

Sapindales    Maple  Order 
Staphyleaceae    Bladder-nut  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  mostly  opposite,  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliate  leaves 
with  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  sepals  5, 
petals  5,  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  inserted  along  the  edge  of 
the  conspicuous  disk;  fruit  a  bladdery  capsule  (in  our  species),  seeds  soli- 
tary or  few  in  each  cavity  of  the   ovary. 


Staphylea  Linne  1753     Bladdernut 
(Gr.   s  t  a  p  h  y  1  e,   cluster) 

Shrubs    with    opposite   3-foliate    or    pinnate    leaves ;    flowers    whitish, 
in  drooping  terminal  racemes  or  panicles;  calyx  deeply  5-parted.  the  lobes 


2i6  SOAPBERRY    FAMILY 

erect,  petals  5,  erect,  spatulate,  pistil  consisting  of  from  3-several  carpels, 
styles  slightly  cohering;  fruit  a  3-lobed,  inflated  capsule,  dehiscent  at  the 
summit,  seeds  hard  and  globose. 

A  genus  of  about  six  species  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  One  other 
species  besides  the  following  occurs  in  California. 

Staphylea  trifolia  L  i  n  n  e   1753     American   Bladdernut 

A  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  with  grayish  bark,  branches  greenish  and  striped; 
leaves  long-petioled,  trifoliate,  leaflets  ovate  to  obovate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate,  smooth  above,  pubescent  at 
least  along  the  veins  beneath,  4-10  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  broad,  the  terminal 
leaflet  slightly  larger  than  the  two  lateral  ones;  racemes  3-6  cm.  long. 
flowers  8-10  mm.  long;  fruit  an  inflated  capsule,  3-6  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  in 
diameter :  trifolia,  three-leaved. 

Frequent  in  moist  thickets  and  ravines  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  as  far  north  as  White  Bear  Lake  and  west  as  far  as  New  Ulm.  Dis- 
tributed from  western  Quebec  and  western  New  England,  west  to  Minn, 
and  south  to  South  Carolina  and  Mo.  Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  July- 
Aug. 

Sapindaceae     Soapberry  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  with  watery  sap ;  leaves  al- 
ternate, or  more  rarely  opposite,  pinnately  or  palmately  compound,  with- 
out stipules ;  flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  regular  or  more  commonly  irreg- 
ular, calyx-lobes  4-5,  imbricated,  petals  3-5,  disk  fleshy,  stamens  5-10. 
rarely  more  numerous,  usually  inserted  on  the  disk,  ovary  2-4-celled, 
ovules   1   or  more  in  each  cavity;   fruit  various. 

A  large  family  of  mostly  tropical  species. 

Afcsculus  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Horse-chestnut    Buckeye 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  digitately  compound  leaves,  leaflets  ser- 
rate and  straight-veined ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  often  polygamous, 
most  of  them  with  imperfect  pistils,  calyx  tubular,  5-lobed  often  gibbous 
at  the  base,  petals  4-5,  unequal,  stamens  8-10,  (mostly  7),  unequal  in 
length,  ovary  3-celled,  style  1,  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  fruit 
a  leathery  capsule,  3-valved,  3-seeded,  or  frequently  only  1 -seeded,  seeds 
very  large  with  thick  shining  coat  and  a  large  scar,  cotyledons  verv 
thick  and  fleshy. 

A  genus  of  about  15  .spjecies  natives  of  America  and  Asia. 


AESCULUS 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Flowers   white,    spotted   with   yellow   and    pur- 

ple, leaflets  abruptly  acuminate 

2.  Flowers  vellow.  leaves  acuminate,  bark  fetid 


2\-j 


Ac.    Hippocastamim 
Ac.  glabra 


Aesculus   Hippocastanum    L  i  n  n  e    1753     Horse-chestnut 

A  medium-sized  to  large  tree,    10-20  meters    (30-65  feet)    high,  bark 
brown,  fissured  into  irregular,  plate-like  scales;  leaves  long-petioled,  leaf- 


fle^culufiHippocafiTanurr? 


lets  5-7  (sometimes  3),  obovate,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  abruptlv  acum- 
inate at  the  apex,  irregularly  crenate-serrate,  pubescent  when  young,  gla- 
brate  when  mature,  8-20  cm.  long.  2.5-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  10-15  cm. 
long;    flowers   numerous   in   large   panicles,   white,   blotched   with   yellow, 


2l8 


SOAPBERRY  FAMILY 


showy,  12-15  mm.  long,  stamens  exserted ;  fruit  globose,  covered  with 
spines,  seeds  with  a  large,  conspicuous  scar :  Hippocastanum,  horse- 
chestnut. 

This  species  is  cultivated  to  a  slight  extent  in  parks  and  yards,  espe- 
cially in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Introduced  from  Asia  via 
Europe.  It  is  grown  very  extensively  farther  south  and  east  and  occa- 
sional! v    found  escaped   from   cultivation. 

The  wood  is  whitish  slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  light,  soft  and  very 
close  grained.  Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and  Sep.- 
tember. 


AESCULUS— ACER  219 

Aesculus  glabra  W  i  1  1  d  e  n  o  w  1809     Ohio  Buckeye    Fetid 

Buckeye 

A  tree  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.  (50  feet),  bark  of 
trunk  dark  and  furrowed,  exhaling  a  fetid  odor ;  leaves  opposite,  long- 
petioled,  leaflets  5-7,  oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  8-15  cm.  long,  2.5-6  cm.  wide, 
petioles  7-15  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  terminal  panicle,  10-15  cm.  long, 
about  5  cm.  in  diameter,  flowers  numerous,  pale  yellow,  about  15  mm. 
long,  calyx  campanulate,  petals  4,  slightly  unequal,  stamens  curved,  ex- 
serted ;  fruit  2.5-3.5  cm.  in  diameter,  very  prickly  when  young,  becoming 
smoothish  at  maturity :  glabra,  smooth. 

Frequently  planted.  Distributed  in  woods  from  the  Alleghenies  of 
Pa.  to  Alabama,  west  to  Mich,  and  Ind.  The  w-ood  is  soft  and  white,  the 
sap  wood  slightly  darker,  weighing  28  lbs.  The  timber  is  used  for  arti- 
ficial limbs  and  several  kinds  of  woodenware  articles.  Blossoms  in  April 
and  May.     Fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Aceraceae     Maple  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  watery  often  sugary  sap ;  leaves  opposite,  simple 
and  palmately  lobed  or  more  rarely  palmately  or  pinnately  divided ;  flow- 
ers in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  clusters  or  racemes,  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious, regular,  calyx  mostly  5-parted,  petals  5  or  none,  disk  thick,  round 
or  lobed,  sometimes  wanting,  stamens  4-12,  mostly  8,  ovary  2-celled,  2- 
lobed,  styles  2,  from  between  the  lobes;  fruit  2  long- winged  samaras 
united  at  the  base,  each  1 -seeded,  cotyledons  rolled  up  in  the  seed. 

The  family  consists  of  two  genera,  Acer  and  Dipteronia.  The  lat- 
ter differs  frolrr  Acer  in  the  samara  being  winged  all  around.  The  genus 
Acer  contains  a  little  over  one  hundred  species,  natives  of  the  north  tem- 
perate zone. 

Acer   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Maple 
(  L.  a  c  e  r,  maple  tree) 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.     Leaves  simple 

a.     Shrubs,  flowers  in  racemes,  or  narrow  pan- 
icles,  native  .1.  spicatiini 


2_'o  MAPLE   FAMILY 

b.     Trees,  flowers  in  panicles,  corymbs  or  umbel- 
like clusters,  native  and  cultivated 

( 1 )  Leaves  pinnately-veined,  irregularly  ser- 

rate, flowers  in  terminal  panicles  A.   tataricuin 

(2)  Leaves   palmately   lobed,    lobes   coarsely 

dentate-serrate  or  cut,  or  almost  entire, 
flowers  in  corymbs  or  umbel-like  clus- 
ters 

(a)  Flowers  greenisb,  appearing  with  the 

leaves 
X.     Flowers  in  erect,  flat-topped  panicles, 

wings   of   fruit   long,   spreading  A.  platanoides 

y.     Flowers  in  pendant,  umbel-like   clus- 
ters, long-pedicelled,  wings  of  fruit 
short,  not  spreading 
(x)      Leaves  with  shallow  lobing,  sinus 

at  the  base  closed,  petioles  and  ■ 

veins  beneath  pubescent  A.   nigniiii 

(y)  Leaves  with  deeper  lobing,  sinus 
at  the  base  shallow  or  none, 
petioles  glabrous  A.  sacchantm 

(b)  Flowers  red  or  yellowish-red,  appear- 

ing  from  separate  buds  before   the 
leaves 
X.     Flowers   yellowish-red,   leaves   deeply 

5-lobed,  lobes  narrow  at  the  base  A.  saccharinum 

y.     Flowers  brilliant  red,  leaves  about  3-  .  \ 

lobed,  lobes  not  narrow  at  the  base      A.  ruhriim 
2.     Leaves  compound,  flowers  strictly  dioecious  A.  negundo 

Acer  spicatum  Lamarck  1786     Mountain  Maple 

A  shrub  2-4  m.  high,  very  rarely  a  small  tree,  bark  green  or  greenish; 
leaves  mostly  3-  (rarely  5-)  lobed,  coarsely^  serrate,  cordate  at  the  Lase, 
lobes  acute  or  taper-pointed,  glabrate  above,  pubescent  beneath.  6-12  cm. 
long,  5-10  cm.  wide,  petioles  3-10  cm.  long,  inflorescence  a  raceme  or  nar- 
row panicle,  7-10  cm.  long,  flowers  greenish-yellow,  6-8  mm.  broad;  sam- 
aras 2-2.5  cm.  long,  wings  slightly  divergent,  7-8  mm.  wide  :  s  p  i  c  a  t  u  m, 
in  spikes. 

Moist  or  damp  rocky  woods,  abundant  in  the  northern  and  northeast- 
ern part  of  the  state,  infrequent  or  local   farther  southward,  collected  at 


Acer  spicatum    Mountain  Maple. 


222  MAPLE    FAMILY 

Winona,  Brownsville,  and  other  scattered  localities  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  Manitoba,  south  to  New  England,  N.  Y.  the  Great  Lakes, 
northeastern  la.  and  the  mountains  of  Georgia.  The  Avood  is  soft,  light 
reddish-brown  and  weighs  33  lbs.  Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe 
in  August  and  September. 

Acer  tataricum  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Tatarian  Maple 

A  small  tree,  6-8  m.  (18-24  feet)  high;  leaves  ovate,  slightly  cordate 
at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  doubly  and  irregularly  serrate 
or  sometimes  obscurely  lobed,  glabrous  above,  sometimes  pubescent  along 
the  veins  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide;  panicles  narrow,  erect  or 
ascending,  6-8  cm.  long,  flowers  whitish,  6-7  mm.  broad;  samaras  slightly 
spreading,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long,  wings  10-12  mm.  wide:  tataricum,  of 
Tartary. 

Frequently  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  and  perfectly  hardy,  native 
of  southeastern  Europe.  Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and 
September. 

Acer  platanoides  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Norway  Maple 

A  large  tree  with  spreading  branches,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of 
32  m.  (100  feet),,  leaves  5-  rarely  7-lobed,  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
lobes  coarsely  toothed  and  acute-pointed,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the 
angles  of  the  veins  beneath,  8-20  cm.  wide,  7-15  cm.  long,  petioles  8-10 
cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  corjTub,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  6-7  cm.  broad, 
glabrous;  flowers  yellowish-green,  10-12  mm.  broad;  samaras  widely 
spreading,  3-5  cm.  long,  wings  8-10  mm.  wide;  platanoides,  like 
the  plane  tree. 

Grown  in  parks  and  along  boulevards,  sometimes  escaping  from  culti- 
vation in  the  East.  Native  of  middle  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  Blossoms 
in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

Several  garden  forms  are  recognized  and  are  frequently  planted  in  this 
state. 

Forma  g  1  o  b  o  s  u  m.     Forming  a  globose  head. 

Forma  Reitenbachi.  Greenish-red  when  unfolding,  turning  dark 
blood-red  in  late  summer. 

Forma  S  c  h  w  e  d  1  e  r  i.  Leaves  bright  red  when  young,  later  turning 
to  dark  green. 


fleer  X% 


224  MAPLE    FAMILY 

Acer  saccharum  Marshall  1785     Sugar  Maple    Hard  Maple 

A  large  handsome  tree,  attaining  a  height  of  30-40  m.  (95-120  feet), 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  6-12  dm.,  bark  of  trunk  furrowed  and  rough, 
grayish-brown,  separating  into  scales,  the  bark  of  branches  and  young 
trees  is  smooth  and  pale  gray,  sometimes  with  whitish  blotches;  leaves 
3-5  lobed,  cordate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  with  rounded  sinuses 
and  pointed,  sparingly  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  glabrous  and  dark  green 
above,  brighter  beneath  and  slightly  hairy  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  5-16 
cm.  long,  6-20  cm.  broad,  petioles  4-10  cm.  long;  flowers  in  imibellate, 
drooping  clusters,  from  terminal,  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buds, 
pedicels  long  and  very  slender,  hairy,  calyx  campanulate,  greenish-yellow, 
sepals  hairy  at  the  apex,  about  4  mm.  long,  petals  none,  stamens  in  the 
staminate  flowers  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  in  the  pistillate  flower  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  samaras  slightly  spreading,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  wings  8  mm. 
wide :  saccharum,  sugar. 

In  rich  woods  common  and  in  places  abundant  throughout  the  state, 
except  the  extreme  west.  Distributed  from  southern  Newfoundland 
southward  along  the  mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  western  Florida, 
westward  to  Lake  of  the  Woods,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  and 
Texas.  Often  planted  as  a  shade  tree.  The  wood  is  heavy  and  close- 
grained,  hard,  tough,  and  takes  a  good  polish.  It  has  a  high  fuel  value 
and  is  much  used  as  firewood.  Forms  w-ith  the  grain  curled  or  contorted 
are  known  as  "curled"  or  "birdseye  maple"  and  are  much  valued  in  cab- 
inet making.  The  sap  is  the  main  source  of  "maple  sugar."  The  Chip- 
pewa Indians  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  still  make  considerable 
sugar  from  the  sap.  Blossoms  in  x-lpril  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July  and 
August. 

Acer  nigrum  IM  i  c  h  a  u  x  filius   18 10      Black  Sugar   Maple 

A  tree  nearly  as  large  as  the  preceding  species,  bark  somewhat  darker ; 
leaves  green  and  scarcely  paler  beneath,  usually  pubescent  on  the  und'er 
side  and  along  the  petiole,  but  not  always  so,  lobes  wider  and  usually 
shorter  than  in  the  preceding  species,  not  toothed,  sinus  at  the  base  com- 
monly closed,  making  the  leaf  appear  peltate,  stipules  often  conspicuous, 
in  all  other  respects  like  the  sugar  maple:  nigrum,  black. 

In  rich  woods,  common  in  southeastern  corner  of  the  state  where  it 
seems  to  be  quite  distinct.  Farther  north  it  seems  to  grade  into  the 
preceding  species.  The  wood  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  the  sugar 
maple  and  the  sap  is  employed  in  the  same  wav. 


ACER  225 

Acer  saccharinum  Linne   1753     Soft  Maple    Silver  Maple 

A  large  tree  attaining  a  height  of  33  m.  (100  feet),  and  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  10-14  dm.,  usually  branched  into  3-4  secondary  stems,  bark 
furrowed,  the  surface  separating  into  scales,  reddish-brown,  bark  of  sec- 
ondary stems  and  large  branches  smooth  and  gray,  leaves  deeply  5-lobed 
with  narrow^  sinuses,  lobes  remotely  and  irregularly  serrate,  truncate  or 
slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  upper  surface  green  and  glabrous,  lower 
surface  silvery  white  and  more  or  less  pubescent  at  least  when  young,  7-16 
cm.  long,  6-14  cm.  wide,  petioles  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  yellowish-red,  in 
nearly  sessile,  lateral  clusters,  appearing  many  days  before  the  leaves,  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters,  sometimes  on  the  same  tree, 
sometimes  on  different  ones,  calyx  slightly  5-lobed,  petals  lacking,  stamens 
5-7,  exceeding  the  calyx  in  the  staminate  flowers;  samaras  spreading, 
pubescent  when  yoimg,  about  5  cm.  long,  wings  12-14  mm.  wide:  sac- 
c  h  a  r  i  n  u  m,  sugary. 

Along  streams  and  riverbanks,  common  southward  and  occurring  scat- 
tered northward  to  the  upper  Mississippi,  Vermillion  Lake,  etc.  Dis- 
tributed from  New  Brunswick  to  Florida,  west  to  Dakota,  Nebraska  and 
Oklahoma.  Very  extensively  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree. 
The  wood  is  light  brown  in  color,  close-grained,  strong  and  hard,  weigh- 
ing 33  lbs.  It  is  easily  worked  and  is  used  for  furniture  and  for  floors. 
Sugar  is  made  to  a  §light  extent  from  the  sap.  Blossoms  in  March  and 
April,   fruit  ripe  in  June. 

Acer  rubrum    Linne    1753     Red    Maple     Sv/amp   Maple 

A  medium-sized,  slender  tree,  6-20  meters  (18-65  feet)  high  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  1-4  dm.,  bark  of  the  stem  gray,  separating  into  flaky 
ridges,  twigs  dark  red  and  lustrous,  leaves  sharply  3-5  lobed,  cordate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  lobes  acuminate,  irregularly  serrate  or  toothed, 
green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  tomentose  at  least  along  the  veins 
beneath,  5-12  cm.  long,  6-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  3-8  cm.  long:  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  crimson  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  sessile  clusters, 
appearing  long  before  the  leaves,  petals  present,  linear-oblong,  stamens 
3-7.  in  the  pistillate  flowers  much  reduced;  fruits  on  drooping  pedicels, 
glabrous,  samaras  slightlv  spreading,  about  3  cm.  long,  8-9  mm.  wide : 
rubrum,  red. 

In  swamps  and  moist  woods,  abundant  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state  from  the  north  as  far  south  as  Winona,  west  to  the  ^Vhite  Earth 
Indian   Reservation   and    Redwood    Falls.      The   wood    is   light    brown    in 


ACER— RHUS  227 

color,  close-grained,  heavy  but  not  strong,  weighing  39  lbs.  It  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture.  The  bark  is  sometimes  used  in  dyeing. 
Blossoms  in  March  and  April,  fruit  ripe  in  June. 

Acer  negundo   L  i  n  n  e  1753     Box  Elder 

A  tree  12-20  m.  (36-60  feet)  high,  usually  dividing  into  a  number  of 
stout,  spreading  branches,  bark  on  trunk  dark  gray  or  brown,  deeply 
divided  into  broad,  rounded  ridges,  leaves  3-5  foliate,  with  slender  petioles, 
leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate,  sometimes  3-lobed. 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  bright  green  above,  paler  beneath,  4-10 
cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  broad;  flowers  dioecious,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the 
staminate  borne  in  umbel-like  clusters  from  non-leafy  shoots,  the  pistil- 
late in  terminal  racemes  on  leafy  shoots,  small,  greenish,  the  staminate 
on  long,  hairy  pedicels ;  fruit  in  racemes,  samaras  slightly  spreading,  wings 
4-5  cm.  long,  10-14  mm.  wide,  greenish-yellow,  falling  in  autumn  or 
persisting  into  the  winter :  negundo,  of  uncertain  derivation. 

Along  banks  of  streams  and  lakes  and  along  fences,  edges  of  thickets, 
etc.  Common  throughout  the  state  especially  southward  and  westward, 
less  frequent  northeast.  Distributed  from  Vt.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla., 
Tex.,  New  Mexico  and  Mexico.  Extensively  planted  as  a  shade  tree 
and  wind  break,  especially  in  the  prairie  regions  of  the  state.  Reproduces 
very  easily  from  seed.  The  wood  is  creamy  white  in  color,  close-grained, 
light,  soft  and  not  strong,  used  for  fence  posts,  fire  wood,  and  to  a  small 
extent  manufactured  into  furniture.  The  sap  is  used  in  some  localities 
for  making  maple  sugar.     Blossoms  in  April,  fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

Anacardiaceae    Sumac  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  acrid,  resinous  or  milky  sap ;  leaves  alternate, 
rarely  opposite;  flowers  small,  regular,  perfect  or  polygamous,  calyx  3-5 
cleft,  petals  3-7,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  sometimes  lacking,  stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  along  the  edge  of  a  rounded 
disc,  ovary  1-5  celled,  styles  1-3,  ovule  one  in  each  cavity;  fruit  mostly  a 
small  drupe,  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  bony. 

Rhus  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Sumac 
(Gr.   r  h  o  u  s,    sumac) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  compound  or  simple  leaves,  stipules 
none ;  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  panicles,  greenish-white  or  yellow, 


228  SUMAC  FAMILY 

small,  polygamous,  calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  petals  5,  spreading,  stamens 
5,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk,  ovary  1-celled,  1  ovule,  styles  3; 
fruit  a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  small,  1 -seeded. 

A  genus  of  about  120  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
The  greatest  number  of  species  occur  in  South  Africa.  In  addition  to'the 
following  about  12  more  species  occur  in  the  eastern,  southern  and  west- 
ern parts  of  the  United  States. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Erect    shrubs    or    trees,    leaflets    more    than    3 

a.  Leaflets  serrate,  toothed  or  deeply  lobed  or 

cut 

( 1 )  Twigs  and  petioles  hairy 

(a)  Leaflets  serrate  R.  typhina 

(b)  Leaflets  deeply  cut  or  lobed  R.  typhina  var. 

laciniata 

(2)  Twigs  and  petioles  smooth  and  glaucous 

(a)  Leaflets  serrate  R.  glabra 

(b)  Leaflets  deeply  cut  or  lobed  R.  glabra  var. 

laciniata 

b.  Leaflets  entire,   fruit  white  R.    Vernix 

2.  Vines  or  low  shrubs,  leaflets  3  R.  toxicoilcndron 

Rhus  typhina  L  i  n  n  e  1760     Staghorn  Sumac 
Rhus  hirta  Sudworth  1892 

A  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree  reaching  a  height  of  10  m.,  more 
commonly  3-4  m.,  bark  smooth  and  gray,  twigs  densely  velvety-hairy; 
leaves  odd-pinnate,  petioles  pubescent,  15-30  cm.  long,  leaflets  11-31,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  and 
sometimes  coarsely  serrate,  dark  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  paler 
and  pubescent  beneath,  sessile,  4-14  cm.  long,  1.5-4.5  cm.  broad;  panicles 
terminal,  dense-flowered,  9-12  cm.  long,  flowers  yellowish-green,  polyg- 
amous, 5-6  mm.  broad  ;  drupe  globose,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  thickly 
covered  with  bright  crimson,  straight  hairs :  typhina,  smoky. 

In  dry  rocky  soil.  Occurs  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  from  the 
southern  boundary  northward  to  the  Canadian  border,  extending  west  in- 
to the  Big  Woods  and  to  Martin  County.  Common  in  Pine  County  and 
westward  to  Mille  Lacs  and  Cass  County.  Distributed  from  eastern 
.Quebec  to  southern  Georgia,  west  to  Minnesota,  Mo.  and  Miss.  The 
w-ood  is  soft,  greenish-yellow,  weighing  27  lbs.     The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin. 


RXaxiCode.nd.tan 


Rhus     X  % 


230  SUMAC  FAMILY 

Var.  laciniata  (Wood)  R  e  h  d  e  r     Cut-leaf  Sumac 

With  leaflets  and  bracts  more  or  less  deeply  laciniately  cut  or  toothed, 
frequently  planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub. 

Rhus  glabra  L  i  n  n  e  1753      Scarlet  Sumac    Upland  Sumac 

A  shrub  or  very  rarely  a  small  tree,  0.5-6  m.  high,  bark  smooth  and 
grayish,  twigs  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  petioles  often  purplish, 
glabrous;  leaflets  11-31,  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  slightly  oblique 
at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green  and  often 
shining  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  throughout,  4-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3 
cm.  wide;  panicles  many-flowered,  about  8-10  cm.  long,  puberulent  when 
young,  flowers  small,  greenish,  about  5  mm.  broad;  drupe  globose,  3-4 
mm.  in  diameter,  covered  with  short,  reddish  acid  hairs :  glabra, 
smooth. 

In  dry  soil,  common  throughout  the  state  except  north  of  Lake  Su- 
perior where  it  is  rare.  Distributed  from  central  Me.  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Fla.,  Miss,  and  Ariz.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  used  for  tanning. 
This  species,  like  the  preceding,  often  has  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the 
inflorescence  changed  into  clusters  of   small  leaves. 

Var.    laciniata    (Carriere)    Robinson 

With  leaves  that  are  laciniately  bipinnatifid  to  bipinnate,  planted  as  an 
ornamental  shrub. 

Rhus  Vernix  Linne  1753     Poison  Sumac    Poison  Oak 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  8  m.,  more  com- 
monly 2-4  m.  high,  bark  gray,  twigs  greenish;  leaves  petioled,  pinnate, 
15-36  cm.  long,  leaflets  7-13,  obovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowermost  ovate, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  entire, 
green  on  both  sides,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent,  4-14  cm.  long,  1.5-6 
cm.  wide;  panicles  axillary,  numerous,  long-peduncled,  10-17  cm.  long, 
flowers  green,  very  small,  about  2  mm.  broad ;  fruit  yellowish-green, 
smooth  and  shining,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter :  vernix,  varnish. 

Infrequent  in  swamps,  reported  from  Houston  and  Winona  counties, 
occurs  in  Hennepin  and  Anoka  counties  and  along  the  upper  Mississippi. 
Distributed  from  western  Me.  to  western  Ontario  and  Minn.,  south  to 
Fla..  Miss,  and  La. 


RHUS 


231 


This  species  is  said  to  be  much  more  poisonous  than  the  Poison  Ivy 
and  should  be  avoided.    Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 


Rhus  toxicodendron  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Poison  Ivy    Poison  Oak 
Rhus   radicans    Linne    1753 

A  low  erect  or  suberect  shrub,  0.3-1  m.  high,  bark  gray  with  numerous 
lenticels,  twigs  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  pinnately  trifoliate,  petioles 
5-25  cm.  long,  leaflets  ovate  to  rhombic,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex  or  sometimes  blunt,  margin  entire,  crenulate  or  ir- 
regularly and  coarsely  few-toothed,  mostly  glabrous  above,  paler  and 
pubescent  beneath,  7-14  cm.  long,  4-10  cm.  broad,  petioles  of  lateral  leaf- 
lets about  5  mm.  long;  panicle  rather  loose,  6-12  cm.  long,  flowers  green- 
ish, small,  about  4  mm.  broad;  fruit  globose,  greenish-yellow  or  whitish, 
about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous  and  shining,  persistent  through  the 
winter  and  in  age  becoming  grooved  :  toxicodendron,  poison-tree. 

Abundant  in  thickets,  woods,  roadsides,  hedgerows,  etc.  Common 
throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia 
south  to  Florida,  Ark.  and  Utah. 


232  WALNUT  FAMILY 

The  plant  is  very  poisonous  to  the  touch  and  causes  serious  inflamma- 
tion of  the  skin.  The  irritation  is  caused  by  a  non-volatile  oil  secreted 
by  the  leaves  and  bark  and  found  in  all  parts  of  the  plant.  The  effect  of 
the  oil  can  be  neutralized  by  applications  of  sugar  of  lead  dissolved  in 
alcohol.    Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

Rhus  toxicodendron  var.  radicans    (Linne)   Torrey 

Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  climbing  habit,  sometimes 
ascending  high  into  trees  by  means  of  roots  that  attach  themselves  to  the 
bark.     The  stem  sometimes  attains  a  diameter  of  3-6  cm. 

In  woods,  thickets  and  along  roadsides,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state. 

Juglandaceae    Walnut  Family 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnately-compound  leaves,  stipules  lacking ; 
flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  in  catkins,  the  pistillate  solitary,  or  2-3 
together  in  a  cluster  or  spike,  the  staminate  flowers  consisting  of  3-many 
stamens  and  an  irregular  perianth,  adnate  to  the  bract,  pistillate  flower 
with  a  3-5  lobed  regular  perianth,  adherent  to  the  ovary,  pistil  consisting 
of  2  carpels,  ovule  1,  basal,  styles  2;  fruit  a  kind  of  drupe  with  dehiscent 
or  indehiscent  exocarp  inclosing  the  bony  endocarp  (nut  shell),  nut  in- 
completely 2-4  celled,  1  seed,  2-4  lobed,  cotyledons  very  much  corrugated. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

1.  Husk  indehiscent,  nut  rugose,  pith  of  twigs  chambered  Juglans 

2.  Husk  splitting  into  segments,  nut  smooth  or  angled,  pith  not  cham- 

bered Carya 

Juglans  Linne  1753 
(L.  Jo  vis  g  1  a  n  s,  nut  of  Jupiter) 

Trees  with  spreading  branches,  bark  fragrant,  buds  superposed,  twigs 
with  dark,  chambered  pith,  leaves  compound,  odd-pinnate;  staminate  flow- 
ers in  drooping,  cylindrical  catkins,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  previous 
year,  stamens  12-40,  subtended  by  a  bract  and  a  3-6  parted  perianth,  pistil- 
late flowers  borne  singly  or  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  shoots  produced 
in  the  spring,  calyx  4-parted,  petals  4,  in  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx,  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  styles  2,  short,  stigmas  2,  large  and  fringed;  drupe  large, 
globose  or   ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat   fleshy,   iibrous  and  indehiscent, 


JUGLANS 


'-33 


endocarp   bony,  rough  or  rugose,   nut  indehiscent  or  separating  into  two 
valves  in  decaying. 

A  genus  of  about  8  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  one  in 
the  West  Indies  and  one  or  two  in  the  Andes  of  South  America. 


Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  of  Juglans  cinerea 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Bark    gray,    fruit    oblong,    twigs    and    foliage 

viscid-hairy  /•   cinerea 

2.  Bark    dark    brown,    fruit    globose,    twigs    and 

foliage  not  viscid-hairy  /•  nigra 


Juglans  cinerea    Curcernut 


JUGLANS  235 

Juglans  cinerea  Linne  1753     Butternut,  White  Walnut 

A  tree  15-30  meters  (45-90  feet)  high,  with  wide  spreading  branches, 
bark  of  trunk  divided  into  ridges,  light  brown  or  gray,  young  twigs  glan- 
dular-pubescent, leaves  with  glandular-pubescent  petioles,  20-50  cm.  long, 
leaflets  11-17,  oblong-lanceolate,  round  or  cordate  at  the  base,  usually 
unequal,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate  except  at  the  base,  very 
pubescent  when  young,  permanently  downy-pubescent  beneath,  5-12  cm. 
long,  2-5  cm.  wide;  staminate  flowers  in  thick  catkins,  5-8  cm.  long,  pistil- 
late in  2-6  flowered  spikes,  flowers  about  1  cm.  long,  stigma  red,  large  and 
fringed,  5-7  mm.  long;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  clammy,  obscurely  2-4  ridged, 
pointed,  4-6  cm.  long ;  nut  deeply  sculptured  and  rough  with  sharp  ridges, 
2 -celled  at  the  base,  seeds  very  oily  and  sweet :  cinerea,  ash-colored. 

In  rich  woods  and  hillsides,  common  southward  and  southeastward, 
not  found  southwest.  Extends  northward  to  the  Snake  River  in  Pine  and 
Kanabec  Counties  and  to  the  north  boundary  of  Aitken  County  along  the 
Mississippi  River.  Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  the  mountains  of 
Georgia,  west  to  Ontario,  eastern  Kansas  and  Arkansas. 

The  wood  is  coarse-grained  and  not  strong,  light  brown  becoming 
darker  with  exposure.  It  is  used  in  cabinet  making  and  in  interior  finish- 
ing of  houses,  weighing  25  lbs.  Sugar  is  sometimes  made  from  the  sap 
and  the  green  husks  of  the  fruits  are  used  for  dyeing  cloth  yellow  and 
orange-colored.  Blossoms  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  October  and 
November. 

Juglans  nigra  Linne  1753     Black  Walnut 

A  large,  handsome  tree,  20-40  m.  (60-125  feet)  high,  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  4-8  dm.,  branches  wide  spreading,  bark  rough  and  dark 
brown;  leaves  with  pubescent  petioles,  25-50  cm.  long,  leaflets  11-17, 
ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  and  often  unequal  at  the  base,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  above,  soft-pubescent  at  least  along  the 
midrib  beneath,  4-12  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide;  staminate  flowers  in  stout 
puberulous  catkins,  6-12  cm.  long,  pistillate  flowers  in  3-5  flowered  spikes, 
flower  about  4  mm.  long,  stigmas  yellowish-green,  tinged  with  red,  1-1.5 
cm.  long ;  fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  globose,  light  yellowish-green,  slightly 
roughened,  4-5  cm.  in  diameter,  nut  oval  or  oblong,  slightly  flattened,  3-4 
cm.  in  diameter,  dark  brown,  irregularly  ridged  or  corrugated,  4-celled 
at  the  base,  slightly  2-celled  at  the  apex :  nigra,  black. 

In  rich  woods,  frequent  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  e.xtending 
north  to  Nininger,  Dakota  County,  and  into  southern  Scott  and  Carver 


■4"i     -  N*^' 


Juglans  nigra,  Black  Walnut 


238  WALNUT  FAMILY 

Counties  and  to  Walnut  Grove  in  the  south  edge  of  Redwood  County, 
westward  as  far  as  Nobles  County.  Distributed  from  western  Mass.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Ontario,  Minn,  and  Tex. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  rich,  dark 
brown  and  very  durable,  weighing  38  lbs.  Largely  used  in  furniture 
and  cabinet-making,  for  interior  finishing  of  houses,  for  gun  stocks,  etc. 
Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  October  and  November. 

CaryaNuttall    i8i8     Hickory 

Hicoria     Rafinescjue     1808 

(Gr.    c  a  r  y  a,    nut,    walnut) 

Trees  with  compound,  odd-pinnate  leaves,  bark  close  and  smooth,  or 
shaggy,  wood  very  tough  and  hard ;  staminate  flowers  in  slender  pendulous 
catkins,  borne  in  3's  on  a  common  peduncle  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of 
the  season,  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract,  2-3  cleft,  pistillate  flowers  sessile  in 
2-6  flowered  spikes,  with  a  calyx-like  involucre,  usually  4-lobed,  styles 
2  or  4,  short,  papillose  or  fimbriate;  fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovoid, 
the  husk  separating  more  or  less  completely  into  4  valves,  nut  bony, 
smooth  or  angled,  incompletely  2-4  celled,  seed  sweet  and  delicious  or  very 
bitter  and  astringent. 

A  genus  of  about  10  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America.  One 
occurs  in  Mexico. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Bark  shaggy,  leaves  white-tufted  along  the  margin  C.  ovata 

2.  Bark  not  shaggy,  mature  leaves  almost  smooth  C.  cordifonuis 

Carya  ovata   (Miller)   K.  Koch   1876     Shag-bark  Hickory    Shell- 
bark   Hickory 

Hicoria  ovata  (Miller)   Britton  i< 


A  large  tree  16-30  m.  (50-90  feet)  high,  bark  of  trunk  shaggy, 
separating  into  narrow  plates  that  are  sometimes  25  cm.  long,  light  gray, 
hard  and  tough,  young  twigs  puberulent,  leaves  with  petioles  15-30  cm. 
long,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  leaflets  5,  rarely  7,  the  three  upper  obovate- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serrate,  glabrous  in  age,  except  the  points  of 
the  serrations  which  have  tufts  of  hairs,  upper  leaflets  12-16  cm.  long, 
6-8  cm.  wide ;  staminate  catkins  in  3's,  6-8  cm.  long,  slender ;  fruits  sub- 


240  BIRCH  FAMILY 

globose  or  depressed,  4-6  cm.  long,  nut  white,  slightly  flattened  and 
angled,  mucronate-tipped,  4-celled  at  the  base,  shell  hard :  o  v  a  t  a,  ovate. 

In  rich  woods,  common  in  Houston  Count}-,  extends  north  as  far  as 
Weaver  and  Kellogg  in  Wabasha  County,  near  Chatfield  in  Olmstead 
County,  and  occurs  infrequently  as  far  west  as  Moscow  and  Freeborn 
County.  Distributed  from  New  England  and  western  Quebec  to  Minn.. 
Tex.  and  Fla. 

The  hickory  nut  of  commerce  is  obtained  mainly  from  this  tree.  The 
wood  is  light  brown  in  color,  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained 
and  flexible.  It  is  used  very  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages, 
wagons  and  agricultural  machinery,  also  for  axe-handles,  baskets,  etc.  It 
is  the  heaviest  and  strongest  of  our  native  woods,  weighing  52  lbs.  Blos- 
soms in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  September  and  October. 

Carya    cordiformis    (Wangenheim)    K.    Koch    1876       Bitter-nut 

Swamp  Hickory 

Hicoria  minima    (Marshall)    Britton   1888 

A  rather  slender  tree,  12-25  m.  (36-75  feet)  high,  bark  of  trunk 
smooth  or  rough,  but  not  peeling  oft"  in  such  large  loose  plates  as  in  the 
preceding  species,  leaves  12-25  cm.  long,  with  slender,  pubescent  petioles, 
leaflets  5-9  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  or  slightly  rounded 
at  the  base,  sessile,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  puberulent 
when  young,  becoming  glabrous  in  age,  the  three  upper  leaflets  9-12  cm. 
long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide;  staminate  catkins  in  3's,  slender,  8-12  cm.  long; 
fruit  subglobose,  narrowly  6-ridged,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  husk  thin,  irregularly 
4-valved ;  nuts  slightly  compressed,  short  pointed  with  persistent  stigmas, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  thin-shelled,  seed  very  bitter:  cordiformis,  heart- 
shaped,  not  very  appropriate. 

In  rich  woods,  common  southward  and  extending  through  the  Big 
Woods  north  to  Mille  Lacs,  infrequently  to  the  upper  Mississippi  and  to 
the  tributaries  of  the  St.  Louis  river.  Distributed  from  New  England  and 
western  Quebec,  to  Lake  Huron,  Minn,  and  eastern  Neb.,  south  to  Va.  and 
Texas. 

The  wood  is  light  brown,  close-grained,  very  hard,  heavy,  strong  and 
tough,  weighing  47  lbs.  It  is  largely  used  for  hoop  poles  for  flour  bar- 
rels, ox  yokes,  fuel,  etc.     Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  Sept.  and  Oct. 

Betulaceae      Birch  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  sweet,  watery  sap ;  leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
simple  and  pinnately  veined,  stipules  deciduous ;  staminate  flowers  in  pen- 


CORYLUS 


241 


dulous  catkins,  1-3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  2-10  stamens,  with 
or  without  a  perianth,  the  pistillate  in  erect,  spreading  or  drooping  catkins 
or  in  clusters  or  spikes,  pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx,  adnate  to 
the  1-2-celled  ovary,  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  style  2-cleft 
or  divided;  fruit  a  small,  flattened  or  ovoid  samara,  mostly  1 -celled  and 
1 -seeded,  seed  coat  membranous,  endosperm  none. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA 

1.  Pistillate  flowers  clustered,   not  in   a  spike  or 

catkin,  fruit  an  acorn-like  nut  Corylus 

2.  Pistillate  flowers  in  a  spike  or  catkin,  fruit  not 

acorn-like 

a.  Pistillate   catkin   small,   terminal,   loose    and 

few-flowered,  fruit  subtended  by  a  3-cleft 
wing  or  enclosed  by  a  sack 

(1)  Fruiting    bract    leaf-like,    3-lobed,    bark 

smooth  Carpinus 

(2)  Fruiting  bract   closed,   sack-like  Ostrya 

b.  Pistillate   catkin   compact,  many-flowered 

(1)  Pistillate      bract      3-lobed,      3-flowered, 

bracts  and  catkins  deciduous  Betula 

(2)  Pistillate     bracts      5-lobed,      2-flowered, 

bracts  and  catkins  persistent  Alnus 


Corylus  L  i  n  n  e  1753 

(Gr.  classical  name  of  the  hazel,  perhaps  from  Gr.  c  o  r  y  s,  a  hel- 
met,   in    allusion    to    the    involucre) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate,  broad,  serrate  or  slightly  lobed 
or  incised  leaves;  staminate  catkins  1-3  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  previous 
season,  expanding  long  before  the  leaves,  the  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil 
of  each  bract,  stamens  4,  each  filament  2-cleft  or  forked  and  each  branch 
bearing  an  anther  sack  (making  apparently  8  stamens),  pistillate  flowers 
several,  from  scaly  buds,  terminating  early  leafy  shoots,  ovary  inferior, 
crowned  with  a  small  adherent  perianth,  stigmas  2,  long  and  slender;  nut 
ovoid  or  sub-globose,  inclosed  in  a  leafy  involucre  or  husk,  consisting  of 
two  more  or  less   united   and  enlarged   bracts. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Involucre  or  husk  consisting  of  2  broad,  fringed  bracts    C.  amcricana 

2.  Involucre  bracts  united  and  prolonged  into  a  tubular  bristly  beak 

C.  rostrata 


242 


BIRCH  FAMILY 
Corylus  americana  W  alter   1788     Hazel-nut 


A  shrub,  1-2.5  m.  high,  bark  gray  and  smooth,  young  twigs  and  peti- 
oles hispid-pubescent  or  glandular-bristly;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oval, 
obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serrate  all  around. 


sometimes  slightly  lobed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  tomentose 
especially  along  the  veins  beneath,  6-16  cm.  long,  4-12  cm.  wide,  petioles 
5-20  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins  4-8  cm.  long;  involucre  of  the  nut 
composed  of  2  leaf -like  bracts,  free  down  to  the  nut,  serrate  or  cut  along 


CORYLUS— CARPINUS  243 

the  margins,  finely  pubescent  and  with  scattered  glandular  bristles ;  nut 
compressed,  light  brown  and  mostly  striate,  1-1.5  cm.  long:  ameri- 
c  a  n  a,   American. 

In  thickets,  on  hillsides  etc.,  common  and  in  places  abundant  through- 
out the  state.  Distributed  from  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Fla.  and  Kan.     Flowers  in  March  and  April,  fruit  ripe  in  July  and  Sept. 

Corylus  rostrata  Alton  1789     Beaked  Hazel-nut 

A  shrub,  2-4  m.  high,  stems  2-5  cm.  in  diameter,  bark  gray,  with 
scattered  lenticels,  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  and  somewhat  irregularly  serrate,  or 
slightly  lobed,  glabrous  above,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  pubescent  at 
least  along  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,  3.5-8  cm.  wide,  occasionally 
larger,  petiole  about  1  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  united  into  a  beak, 
lacerate  at  the  end,  3-4  cm.  long  beyond  the  nut,  bristly  hairy ;  nut  ovoid, 
slightly  compressed  and  striate,  10-12  mm.  long:  rostrata,  furnished 
with  beak  like  the  prow  of  a  vessel. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  common  northward,  especially  north  of  Lake 
Superior,  where  the  bushes  reach  a  height  of  4-5  m.,  rare  and  local  south- 
ward, extending  southwest  to  Douglas  County,  and  southeast  to  Houston 
County.  Distributed  from  Quebec  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Del., 
Ga.,  Mich.,  Mo.  and  westward.  Blossoms  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe 
in  August  and  September. 

Carpinus  L  i  n  n  e  1 753       Hornbeam 
(Latin  name  for  the  hornbeam) 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  smooth  gray  bark,  stems  ridged;  leaves  with- 
straight  veins,  ending  in  the  primary  teeth;  flowers  in  catkins,  staminate 
catkins  from  lateral,  short  branches,  cylindric,  about  4-6  cm.  long,  one 
staminate  flower  to  each  bract,  stamens  3-12;  pistillate  flowers  in  short 
terminal  catkins,  2  flowers  to  each  bract,  each  subtended  by  a  bractlet 
which  is  persistent,  enlarges  and  becomes  a  3-lobed  wing  at  maturity, 
stigmas  2,  awl-shaped;  fruit  a  nut,  ovoid,  several-nerved,  situated  at  the 
base  of  the  bractlet. 

A  genus  of  about  12  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only 
one  species  is  native  to  America. 


244 


BIRCH  FAMILY 


Carpinus  caroliniana   Walter    1788     American   Hornbeam    Blue 

Beech 

A  small  tree,  6-10  m.  (18-30  ft.)  high,  stem  ridged,  with  gray  bark, 
sometimes  with  lighter  blotches;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded 
at   the   base,    acuminate  at   the   apex,   sharply   and   doubly   serrate,   veins 


Carpinus  caroliniana 


Ostrva  virLriniana 


nearly  straight  and  parallel,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  4-8  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  petioles  slender  about  1  cm. 
long;  staminate  catkins  3-5  cm.  long,  scales  brown,  triangular,  veiny  and 


OSTRYA 


245 


pubescent  along  the  margin;  anthers  hairy  at  the  tips;  pistillate  catkins 
terminating  leafy  shoots,  very  pubescent,  bractlets  in  fruit  3-lobed,  and 
prominently  veined,  about  25  mm.  long,  nutlets  ovate,  veined,  5  mm.  long: 
c  a  r  0  1  i  n  i  a  n  a,    Carolinian. 

In  moist  woods,  especially  along  streams,  common  throughout  the 
south  half  of  the  state,  extending  north  into  Pine  County  and  the  \\'hite 
Earth  reservation.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Texas. 

Wood  light  brown,  close  grained,  very  hard  and  durable,  weight  45 
lbs.  Used  for  wedges,  levers  and  for  fuel.  Blossoms  in  April  and  May, 
fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Ostrya   (Micheli)   Scopoli  1760 
(Gr.    ostrya,    a   tree   with   hard   wood) 

Small  to  medium-sized  trees,  bark  brown  and  furrowed,  foliage  re- 
sembling that  of  the  birch ;  leaves  with  slightly  bent  veins ;  staminate 
catkins  1-3  together,  from  scaly  buds  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  of  the 
previous  year,  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  stamens  2-10; 
pistillate  catkins  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches  of  the  sea- 
son, 2  flowers  to  each  bract,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  bract  let  which 
enlarges  and  becomes  sack-like  in  fruit,  pistil  incompletely  2-celled,  tipped 


Plowering  twigs  of  Ostrya  virginiana 


246  BIRCH  FAMILY 

with  2  long  stigmas,  ovules  2  ;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  smooth  and  shiny,  at 
the  bottom  of  an  inflated  sack,  the  mature  pistillate  catkin  hop-like. 

A  genus  of  4  species.  Beside  the  following  another  occurs  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  U.  S.,  one  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  one  in  Japan. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Miller)  K.  Koch  1876     Hop  Hornbeam 

Ironwood 

A  tree  7-13  m.  (22-42  ft.)  high,  bark  brown,  finely  furrowed  and 
scaly,  twigs  of  the  season  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  round- 
ed or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  often  oblique,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sharply  and  mostly  doubly  serrate,  slightly  pubescent  especially  along 
the  veins,  5-11  cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  petioles  3-10  mm.  long  pubes- 
cent ;  staminate  catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  bracts  triangular,  acute,  anthers  with 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex,  bractlet  of  each  pistillate  flower  forming 
a  sack  in  fruit,  12-14  mm.  long,  veined,  bristly-haired  at  the  base,  nuts 
compressed,  shining,  5  mm.  long,  the  ripe  hop-like  catkin  erect  or  spread- 
ing :  virginiana,  Virginian. 

Mostly  in  rich  woods,  throughout  the  state,  in  some  localities  abundant, 
does  not  occur  close  to  the  shores  of  Lake  of  the  Woods.  Distributed 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  southwestward.  Blos- 
soms in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July  and  August. 

Wood  light  brown,  close  grained,  hard,  durable  and  heavy.  Next 
to  the  shell-bark  hickory  our  hardest  and  heaviest  wood,  weight  51  lljs. 
Used  for  wedges,  levers,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 

Betula    L  i  II  n  e    1753     Birch 
(Latin   name  of  the  birch) 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  mostly^  aromatic  twigs  and  smooth  resinous 
bark  which  frequently  separates  into  thin  papery  plates  and  peels  off 
transversely,  becoming  thick,  scaly,  and  deeply  furrowed  at  the  base. 
lenticels  elongated  transversely;  flowers  in  catkins,  appearing  before  or 
with  the  leaves,  staminate  flowers  3  to  each  shield-shaped  scale  of  the 
catkin,  subtended  by  2  bractlets,  flower  consisting  of  2  2 -cleft  stamens 
(each  division  bearing  a  half  anther)  and  a  perianth  of  2  unequal  parts; 
pistillate  flowers  3  or  2  to  each  3-lobed  scale,  perianth  lacking,  pistil  2- 
celled,  stigmas  2,  elongated,  mostly  persistent ;  fruit  a  flattened  or  lenticu- 
lar, winged  nut  or  samara,  at  maturity  deciduous  together  with  the  scales 
of  the  catkin. 


BETULA  247 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  natives  of  the  arctic  and  north  temperate 
zone. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Trees,   with  white  bark 

a.  Leaves  serrate  or  toothed,  not  deeply  cut 

( 1 )  Bark    peeling    in    papery    layers,    leaves 

ovate,    native  B.  papyrifcra 

(2)  Bark   peeling   slightly   above,    dark   and 

furrowed  at  the  base,  leaves  triangular      B.  verrucosa 

b.  Leaves  deeply  cut 

( 1 )  Leaves   with   long   slender  points  B.  populiiolia 

laciniata 

(2)  Leaves  cut.  but  not  very  long-pointed  B.   verrucosa  lobata 

2.  Trees  or  shrubs  with  gray,  yellow,  or  dark  liark 

a.  Trees 

( 1 )  Twigs   fragrant,   bark  very   ragged,   yel- 

lowish  gray  B.  lutca 

(2)  Twigs  not  fragrant,  bark  reddish  brown, 

trunk  scaly  B.  nigra 

b.  Shrubs 

( 1 )  Tall  shrubs,  4-8  m.  high,  leaves  ovate  B.  Sandbergii 

(2)  Shrubs,    1-2  m.   high,   leaves  obovate  to 

orbicular  B.  pumila 

Betula   papyrifera    Marshall    1785     Paper    Birch    Canoe    Birch 

Betula  alba  var  papyrifera   (Marshall)   Spach 

A  large  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  25  m.  (78  ft.),  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  2-5  dm.  ;  bark  white  (except  on  young  trees  where  it 
is  brownish  red)  and  peeling  off  in  papery  layers,  twigs  slender  with  pale 
lenticels ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  usually  doubly  and  often  irregularly  serrate,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  pubescent  abong  the  veins  beneath  and  glandu- 
lar or  resin-dotted,  5-8  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide:  staminate  catkins  5-10 
cm.  long  ;  pistillate  catkins  slender,  erect,  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  shoots 
2-3  cm.  long,  fruiting  catkin  drooping,  3-5  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  in  di- 
ameter, fruiting  bracts  about  4  mm.  long  puberulent,  nut  oval :  p  a  p  y  r  i  - 
f  e  r  a,  paper  bearing. 

Common  and  in  places  very  abundant  throughout  the  state  except 
southwestward.     Distributed   from  Newfoundland  and   Labrador  to   Hud- 


BETULA  249 

sou  Bay  and  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  northern  Iowa,  Neb.,  Wyo. 
and  Wash.  Blossoms  in  April  and  May,  fruits  in  August  and  September. 
Wood  light  brown,  close-grained,  strong  and  tough,  weight  37  lbs.  It 
is  used  for  making  spools,  shoe  lasts  and  pegs,  for  wood  pulp  and  fuel. 
The  Indians  use  the  wood  for  making  snow-shoe  frames,  sledges  and 
paddles,  the  bark  in  making  canoes,  receptacles  for  gathering  maple  sap, 
drinking  cups,  and  for  covering  tepees,  the  sap  sometimes  as  a  drink  and 
boiled  down  as  a  syrup. 

Betula  verrucosa  Ehrhart   1791     European  White   Birch 

Betula   alba    Linne    1753   in   part 

A  small  to  medium-sized  tree,  6-13  m.  (20-40  ft.)  high,  bark  white, 
peeling  slightly  into  papery  layers  except  at  the  base  where  it  is  more 
or  less  rough  and  furrowed  and  dark  gray  in  color,  branches  slender  and 
more  or  less  drooping,  those  of  the  year  reddish  and  glandular-dotted ;, 
leaves  rhombic-ovate,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  doubly  and  usually  unequally  serrate,  bright  green 
and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  sometimes  wdth  glandular  dots,  ciliate  along 
the  margins,  4-7  cm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  petiole  glabrous,  reddish,  with 
few,  mostly  dark  glands,  2-3  cm.  long;  pistillate  catkins  on  short,  lateral 
bi-foliate  shoots,  in  fruit  2-3  cm.  long,  7  mm.  in  diameter,  pointing 
towards  the  tip  of  the  branch  on  which  they^  are  borne,  peduncles  10-18 
mm.  long,  the  3-parted  bracts  5-6  mm.  long,  lateral  lobes  recurved,  samara 
5-6  mm.  wide,  wings  much  wider  than  the  nutlet :  verrucosa,  warted. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  frequently  planted  as  a  park  tree,  and  passing 
under  the  name  of  Betula  alba  Linne.  It  seems  that  Linne  described 
two  different  kinds  of  trees  under  the  name  of  Betula  alba,  viz.  the 
preceding  and  B.  p  u  b  e  s  c  e  n  s.  The  two  were  separated  by  Ehrhart  in 
1791,  and  it  seems  advisable  to  retain  the  nomenclature  which  he  proposed. 
Blossoms  in  April-May,  fruits  Aug.-Sept. 

There  are  several  cut  leaf  forms  of  B.  verrucosa,  such  as  var. 
1  o  b  a  t  a  and  var.  i  n  c  i  s  a.  "Betula  elegantissima  pendula"  or  "Betula 
alba  pendula  elegans"  is  a  form  of  Betula  verrucosa  with  slender 
drooping  branches,  commonly  known  as  AVeeping  Birch. 

Betula  populifolia  AI  a  r  s  h  a  II  1785    var.  laciniata    Cut  Leaf  Birch 

A  small  tree,  with  deeply  cut,  long-pointed  leaves,  bark  white,  peeling 
slightlv  on  the  branches;  twigs  very  slender;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  cut.  and 
lobed,   long-pointed  at  the  apex,  broadly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  gla- 


250  BIRCH  FAMILY 

brous  or  slightly  glandular,  length  3-4  cm.,  width  1.5-3  cm.,  petioles  very 
slender,  2.5-4  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  usually  solitary,  drooping,  6-8 
cm.  long;  pistillate  catkins  on  slender  peduncles,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  fruiting 
catkins  2-3  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide,  fruiting  scales  with  the  lateral 
lobes  broad  and  slightly  recurved,  nutlet  broad  winged :  populifolia, 
poplar   leaved,   1  a  c  i  n  i  a  t  a,  deeply   cut. 

A  handsome  but  short-lived  tree,  often  planted  in  parks  and  lawns, 
B.  populifolia  is  native  of  northeastern  U.  S. 

Betula  lutea  M  i  c  h  a  ti  x  f  i  li  u  s  1812     Yellow  Birch 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  25-30  m.  (80-90  ft.) 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1  m.,  bark  of  the  trunk  gray  or  yellowish  gray, 
peeling  off  into  thin  ])apery  layers,  causing  a  ragged  appearance,  twigs 
gray  or  brownish  witli  light  lenticels,  aromatic,  with  the  flavor  of  winter- 
green  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  sub-cordate  and  mostly 
unequal  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly  ser- 
rate, dark  green  and  dull  above,  paler  beneath  and  pubescent  along  the 
veins,  5-11  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-1.5  cm.  long,  pubescent, 
staminate  catkins  2-4  together,  4-8  cm.  long;  pistillate  catkins  sessile, 
about  1  cm.  long;  fruiting  catkin  oblong-ovate  to  sub-globose,  15-25  mm. 
long,  12-16  mm.  thick,  scales  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  6-8  mm.  long,  ciliate, 
lateral  lobes  ascending,  about  3  mm.  wide,  nutlet  wider  than  its  wing ; 
lutea,  yellow. 

In  rich,  moist  woods,  common  throughout  the  north  half  of  the  state, 
rare  southward.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland,  Manitoba,  south  to 
Ind.,  111.,  and  Minn.     Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

This  birch  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  timber  trees  of  eastern  North 
America.  Wood  light  brown,  close  grained,  hard  and  heavy,  taking  a 
beautiful  polish,  weight  40  lbs.  It  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
furniture,  inside  finish,  and  for  fuel.  Most  imitation  mahogany  is  made 
from  this  wood. 


Betula  nigra  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Red  Birch    River  Birch 

A  tall,  usually  slender  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  30  m.  • 
(100  ft.),  bark  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  dark  brown,  deeply  furrowed, 
higher  up  on  large  branches  lustrous  reddish  brown  and  peeling  more  or 
less  freely,  twigs  reddish,  young  shoots  pubescent;  leaves  triangular- 
ovate,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  apex  obtuse  or  acute, 
irregularly-serrate  or  somewhat  pinnately-lobed,  dark  green  and   glabrous 


BETULA 


251 


above  when  mature,  paler  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  tomentose  beneath, 
3.5-8  cm.  long,  2.5-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  8-15  mm.  long;  staminate  catkins 
2-3  together,  6-10  cm.  long,  pistillate  catkins  oblong-cylindric,  1-1.5  cm. 
long,   about   4   mm.    in   diameter;    fruiting    catkins   spreading,    pedicelled, 


252  BIRCH   FAMILY 

15-25  mm.  long,  11-14  m.m.  in  diameter,  scales  deeply  3-lobed,  tomentose, 
6-8  mm.  long,  lateral  lobes  ascending,  samaras  6-7  mm.  wide,  nutlet  twice 
as  wide  as  the  wings :  nigra,  black. 

Along  the  bottom  lands  of  streams  and  rivers,  common  along  the 
Mississippi  bottoms  as  far  as  Wabasha  County,  also  reported  from  near 
Mankato.  Distributed  frcm  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Kan. 
Blossoms  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

The  wood  is  light  brown,  close  grained,  hard,  and  strong,  weight  36 
lbs.     It  is  used  in  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  staves  and  fuel. 

Betula  Sandbergii  B  r  i  1 1  o  n  1904 

A  tall  shrub,  4-8  m.  high,  stems  several  from  one  root,  ascending,  3-7 
cm.  in  diameter,  bark  dark  brown,  not  peeling,  twigs  dark  gray  or  brown- 
ish, with  a  few  obscure  lenticels,  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  acutish  at  the  apex,  serrate,  glabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  at  least  along  the  veins,  length  3-5  cm.,  width  1.5-3.5  cm., 
petioles  6-10  mm.  long,  pubescent;  leaves  on  sterile  twigs  more  broadly 
ovate,  larger,  (7  cm.  long,  5  cm.  wide),  coarsely  serrate  and  more 
pubescent;  staminate  catkins  1-2,  at  the  ends  of  branches,  3-4  cm.  long; 
pistillate  catkins  pedicelled,  cylindric,  12-15  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  in  di- 
ameter; fruiting  catkins  ascending  or  erect,  15-20  mm.  long,  6-7  mm.  in 
diameter,  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long,  sometimes  bearing  a  small  leaf,  scales 
about  3.5-4  m.m.  long,  margins  ciliate,  lateral  lobes  at  right  angles;  samara 
3  mm.  wide,  nutlet  ovoid,  about  the  width  of  the  wing:  Sandbergii, 
named  for  J.  H.  Sandberg. 

In  tamarack  swanips,  Hennepin  County.  This  species  has  not  been 
collected  in  any  other  part  of  the  state  but  probably  occurs  in  tamarack 
swamps  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  possible  that  it  has  been 
confused  with  young  trees  of  Betula  papyrifera.  Flowers  in 
May,  fruits  in  September. 

Betula  pumila  L  i  n  n  e  1767     Dwarf  Birch 

A  shrub,  0.5-4  m.  high,  erect  or  ascending,  twigs  brown  with  liglit 
dots,  young  shoots  mostly  soft-pubescent  but  not  glandular,  leaves  obovate, 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  wedge-shaped,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  somewhat  coarsely  serrate,  dull  green  and 
glabrous  above  in  age,  paler  beneath,  tomentose  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous  in  age,  prominently  reticulate-veined  on  both  sides,  1-3.5  cm. 
long,  8-20  mm.  wide   (larger  on  sterile  shoots)  ;  staminate  catkins  borne 


BETULA 


253 


singly,  erect,  oblong,  about  1  cm.  long ;  pistillate  catkins  ending  short 
leafy  shoots,  5-8  mm.  long ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-cylindric,  erect, 
pedicelled,  8-25  mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  scales  about  4  mm.  long, 
lateral  lobes  spreading,  slightly  shorter  than  the  middle  one,  puberulent 
or  ciliolate ;  samara  cordate,  2.5-3  mm.  broad,  nutlet  slightly  broader 
than  its  wings  :  p  u  m  i  1  a,  dwarf. 


254  BIRCH  FAMILY 

In  bogs  and  tamarack  swamps,  common  throughout  the  north  half 
of  the  state,  and  as  far  south  as  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul,  rare  and  local 
farther  south,  in  Goodhue,  Olmstead  and  Houston  counties.  Distributed 
from  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario,  south  to  N.  J.,  111.,  and  Minn., 
also  Europe  and  Asia.     Flowers  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  July  and  August. 

Betula  pumila  var.  glandulifera  R  e  g  e  1  1865 

Diifers  from  the  species  in  that  the  young  branchlets  and  leaves  are 
resiniferous  or  glandular-dotted. 

Northwestern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Ontario  and  Mich. 
to   Minn,   and  Saskatchewan. 

Alnus  Gaertner  1791     Alder 
(Latin  name  of  the  alder) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves  and  few-scaled  buds; 
flowers  in  catkins,  appearing  the  preceding  season  and  expanding  before 
or  with  the  leaves,  staminate  flowers  3  or  6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
perianth  of  four  parts,  stamens  4,  the  2  outer  flowers  subtended  by  1-2 
bractlets  each,  pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  perianth 
lacking,  2  small  bractlets  subtending  each  flower,  ovary  2-celled,  styles  2, 
in  fruit  the  bracts  become  woody  and  5-toothed  or  pointed  and  together 
form  a  cone-like  structure,  nutlet  flattened,  with  or  without  wings. 

A  genus  of  about  14  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and 
the  Andes  Mountains  of  South  America.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
some  6  or  7  species  occur  in  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves    finely    serrate,    resinous    beneath    when 

young,  nutlets  with  a  membranous  wing  ,7.  crispa 

2.  Leaves    coarsely    serrate,    not    resinous,    nutlet 

acute-margined,  wingless  A.  iiicaua 

Alnus    crispa    (Aiton)    Pursh    1814     Green    or    Mountain    Alder 

Alnus  alnobetula  (Ehrhart)  K.  Koch  1872 

A  shrub  0.6-3  m.  high,  bark  gray  or  brownish,  young  shoots  brownish, 
more  or  less  pubescent  and  glutinous;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  at 
the  base,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  finely,  sharply  and  often  irregularly 
serrulate  or  incised-serrate.  dark  green  and   glabrous  above,  lighter  green 


ALNUS 


255 


■•v-<^A 


fl.incaim 


and  ui-ually  pubescent  beneath  along  the  veins,  (young  foliage  glutinous 
and  more  or  less  pubescent),  4-8  cm.  long,  3.5-5  cm.  wide,  petioles  8-10 
mm.  long;  catkins  expanding  with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  2-3  together, 
slender,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  in  a  loose  raceme,  fruiting  catkin 
15-18  mm.  long,   7-9  mm.  thick,  persistent  scales  firm  and  woody,  irregu- 


256  BEECH  FAMILY 

larly  5-lobed,  about  4  mm.  long,  samaras  2-2.5  mm.  wide,  nutlet  ovoid, 
olightly  broader  than  the  wing :  c  r  i  s  p  a,  curled. 

Cool  shores  and  banks,  common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
especially  north  of  Lake  Superior,  distributed  from  Newfoundland  and 
New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, in  the  mountains  to  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  Flowers  in 
June,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

This  species  in  Winkler's  Monograph  of  the  Betulaceae  is  given  as 
var.  c  r  i  s  p  a  of  A.  a  1  n  o  b  e  t  u  1  a.  It  seems  better  to  regard  it  as  a 
distinct  species. 

Alnus  incana  (L  i  n  n  e)   W  i  1 1  d  e  n  o  w  1805     Speckled  or  Hoary 

Alder 

A  tall  shrub  or  occasionally  a  small  tree,  2-8  m.  high,  stems  erect  or 
ascending,  bark  dark  brown,  young  twigs  reddish-brown ;  leaves  oval 
or  ovate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  serrate  or  dentate,  with  serrulate  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  paler  and  glaucous  beneath  and  pubescent  at  least  along  the  veins, 
5-9  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide,  petioles  1.5-2  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  3-4, 
in  short  racemes,  6-10  cm.  long,  in  winter  purplish-brown;  pistillate  cat- 
kins exposed  through  the  winter,  3-4  together,  borne  below  the  staminate, 
expanding  before  the  leaves,  fruiting  catkin  1-1.5  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. 
thick,  scales  woody  and  5-toothed,  about  4  mm.  long:  samara  orbicular 
or  slightly  ovoid,  without  wings  but  with  thin  margins :  incana.  very 
gray. 

In  wet  soil,  usually  along  shores  of  lakes  or  banks  of  streams,  com- 
mon throughout  the  northern  half  of  the  state  and  southeastward  as  far 
as  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul,  infrequent  southward  to  Houston  county. 
From  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.  and  Neb., 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Flowers  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

Fagaceae     Beech  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple,  often  deeplv  lobsd  or  cleft 
leaves;  flowers  small,  monoecious;  the  staminate  in  pendulous  or  erect 
catkins,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  together,  subtended  by  an  in- 
volucre of  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup  in  fruit ;  staminate 
flowers  with  4-7  sepals,  stamens  4-20,  petals  0,  pistillate  flowers  with  4-8, 
early  disappearing  sepals,  petals  0,  ovary  3-7-celled,  inferior,  ovules  1-2 
in  each  cavity;  fruit  a  1 -seeded  nut. 

Only  the  following  genus  occurs  in  Minnesota. 


QUERCUS  257 

Quercus  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Oak 
(L.  quercus  the  oak-tree) 

Trees  or  sometimes  shrubs;  leaves  deciduous,  withering  persistent,  or, 
in  some  species  of  warm  climates,  evergreen,  alternate,  5-ranked,  simple, 
pinnately    veined,    variously    shaped,    often    lobed,    furnished    with    small 


Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  of  Quercus  macrocarpa 

deciduous  stipules  ;  buds  covered  A\ith  numerous  scales ;  flowers  monoecious, 
apetalous.  in  all  our  species  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  the 
staminate  in  catkins  clustered  from  scaly  buds  of  the  past  year's  growth 
and  also  from  the  lower  nodes  of  the  new  growth,  sepals  4-7,  petals  0, 
stamens  4-12,  pistil  0.  the  pistillate  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  new  growth,  sepals  6,  united,  petals  0,  stamens  0, 
pistil  3-parted.  ovary  inferior,  nearly  3-celled.  ovules  usually  6,  stigmas  3  ; 
each  pistillate  flower  surrounded  by  a  cup-like  involucre  of  many  small 
concrescent  scales,  fruit  (acorn)  a  nut  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  cup- 
like involucre  :   seed  solitary,   without  endosperm,  the   large  embryo  with 


258  BEECH  FAMILY 

thick  elliptical  cotyledons  which  remain  within  the  nut  during  germina- 
tion. 

A  genus  of  about  three  hundred  species  native  of  the  warm  parts 
of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  of  the  adjacent  tropical  mountains. 
About  fifty  species  occur  in  the  United  States,  twenty-two  of  which  occur 
in  the  eastern  half  of  the  country.  Many  oaks  are  valuable  for  their 
hard  strong  wood,  the  astringent  bark  of  several  species  is  used  in  tannnig 
leather  and  the  outer  bark  of  two  species  from  southwestern  Europe  and 
northern  Africa  furnishes  the  cork  of  commerce. 

In  cultivation  oaks  are  raised  from  seed.  After  cutting  they  renew 
themselves  by  the  growth  of  shoots  from  the  stumps. 

1.  Leaves    lobed,    the    lobes    acute,    bristle   pointed,    acorn    ripening    the 

second  autumn — Black  Oaks 
a.     Leaves  dull  green,  their  lobes  cut  about  half 

way  to  the  midrib,  acorn  cup  shallow  Q.  rubra 

h.     Leaves   glossy,    their    lobes   separated    about 

three    fourths   of   the  way   to  the   midrib, 

acorn  cup  about  one-half  as  long  as  acorn 

(1)  Scales  of  cup  loose,  pubescent  Q.  vchttina 

(2)  Scales  of  cup  appressed,  smooth 

(a)  Acorn      elongated,      autumn      foliage 

brown  Q.   cllipsoiJalis 

(b)  Acorn   nearly   round,    autumn    foliage 

scarlet  Q.   coccinca 

2.  Leaves  with  rounded   lobes  or  crenate  or  toothed,   lobes  of  teeth  not 

bristle-tipped,  acorns  ripening  the  first  autumn — White  Oaks 

a.  Leaves  deeply  round  lobed 

(1)      Leaves     dull,     smooth,     acorn    cu})     not 

fringed  Q.  alba 

(  2 )      Leaves  glossy  above,  hairy  below,  acorn 

cup    fringed  Q.   ma  era  car  pa 

b.  Leaves  crenate  or  dentate,  not  deeply  lobed 

( 1 )  Tree,    leaves    broadly    rhombic,    acorns 

long  peduncled  Q.   bicolor 

(2)  Shrub   or   small   tree,    leaves  more  than 

twice   as   long   as   broad,   acorn   short 

peduncled  Q.  prinoidcs 

Quercus  rubra  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Red  Oak 

Large  tree,  12-24  m.  (40-80  ft.)  high,  3  dm.-l  m.  in  diameter,  (ex- 
ceptionally in  the  eastern  states,  45  m.  high  and  2  m.  in  diameter),  trunk 


QUERCUS 


259 


straight,  limbs  spreading  not  gnarled,  bark  of  limbs  and  small  trunks 
smooth,  gray,  of  large  trunks  fissured  and  with  broad  tlat-toitped  ridges, 
grayish  brown ;  buds  thick,  pointed  at  the  top,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5  mm. 
long,  3  mm.  wide,  smooth  except  at  the  top ;  leaves  lobed  about  half  way 
to  the  midrib  into  several  broad  triangular  acute,  bristle-pointed  lobes, 
each  lobe  having  usually  two  or  three  narrow  bristle-tipped  teeth  near  its 
outer  end,  leaf  widest  about  the  middle,  tip  acute,  bristle  pointed,  base 
rounded  or  broadly  wedge-shaped;  leaves  covered  with  a  light  down  when 


Quercusl  rubra 


Quercufi  i/eluTina 


young,  smooth  at  maturity  or  Avith  small  tufts  of  brownish  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  large  veins  beneath,  dull  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
turning  red  in  autumn,  10-18  cm.  long,  7-16  cm.  wdde,  petioles  2-4  cm. 
long;  flowers  opening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown;  staminate 
catkins  slender,  almost  smooth,  4-10  cm.  long,  flowers  scattered,  about 
3  mm.  in  diameter ;  acorns  ripening  the  second  year,  borne  on  stalks  about 
5  mm.  long;  acorn  broad-based,  2-3  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  wide,  dark  brown, 
downy,    seed    very    astringent ;    acorn    cup    flat,    saucer-shaped,    covering 


26o  BEECH    FAMILY 

only  the  base  of  the  acorn,  scales  of  cup  closely  appressed  and  adherent, 
slightly  puberulent :  rubra,  red. 

In  various  well-drained  soils,  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec  to  Minnesota, 
Nebraska,  Tennessee  and  northern  Georgia.  In  Minnesota  throughout 
the  forest  regions  even  to  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the  state, 
most  abundant  and  largest  in  the  rich  soils  of  the  central  portion  of  the 
state  where  it  occurs  with  hard  maple,  white  elm  and  basswood.  Flowers 
in  late  April  and  May,  acorns  ripe  a  year  from  the  next  September. 

Wood  light  reddish  brown,  hard,  strong,  coarse,  weight  41  lbs.,  used 
for  construction  and  linish  of  houses,  cheap  furniture  and  for  fuel.  On 
account  of  its  coarse  grain  and  liability  to  crack  in  drying  the  wood  of 
the  red  and  black  oaks  is  much  less  valuable  than  that  of  the  white  oaks. 

Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  both  in  this  country  and  Europe. 
The  black   and  red   oaks  can  be  easily  transplanted  as  they  have  com- 
paratively shallow  and  fibrous  roots.     In  pastures  their  shallow  roots  are 
often  injured  by  the  trampling  of  cattle  which  has  led  to  the  notion  that 
they  do  not  do  well  in  cultivation. 

Quercus  velutina  L  a  m  a  r  c  k  1783     Black  Oak 
O.  tinctoria  ]\Iichaux  180I. 

Large  tree  12-24  m.  (40-80  ft.)  high,  6  dm. -1.2  m.  in  diameter  (occa- 
sionally much  larger  in  the  Ohio  valley)  ;  bark  dark  brown  or  nearly 
l)lack,  ridged,  scaly,  inner  bark  orange;  buds  rounded  or  slightly  pointed, 
liairy,  in  Minnesota  specimens  3-5  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  in  more 
typical  eastern  specimens  6-10  mm.  long;  leaves  thick,  variable  in  shape, 
deeply  divided  into  five  or  seven  lobes,  widest  about  the  middle,  the 
lobes  again  somewhat  deeply  lobed  or  merely  toothed,  all  the  ultimate 
divisions  very  .acute  and  bristle-pointed,  tip  acute,  bristle-pointed,  base 
truncate  or  very  broadly  wedge-shaped,  leaves  dark  green  and  glossy  above, 
])aler  yellowish  or  brownish  below,  crimson  when  they  appear  in  the 
spring,  silvery  and  woolly  when  half  grown,  smooth,  or  the  lower  side 
more  or  less  hairy  when  mature,  turning  brown  in  the  autumn,  8-17  cm. 
long,  10-15  cm.  wide,  petiole  3.5-6  cm.  long;  flowers  opening  when  the 
leaves  are  half  grown,  staminate  catkins  8-18  cm.  long,  hairy,  flowers 
about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish,  pistillate  flowers  short  stalked  or 
nearly  sessile;  acorns  ripening  the  second  season,  round,  12-18  mm.  long, 
11-17  mm.  wide,  dark  brown,  covered  with  whitish  down,  cup  top-shaped 
about  2  cm.  broad,  covering  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  acorn,  covered 
with  a  fine  satiny  pubescence,  scales  loose,  thin,  their  tips  free  and 
spreading :    velutina,   velvety,    referring   probablv   to   the   acorn   cups. 


QUERCUS 


261 


Dry  soil.  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Mississippi  and  Florida.  In 
Minnesota  very  abundant  with  shell-bark  hickory  on  dry  hills  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  State,  not  known  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis 
nor  from  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the  state. 

\\'ood  reddish  brown,  hard,  strong,  not  tough,  coarse,  weight  44  lbs. ; 
little  used  except  for  fuel.  Bark  used  for  tanning,  as  a  yellow  dye.  and 
medicinally  as  an  astringent. 

Quercus    ellipsoidalis    E.    J-    Hill    1899      Northern    Pin    Oak 

"JBlack  Oak" 


Tree.  10-20  m.  (33-65  ft.)  high,  3-6  dm.  or  rarely  1  m.  in  diameter,  or 
low  and  almost  shrub-like ;  bark  at  first  smooth,  later  roughened  and 
divided  bv  shallow  fissures  into  large  plates,  dark  brown  or  blackish, 
branches  dark  gray,  inner  bark  light  yellow,  buds  rounded  or  pointed, 
nearlv  smooth.    1-3  mm.   long,   .75-1.5   mm.   wide;   leaves  oval   in  outline. 


Quercus  coccir?ea  Quercu!i  ellip^oidaliii 

very  deeply  cut  into  about  five  lobes,  widest  about  the  middle,  the  lobes 
deeply  cut  or  toothed,  the  ultimate  divisions  all  acute  and  bristle-tipped, 
tip  of  leaf  bristle  pointed,  base  broadly  wedge-shaped,  bright  glossy  green 
above,  somewhat  paler  below,  downy  and  reddish  wh^-n  they  first  appear, 


262  BEECH  FAMILY 

soon  becoming  green  and  smooth  except  for  little  tufts  of  hair  in  the 
axils  of  the  larger  veins  beneath,  turning  brown  in  autumn  and  persisting 
throughout  the  winter,  7-14  cm.  long,  7-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  2.5-4  cm. 
long ;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  opening  when  they  are  about  half 
grown;  staminate  catkins  pubescent,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long,  flowers  rather 
crowded,  about  2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  pistillate  flowers  short  peduncled ; 
acorns  ripening  the  second  season,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  borne  on  peduncles, 
1  cm.  or  less  in  length ;  acorn  brown,  usually  striped  with  darker  lines, 
slightly  downy  or  smooth,  13-20  mm.  long,  about  10  mm.  wide,  cup  top- 
shaped,  narrowed  at  the  base,  13-15  mm.  wide,  covering  one-third  to 
one-half  of  the  accrn,  its  scales  slightly  pubescent,  closely  appressed : 
ellipsoidalis,  ellipsoidal,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  acorns. 

Sterile  soil,  southern  Michigan,  and  Illinois,  to  Manitoba  and  Iowa. 
In  Minnesota  apparently  throughout  the  whole  state  except  the  north- 
eastern corner,  but  reports  have  so  confused  this  species  with  the  next 
that  it  is  difficult  to  limit  its  distribution.  In  the  east  central  part  of 
the  state  it  covers  large  areas  of  sterile  sandy  soil  with  a  copse-like 
growth.  In  prairie  districts,  it  appears  sometimes  as  a  low  shrub  1-3  m. 
high.     The  common  "black  oak"  of  the  region  around  the  Twin  Cities. 

Wood  light  brown,   strong,  coarse,  heavy,  used  only  for  fuel. 

Quercus  coccinea  AI  u  e  n  c  h  h  a  u  s  e  n  1770     Scarlet  Oak 

Tree  10-20  m.  (33-65  ft.)  high,  3-6  dm.  in  diameter,  occasionally 
larger ;  bark  ratlvjr  smooth,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  irregular 
ridges  and  plates,  dark  brown  or  grayish,  inner  bark  reddish ;  buds  oval, 
acute,  3-5  mm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  slightly  hairy  towards  the  top; 
leaves  oval  in  outline,  deeply  cut  into  five  or  seven  lobes,  broadest  about 
the  middle,  the  lobes  again  lobed  or  toothed,  all  the  ultimate  divisions 
acute  and  bristle-pointed,  tip  of  leaf  acute,  bristle-pointed,  base  truncate 
or  broadly  wedge-shaped,  bright  glossy  green  above,  somewhat  paler  be- 
low, slightly  downy  when  young,  but  soon  becoming  smooth  except  for 
a  few  tufts  of  small  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  large  veins  beneath,  turning 
bright  scarlet  in  autumn  and  persisting  throughout  the  winter,  8-12  cm. 
long,  7-11  cm.  wide,  petioles  2.5-4  cm.  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves  opening  when  they  are  about  half  grown,  staminate  catkins  slender, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  8  cm.  long,  flowers  scattered,  about  2.5  cm. 
in  diameter,  pistillate  flowers  short  stalked ;  acorns  ripening  the  second 
season,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  borne  on  peduncles  12  mm.  long, 
or  less;  acorn  oval,  round,  or  somewhat  elongated,  15-18  mm.  long,  about 
13  mm.  wide,  light  brown,  often  slightly  downy,  seed  pale  yellow,  bitter, 


QUERCUS  263 

cup  top-shaped,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  18  mm.  wide,  covering  one- 
third  to  one-half  the  acorn,  its  scales  appressed,  slightly  puberulent ; 
coccinea,  scarlet,  referring  to  the  autumn  foliage. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Illinois  and  North 
Carolina.  In  Minnesota  its  distribution  is  uncertain  owing  to  confusion 
with  the  previous  species,  it  is  known  to  occur  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  .where  however  it  is  not 
abundant.  Flowers  in  late  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  a  year  from  the 
following  September. 

Easily  grown  from  seed  and  transplanted.  A  useful  ornamental 
tree  en  account  of  its  beautiful  autumn  foliage. 

Wood  reddish  brown,  hard,  strong,  coarse,  weight  42  lbs.,  used  for 
construction,  cheap  furniture,  etc.,  little  used  except  for  fuel. 

Quercus  alba  L  i  n  n  e  1753     White  Oak 

Large  tree  15-20  m.  (50-65  ft.)  high,  1-1.5  m.  in  diameter,  (in  the 
Ohio  valley  sometimes  30  m.  high,  and  2-3.5  m.  in  diameter)  ;  bark  pale 
gray,  scaly  but  not  deeply  cracked ;  buds  ovate,  blunt,  slightly  hairy, 
about  3  mm.  long  ;  leaves  crowded  towards  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  lobed 
more  than  half  way  to  the  midrib  into  about  seven  nearly  regular  rounded 
lobes,  tip  rounded,  base  wedge-shaped,  when  young  densely  downy,  at 
maturity  smooth,  upper  surface  light  green,  usually  dull,  lower  surface 
pale,  veiny,  leaves  turning  purplish  red  in  autumn,  and  usually  remain- 
ing on  the  tree  all  winter,  7-16  cm.  long,  3.5-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-2  cm. 
long ;  flowers  opening  when  the  young  leaves  are  about  half  grown ; 
staminate  catkins  7-8  cm.  long,  ver\^  slender,  flowers  scattered,  about  2.S 
mm.  in  diameter,  pistillate  flowers  in  clusters  of  two  or  three  on  a  peduncle 
about  5  mm.  long,  or  nearly  sessile ;  acorns  ripening  the  first  season, 
sessile  or  on  slender  peduncles  1-3  cm.  long,  acorn  22-30  mm.  long,  14-20 
mm.  wide,  pale  brown,  glossy,  seed  sweet  and  edible ;  acorn  cup  finely 
downy,  one-third  to  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  acorn,  its  scales  firm  and 
broad,  the  lower  ones  much  thickened,  the  upper  thin,  not  forming  a 
fringe :  a  1  b  a,  white,  referring  to  the  pale  leaves  and  bark. 

Heavy,  well-drained,  but  usually  acid  soils,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Te.xas.  In  Minnesota  abundant  in  the  southeastern  part 
and  as  far  north  as  the  Twin  Cities,  often  forming  considerable  wood- 
lands almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees,  northern  limit  unknown  but 
it  appears  to  be  absent  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  Flowers  in 
May,  acorns  ripe  in  September. 

Grown  from  seed,  the  acorns  germinate  within  a  few  weeks  of  their 


264 


BEECH   FAMILY 


ripening  and  produce  a  long  tap-root  before  winter.  The  white  oak  is 
very  deep-rooted  and  is  very  diflficult  to  transplant  after  it  reaches  any 
considerable  size. 

Wood  light  brown,  hard,  durable,  weight  46  lbs. ;  one  of  our  most 
useful  woods  for  heavy  construction,  ship  building,  railway  ties,  interior 
finish  of  houses,  furniture,  etc.,  also  much  used  for  fuel.  The  "white  oak" 
lumber  of  commerce  is  obtained  indiscriminately  from  this  and  the  two 
following  species  ;  bark  astringent,  used  for  tanning  and  in  medicine. 


Quercu!i 


Quercus  macrocarpa  M  i  c  h  a  u  x  1801     Bur  Oak 

Large  tree  10-25  m.  (33-82  ft.)  high,  3  dm.-1.5  m.  in  diameter  (in 
the  Ohio  valley  sometimes  twice  this  size)  or  under  unfavorable  situations 
stunted  and  sometimes  barely  2  m.  high,  branches  very  strong  and  gnarled, 


QUERCUS 


26s 


producing  in  open  grown  trees  an  irregular  and  widely  spreading  crown,  in 
dense  forest  often  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  and  short  branches;  bark  dark 
grayish  brown,  rough,  heavily  ridged  and  fissured,  the  twigs  and  smaller 
branches  often  with  prominent  corky  wings ;  buds  rounded,  pubescent, 
about  2-3  mm.  long  ;  leaves  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  very 
variable  in  shape,  irregularly  round  lobed,  usually  most  deeply  lobed  about 
the  middle,  broadest  and  much  less  deeply  lobed  above  the  middle,  on 
seme  trees  very  slightly  lobed,  on  others  cut  almost  to  the  midrib,  tip 
rounded,   base   wedge-shaped ;    when    young    densely   woolly,    at    maturity 


Quercui  macrocarpa 


smooth,  glossy,  dark  green  above,  paler  below  and  pubescent  with  stellate 
hairs,  turning  brown  in  autumn  and  promptly  deciduous,  7-18  cm.  long, 
4-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  5  mm. -2  cm.  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  opening  when  the  latter  are  about  one-fourth  grown,  staminate 
catkins  4-6  cm.  long,  hairy,  flowers  about  1.5  mm.  in  diameter,  pistillate 
flowers  usually  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short  peduncled  ;  acorns  rii)ening  the 
first  season,  sessile  or  borne  on  stout  peduncles  seldom  over  1  cm.  long  in 
Minnesota  specimens,  acorn  round  or  oval,  12-25  mm.  long,  pale  brown, 
slightly  downy  above,  cup  deep,  sometimes  nearly  covering  the  acorn, 
pubescent,   its  scales  closely  appressed.  but  the  upper  ones  ending  in  fine 


266  BEECH  FAMILY 

thread-like  ends  which  form  a  fringe  about  the  acorn,  seed  somewhat 
bitter;  a  very  variable  tree  both  in  foliage  and  in  fruit  characters,  in  the 
southern  part  of  its  range  occur  forms  with  very  large  acorns  as  much  as 
5  cm.  long  borne  on  peduncles  over  5  cm.  in  length  :  m  a  c  r  o  c  a  r  p  a, 
large  fruited,  named  from  some  of  its  forms  with  very  large  acorns. 

Dry  soils.  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Texas, 
west  to  Montana,  western  Nebraska  and  Kansas.  Throughout  Minne- 
sota except  in  the  extreme  northeast  corner.  In  the  central  part  of  the 
state  it  forms  extensive  open  woodlands  on  light  calcareous  soils,  it  also 
occurs  on  the  richest  and  heaviest  soils  of  the  state  in  company  with  hard 
maple,  white  elm,  bass  wood,  and  red  oak,  and  much  reduced  in  size, 
forms  small  groves  in  the  prairie  region.  Flowers  open  in  Minnesota  in 
May  or  late  April,  about  a  week  earlier  than  those  of  white  oak,  acorns 
ripe  in  September. 

Grown  from  the  acorns  which  germinate  very  freely.  Its  slow  growth 
during  its  early  years  in  our  climate  and  the  difficulty  of  transplanting 
saplings  of  any  considerable  size  have  prevented  this  tree  from  being 
planted  to  any  considerable  extent.  It  was  naturally  the  most  abundant 
tree  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  raise 
young  trees  to  take  the  place  of  the  old  native  specimens  when  they  die, 
as  it  is  one  of  our  linest  ornamental  trees. 

Wood  light  brown,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  durable,  weight  46.5 
lbs.  ;  it  is  somewhat  stronger  than  white  oak,  has  the  same  uses  as  the  latter 
and  is  not  distinguished  from  it  commercially.  One  of  our  most  valuable 
timber  trees. 

Quercus  bicolor  W  i  11  d  e  n  o  w  i8oi     Swamp  White  Oak 

(^uercus  platinoides   Sudworth    1892 

Tree  10-20  m.  (33-66  ft.)  high,  6  dm.-l  m.  in  diameter  (sometimes 
considerably  larger  in  New  York,  Ohio,  and  other  parts  of  the  east)  ;  bark 
of  trunk  grayish  brown,  ridged  and  furrowed,  bark  of  twigs  ragged,  and 
irregularly  peeling ;  buds  rounded,  2  mm.  long,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves 
often  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  rhombic  in  outline,  broadest 
a  little  above  the  middle,  coarsely  crenate,  dentate,  or  with  shallow  some- 
what acute  lobes,  leaves  of  exposed  branches  thick,  dark  green  above, 
densely  white  hairy  below  with  short  stellate  hairs,  leaves  of  low-er  shaded 
branches  much  thinner,  pak  green  on  both  sides,  sparingly  pubescent 
below,  leaves  turning  brown  in  autumn  and  deciduous,  7-18  cm.  long. 
3.5-11.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  5  mm. -1.5  cm.  long;  flowers  opening  Avhen 
the  leaves  are  about  one-third  grown;  staminate  catkins  about  6  cm.  long. 


QUERCUS  267 

slender,  flowers  scattered,  about  2.5  mm.  in  diameter;  pistillate  flowers 
in  few-flowered  long  peduncled  clusters ;  acorns  ripening  the  first  season, 
solitary,  paired,  or  in  clusters  of  three,  borne  on  slender  peduncles,  3-7 
cm.  long,  acorn  20-30  mm.  long,  15-20  mm.  wide,  light  brown,  slightly 
downy  above,  cup  cup-shaped,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  acorn, 
pubescent,  its  lower  scales  thickened,  upper  ones  loose  and  some  of  them 
often  with  thread-like  tips  forming  a  fringe  about  the  acorn,  but  never 
so  prominently  as  in  bur  oak :  b  i  c  o  1  o  r,  two  colored,  referring  to  thq 
dark  green  and  white  of  the  leaves. 

Moist  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Georgia  and  Arkansas.  In  Minne- 
sota it  is  common  in  the  river  bottoms  of  the  extreme  southeastern  corner 
of  the  state  and  occurs,  though  rarely,  as  far  north  as  St.  Paul.  Reports 
of  this  species  from  north  of  the  Twin  Cities  are  probably  erroneous. 

Wood  light  brown,  hard,  strong  and  tough,  durable,  weight  47.5  lbs., 
with  the  same  uses  and  properties  as  white  oak  and  bur  oak,  this  wood 
is  not  distinguished  from  them  commercially. 

Quercus  prinoides  \V  i  1  1  d  e  n  o  w  i8oi     Chinquapin  Oak 

Shrub  or  small  tree  2-5  m.  (6-16  ft.)  high,  up  to  1  dm.  in  diameter; 
bark  light  brown,  scaly;  buds  rounded,  slightly  hairy,  2-3  mm.  long; 
leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  above  the  middle,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed, 
tip  acuminate,  base  wedge-shaped,  upper  side  light  green  and  glossy,  with 
a  few  scattered  stellate  hairs,  lower  side  pale,  densely  hairy,  4-12  cm. 
long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  petioles  5  mm. -2  cm.  long;  staminate  catkins  about 
4  cm.  long,  pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  short  peduncled ;  acorns  ripening 
the  first  season,  sessile  or  borne  on  peduncles  about  1  cm.  long,  elliptical, 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  light  brown,  downy  towards  the  top,  cups 
pubescent,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  acorn,  the  basal  scales  thickened 
and  prominent  ;  prinoides,  p  r  i  n  o  s,  referring  to  the  chestnut  leaved 
oak,  Quercus  prinos,  and  ides,  like. 

Dry  limestone  ridges,  Maine  to  Nebraska,  North  Carolina  and  Texas. 
In  Minnesota  it  is  known  to  occur  only  on  bluft's  in  the  extreme  south- 
east corner  of  the  state.  Specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University 
have  leaves  somewhat  intermediate  in  character  between  this  species  and 
(Quercus  M  u  h  1  e  n  b  e  r  g  i  i  E  n  g  e  1  m  a  n  n  ( Q.  a  c  u  m  i  n  a  t  a  Sar- 
gent) with  8-10  teeth  on  each  side  of  the  leaf,  the  lower  side  of  the 
leaves  silvery  white,  the  unripe  acorns  with  peduncles  about  1  cm.  long. 
Reports  of  the  presence  of  Quercus  M  u  h  1  e  n  b  e  r  g  i  i  in  the  stata 
appear  to  be  based  on  this  form.  More  study  is  needed  of  the  western 
forms  of  this  species. 


268  BAYBERRY   FAMILY 

Wood  light  brown,  hard,  and  heavy,  too  small  to  use  for  anything  but 
fuel. 

Myricaceae    Bayberry  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees,  leaves  simple,  alternate,  generally  coriaceous,  resin- 
dotted  and  aromatic ;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  short  scaly  cat- 
kins, solitary  in  the  axil  of  the  bract,  calyx  and  corolla  lacking,  staminate 
flower  with  2-16  stamens,  filaments  short,  free  or  more  or  less  united, 
anthers  2-celled,  pistillate  flowers  consisting  of  a  solitary  1 -celled  ovary, 
subtended  by  2-8  bracts,  ovule  1,  style  short,  stigmas  2,  linear;  fruit 
a  drupe-like  nut. 

The  family  includes   the  two  following   genera. 

KEY   TO    niE   (JEXEUA 

1.  Leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  without  stipules  Myrica 

2.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  cut,  stipulate  Comptonia 

Myrica  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Ancient  Greek  name  of  a  shrub,  perhaps  from  the  fragrance.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  leaves  entire,  serrate  or  dentate,  mostly  resin- 
dotted,  monoecious  or  dioecious;  staminate  catkins  oblong  or  cylindric, 
stamens  4-8,  filaments  slightly  united  below,  pistillate  catkins  ovoid  or 
globular,  pistil  subtended  by  2-4  deciduous  or  persistent  bractlets  ;  fruit 
tmall,  globular  or  short-cylindric,  dry,  coated  with  resinous  granules  or 
Avax. 

A  genus  of  34  species  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  besides  the 
following,  3  occur  in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  2  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Myrica  Gale  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Sweet  Gale 

A  branching  shrub  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  branches  dark  brown,  with  pale 
lenticels,  young  shoots  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  cuneate 
at  the  base,  obtuse  and  dentate  at  the  apex,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  glabrous  beneath,  mostly  resin-dotted  on  both 
sides  and  aromatic,  3-6  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  petioles  about  2  mm. 
long;  staminate  catkins  oblong-cylindrical,  10-15  mm.  long,  loose-bracted, 
pistillate  catkins  ovoid-oblong,  about  5  mm.  long,  stigma  very  prominent  ; 
fruiting  catkin  7-10  mm.  long,  drupe  resinous-waxy,  inclosed  by  2  thick, 
persistent  bractlets,  2-3  mm.   long:  Gale,  an  aromatic  plant. 

In    swamps    and    along    lakes    and    streams,    along    the    International 


COMPTONIA 


269 


Boundary  and  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  south  to  Carleton  county. 
Distributed  from  Labrador  to  New  England  and  along  the  Great  Lakes 
to  Minn.,  south  in  the  mountains  to  Va.,  also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Flow- 
ers in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Comptonia  Banks  1791 
(Named  for  Bishop  Compton  of  Oxford) 

A  low  branching  shrub ;  leaves  narrowed,  deeply  pinnatitid,  with 
stipules,  young  foliage  pubescent ;  flowers  in  catkins,  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious, staminate  catkins  cylindric,  stamens  4-8  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts ; 
pistillate  catkins  ovoid  or  globose,  borne  below  the  staminate  catkins  in 


Comptonia  peregrina 


Mvrica  Gale 


270  DOGWOOD   FAMILY 

monoecious  plants,  pistil  subtended  by  8  persistent,  narrow  bracts  which 
form  a  bristly  involucre  in  the  ripe  fruit ;  fruit  a  bony  oblong  nut. 
A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 

Comptonia  peregrina    ( Linne)    Coulter   1894 
Myrica  asplenifolia  Linne  1753 

A  shrub  3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  and  fern- 
like, sweet-scented,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  lobes  rounded  or  pointed, 
entire  or  acute,  sparingly  pubescent,  6-12  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide, 
petioles  about  5  mm.  long,  stipules  half-cordate,  usually  deciduous;  stam- 
inate  catkins  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  3-4  cm.  long;  pistillate 
catkins  becoming  bur-like  in  fruit,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter :  p  e  r  e  g-r  i  n  a, 
wandering.  In  dry,  sandy  soil,  frequent  northeastward,  occuring  scattered 
farther  south  to  Pine  county  and  southwest  to  Cass  Lake.  Also  reported 
from  near  Excelsior,  Hennepin  County,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  it  occurs, 
there.  From  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina.  Lid. 
and  j\Lch.     Blossoms  in  April  and  Mav,  fruits  in  autumn. 

Umbellales     Carrot  Order 
Cornaceae    Dogwood  Family 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  rarely  herbs ;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  verticil- 
late  or  alternate,  usually  entire ;  flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious, 
in  cymes  or  heads,  calyx  4-5  parted  or  toothed,  adnata  to  the  top  of  the 
ovary,  petals  4-5,  valvate  or  imbricated,  inserted  at  the  edge  of  the  disk, 
stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternating  with  them,  or  more 
numerous,  ovary  inferior,  1-2  celled,  style  1,  ovule  1  in  each  cell;  fruit  a 
1-2  celled,   1-2  seeded  drupe. 

Only  two  genera  of  the  family  occur  in  North  America,  one  of  which 
is  represented  in  the  ^Lnnesota  flora. 

Cornus   Linne   1753 
(L.  C  o  r  n  ti  s,  cornel,  perhaps  from  corn  u,  horn) 

Shrubs  or  trees  (occasionally  herbs)  ;  leaves  simple,  mostly  entire, 
opposite,  verticillate  or  sometimes  alternate ;  flowers  small,  white  or  green- 
ish, in  cymes  or  heads,  (Avhen'in  heads  subtended  by  large,  white,  petal- 
like bracts  in  our  species),  calyx-tube  campanulate,  4-toothed,  petals  4, 
spreading,  stamens  4,  ovary  2-celled,  1  ovule  in  each  cell,  stigma  truncate 
or  capitate;  fruit  an  ovoid  or  globular  drupe,  stone  2-celled  and  2-seeded. 


CORNUS  271 

A  genus  of  about  25  species,  natives  of  the  North  Temperate  zone, 
Mexico  and  Peru.  In  addition  to  the  following  11  others  occur  in  North 
America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  opposite 

a.  Fruit  light  blue,  leaves  downy  pubescent  be- 

neath at  least  when  young 

( 1 )  Twigs    green,    leaves    broadly    ovate    or 

orbicular,  C.   circinata 

(2)  Young    twigs    silky-downy,    leaves   ovate 

or  elliptical  C.  Amomuiu 

b.  Fruit  white,  leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent 

( 1 )  Twigs   gray,   leaves    ovate-lanceolate  C.  paniculafa 

( 2 )  Branches  bright  red,  purple  or  brownish 

(a)  Branches  brownish,  spreading — pubes- 

cent leaves  spreading — pubescent  be- 
neath C.  Biiilcyi 

(b)  Branches    bright    red-purple,    smooth, 

minute-pubescent  on  both  sides  C.  siolonifera 

2.  Leaves  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 

flowering  shoots  '  C.  altcrnifolia 

Cornus    circinata    L'H  e  r  i  t  i  e  r    1/38      Round-leaved    Dogwood 

A  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  branches  green,  warty-dotted;  leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  with 
scattered  pubescence  above,  paler  and  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  8-14  cm. 
long,  6-13  cm.  wide,  petioles  1.5-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  many-flowered 
cymes,  wdiite,  5-7  mm.  broad,  petals  oblong,  pedicels  pubi'scent ;  fruit 
globose,  light  blue,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  stone  subglobose,  slightly 
ridged  :  circinata,  rolled  into  a  coil. 

In  i-andy  or  rocky  soil,  in  woods  and  thickets,  frequent  and  occasion- 
ally common  throughout  the  state.  From  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south 
to  Va.,  111.  and  la.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Cornus  Amomum  Miller  1768     Silky  Cornel    Kinnikinnik 

A  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  twigs  brownish  or  purplish,  the  younger  ones 
silky-downy ;  leaves  ovate,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  glabrous  or  thinly  appressed-pubescent 
above,  finely  pubescent,  usually  wath  brownish  hairs  beneath,  4-8  cm.  long, 
2.5-4.5  cm.  wide;   flowers  in  flat,  many-flowered   cymes,   white,  8-9  mm. 


C.alternijoUa. 


Cocnus  ^h. 


CORNUS 


273 


broad,  pedicels  and  ovaries  pubescent,  styles  2-3  mm.  long,  stigma  capitate 
or  club-shaped;  fruit  globose,  light  blue,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  stones 
somewhat  irregular  or  oblique  in  shape,  slightly  ridged  and  narrowed  at 
the  base  :  A  m  o  m  u  m,   an  aromatic  shrub. 

In  low  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  frequent  throughout  the  state, 
except  far  northward.  From  Newfoundland  to  North  Dakota,  south  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

The  inner  bark  is  used  by  the  Indians,  under  the  name  of  Kinnikinnik, 
to  mix  with  their  tobacco  for  smoking. 

Cornus  paniculata  L'H  e  r  i  t  i  e  r  1788  Dogwood 

A  shrub  2-5  m.  high,  bark  gray  and  smooth,  young  twigs  mostly 
glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  light  green  above,  much  paler  beneath,  with 
scattered  appressed-pubescence  on  both  sides,  4-10  cm.  long,  1.5-4  cm. 
wide,  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  cymes  paniculate,  loosely  flowered,  flowers 
white,  petals  lance-oblong,  2-3  mm.  long,  calyx-tube  with  appressed  white 
pubescence ;  fruit  white,  globose  or  nearly  so,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter, 
stone  subglobose,  thicker  than  long,  ridged :  paniculata,  panicled. 

In  rich  soil,  thickets,  woods,  etc.  Common  throughout  the  south  half 
of  the  state  and  in  the  Valley  of  the  Red  River.  In  the  Big  Woods  it 
is  the  most  abundant  species ;  not  reported  from  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  state.  From  Me.  to  Minn,  and  Ontario,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Nebraska.     Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Cornus   Baileyi  C  o  ti  1 1  e  r  and   Evans   1890     Bailey's   Dogwood 

A  shrub  1-4  m.  high,  branches  brown  or  reddish-brown,  covered  with 
spreading  pubescence ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  appressed  pubescent  above, 
spreading  or  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  3-8  cm.  long.  1.5-3.5  cm.  wide; 
c\Tiies  rather  dense,  the  branches  and  pedicels  pubescent ;  flowers  white, 
6-7  mm.  broad,  petals  lanceolate;  fruit  Avhite,  subglobose,  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter,  stone  flattened  and  slightly  oblique,  considerably  broader  than 
long :  Baileyi,  named  for  L.  H.  Bailey. 

Along  the  sandy  shores  of  lakes  and  in  moist  ground,  common  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.  Distributed  from  Pa.  to  Saskatchewan,  south 
to  Wyo.  and  Neb. 

This  species  resembles  the  following  somewhat  closely  and  has  gen- 
erally been  confused  With  if.  It  differs  iiiflie  pubescent  twigs  and  more 
woolly  pubescent  leaves.     Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 


274 


DOGWOOD   FAMILY 


Cornus    stolonifera    M  ic  h  a  u  x    1803      Red-osier    Dogwood    Kin- 

nikinnik 

A  shrub  1-4  m.  high,  generally  stoloniferous,  branches  smooth,  bright 
reddish-purple,  young  shoots  mostly  finely  appressed-pubescent,  leaves 
oval,  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acute  or  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  bright  green  and  thinly  ap- 
pressed-pubescent above,  whitish  and  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  or  some- 


Cornus  stolonifera 


CORNUS  275 

times  glabrous  throughout,  4-10  cm.  long,  2.5-5.5  cm.  wide,  petioles 
slender,  18-25  mm.  long;  cymes  flat-topped,  3-5  cm.  broad,  flowers  white, 
5-6  mm.  broad,  petals  ovate-lanceolate,  calyx  and  pedicels  with  thhi,  ap- 
pressed  pubescence,  styles  about  1.5  mm.  long;  fruit  white  or  whitish, 
globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter :  stolonifera,  bearing  stolons. 

In  moist  or  wet  places,  abundant  throughout  the  north  half  of  the 
state  and  common  southward  to  Winona,  Blue  Earth,  Mower  and  Houston 
Counties.  Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia  south  to 
the  District  of  Columbia,  the  Great  Lakes  region,  Iowa,  Neb.  and  New 
Mexico.  Begins  blossoming  in  June  and  continues  through  July  and  Aug., 
fruit  ripens  July-Sept. 

Cornus  alternifolia   Linne  filius    1781     Dogwood 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  2-6  m.  high,  bark  smooth,  dark  or  brownish 
on  the  main  stem,  branches  greenish,  streaked  with  white,  leaves  alternate, 
usually  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  oval  or  ovate,  narrowed  or  some- 
times rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate  or  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
glabrous  and  with  the  veins  distinctly  marked  on  the  upper  side,  whitish 
and  thinly  pubescent  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide,  petioles 
slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  cviiies  rather  loose-flowered,  4-6  cm.  broad,  flowers 
white,  petals  oblong,  reflexed,  3  mm.  long,  calyx  finely  appressed- 
pubescent ;  fruit  globose,  deep  blue,  on  reddish  pedicels,  about  8  mm.  in 
diameter,  stones  slightly  flattened  and  channeled :  alternifolia,  with 
alternate   leaves. 

In  rich  soil,  in  woods,  copses,  etc.,  frequent  and  occasionally  common 
throughout  the  state,  except  far  northward.  Distributed  from  eastern 
Quebec  to  western  Ontario,  Minn,  and  la.,  south  to  Georgia  and  Alabama. 
Blossoms  in  May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 


Rubiale?    Madder  Order 
Rubiaceae   Madder  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  leaves  simple,  opposite,  or  verticillate,  mostly 
with  stipules;  flowers  perfect  but  often  dimorphous,  regular,  calyx-tube 
adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  variously  lobed,  corolla  sympetalous, 
campanulate,  funnel-shaped  or  rotate,  4-5-lobed,  frequently  hairy  within, 
stamens  4-5,  borne  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  ovary  1-10- 
celled,  inferior,  ovules  l-several  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  style  short 
or  elongated ;   fruit  a  capsule,  a  berry  or  a  drupe. 


2;6  MADDER  FAMILY 

A  very  large  family  of  plants,  the  greater  number  of  species  of  which 
are  found  in  tropical  regions.  Only  one  genus  of  woody  plants  of  this 
family  occurs  within  the  state. 

Cephalanthus   Linne   1753 
(Gr.  k  e  p  h  a  1  e,  head,  a  n  t  h  o  s,  a  flower) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate,  short-petioled 
and  entire ;  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  heads,  small,  white  or  yellow, 
subtended  by  bracts,  calyx-tube  short,  its  limb  4-lobed,  corolla  tubular, 
with  4  slightly  spreading  lobes,  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube. 


with  very  short  filaments,  ovary  2-celled,  1-2  ovules  in  each  cavity,  style 
slender,  long-exserted,  stigma  capitate ;  fruit  splitting  into  2-4  achene-like 
parts. 

A  genus  of  6  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.     The  fol- 
lowing species  is  the  only  one  occurring  in  the   U.  S. 


CEPHALANTHUS  277 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Buttonbush 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high;  branches  ghibruus ;  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate, 
entire,  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  glabrous  above,  glabrous  or  very  sparingly 
pubescent  beneath,  7-14  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long; 
peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  6-10  cm.  long,  heads  globose,  2-4  cm. 
in  diameter,  flowers  white,  sessile  and  closely  crowded,  8-12  mm.  long, 
styles  slender,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla,  calyx-tube  surmounting 
the  ovary,  persistent;  fruit  narrowly-obconic,  5-6  mm.  long:  occiden- 
talis, western. 

In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  infrequent  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state,  reported  as  far  north  as  Taylors  Falls.  Distributed  from  New 
Brunswick  to  western  Ontario  and  California,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

Caprifoliaceae    Honeysuckle  Family 

Shrubs,  trees  or  vines,  or  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  opposite,  simple  or 
pinnately  compound ;  flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  cymose,  calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  2-5-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  top,  petals  united 
into  a  sympetalous,  tubular,  campanulate,  or  rotate  corolla,  5 -lobed  above, 
frequently  wdth  a  sack-like  enlargement  at  the  base;  stamens  5  (rarely  4), 
borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternating  with  the  lobes,  anthers 
oblong  or  narrow  and  elongated,  filaments  inserted  on  the  corolla,  ovary 
inferior,  2-5-celled,  style  slender,  stigma  enlarged  or  capitate,  2-5-lobed, 
ovules  1 -several  in  each  cell,  fruit  a  1 -several-seeded  berry,  drupe  or  cap- 
sule, seeds  oblong  or  globose,  with  small  embryo,  and  fleshy  endosperm. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

1.  Leaves  compound,  flowers  small,  white,  in  com- 

pound cpiies  Sambucus 

2.  Leaves  simple 

a.  Flowers  in  compound  cymes,   corolla  rotate, 

small;   fruit  a  1 -seeded  drupe  Viburnum 

b.  Flowers  in  pairs,  or  few-flowered  racemes  or 

c\'mes,     corolla    campanulate    or    tubular, 
fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule 
{ 1 )      Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry 

(a)      Corolla     short-campanulate,      regular. 

margin  of  leaves  entire  Symphoncarpus 


278  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

(b)      Corulla   tubular   or   long-canipanulate, 

more  or  less   irregular  Lonicera 

(2)      Fruit   a    2-relled   capsule,    leaves    serrate      Diervilla 

Sambucus  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Elder 
(Classical    name   of   tbe    elderberry) 

Shrubs,  trees  or  perennial  herbs  ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  compound, 
leaflets  serrate,  or  sometimes  laciniately  cut  or  dissected ;  flowers  small, 
white,  very  numerous  in  compound  cymes,  calyx-lobes  or  teeth  3-5,  minute 
or  almost  lacking,  corolla  3-5  lobed,  regular,  rotate,  stamens  5,  attached 
to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  filaments  short,  ovary  3-5-celled,  one  ovule  in 
each  cavity,  style  short,  3-lobed  ;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  containing  3-5 
1 -seeded  stones. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  3  other 
species  besides  the  following  occur  in  the  western  part  of  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Stems  woody,  })ith  brown,  fruit  bright  red  S.  racciiiosa 

2.  Stems  hardly  woody,  pith  white,  fruit  black-purple  S.  caiuiih-iisis 

Sambucus  racemosa  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Red-berried  Elder 

Sambucus   pubens    Michaux    1803 

A  shrub,  1-4  m.  high,  bark  gray  and  warty,  young  shoots  commonly 
pubescent,  with  large  brown  pith;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
narrowed  and  mostly  unequal  at  the  base,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  finely  pubescent  beneath,  4-13  cm. 
long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  occasionally  much  larger;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal 
cluster  of  compound  cymes,  white,  turning  brown  in  drying,  3-4  mm. 
broad,  petals  reflexed,  stamens  very  short;  fruit  a  bright  red  drupe,  4-5 
mm.  in  diameter :  racemosa,  with  racemes,  not  particularlv  appropriate. 

On  rocky  banks,  in  ravines,  woods,  etc.,  common  throughout  the  state. 
Distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  (ia., 
Colo.,  and  Calif.     Blossoms  in  April  and  May,  fruit  ripe  in  June  and  July. 

\'ar.  1  a  c  i  n  i  a  t  a  Koch,  a  cut-leaved  form  of  this  species,  is  com- 
monly cultivated,  and  occasionally  spontaneous.  S  a  m  b  u  c  u  s  nigra 
var.  laciniata  (Miller)  DeCandolle,  the  corresponding  form  of  a 
similar   European   species,   is  occasionally  cultivated. 


■     SAMBUCUS  279 

Sambucus  canadensis  L  i  n  n  e   1753     Common   Elder 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  stems  scarcely  woody,  young  twigs  with  large 
white  pith;  leaflets  5-11,  mostly  7,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
rounded    and    slightly   unecjual    at    the   base,    sessile   or    nearly   so,    long- 


^.-imbucus,  x^ 


28o  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  above,  sometimes  slightly 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide;  inflorescence 
very  ample,  10-20  cm.  broad,  6-10  cm.  high;  flowers  white,  5-6  mm. 
broad;  fruit  a  dark  purple  to  black  drupe,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  edible, 
stones  roughened :  canadensis,  Canadian. 

In  moist  or  rich  soil,  common  throughout  the  south  half  of  the  state, 
rare  northwestward.  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south 
to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.  Blossoms  in  late  June  and  July,  fruit  ripe  in 
August  and  September. 

A  cut-leaf  form  is  occasionally  cultivated. 

Viburnum    L  i  n  n  e    1753 
(Classical  name  of  the  wayfaring  tree) 

Shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  entire,  serrate,  dentate,  or  lobed,  stipules 
sometimes  present,  leaf  buds  naked  or  with  a  pair  of  scales ;  flowers  white, 
or  rarely  pink,  numerous,  in  flat,  compound  cymes,  sometimes  the  margin- 
al flowers  of  the  cyme  larger  and  sterile,  calyx  ovoid  or  turbinate,  5 -toothed, 
corolla  rotate  or  spreading,  regular,  5-lobed,  stamens  5,  borne  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  ovary  inferior,  1-3 -celled,  ovule  1  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary,  style  short,  3-lobed  or  3-cleft;  fruit  a  1-celled,  1-seeded,  ovoid  or 
globose  drupe,  stone  somewhat  flattened  and  ridged,  seed  compressed. 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  of  wide  geographical  distribution.  In 
addition  to  the  following  about  15  other  species  occur  in  different  parts 
of  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Leaves  3-lobed,  palmately  veined 

a.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  lobes  of  leaves 

sliallow,  not  coarsely  dentate  V.  pauciflonim 

b.  Some    or    all    of   the    flowers   sterile,    leaves 

more  deeply  3-lobed,  coarsely  and  irregu- 
larly  dentate 

( 1 )  Marginal     flowers     large     and     sterile, 

central     ones     perfect,     clusters     flat- 
topped,  native  V.  amcricanum 

(2)  All  the  flowers  sterile,  clusters  spherical, 

cultivated  V .   opuliis  sterUis 

2.  Leaves  not   lobed,  pinnately  veined,   dentate  or 

serrate 
a.     Leaves  finely   serrate,  veins   not   very  prom- 
inent 


VIRBURNUM 


281 


( 1 )  Leaves  and   inflorescence  densely  pubes- 

cent, winter  buds  naked,  cultivated  V.  Lantana 

(2)  Leaves  and  inflorescence  glabrous,  winter 

buds  scaly  V.  Lciitago 

b.     Leaves  coarsely  dentate,  veins  prominent  V.  pubcsccns 


liiburnurr?  X^ 


282  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

Viburnum  pauciflorum   R  a  f  i  n  e  s  q  n  e    1838      Squashberry 

A  low  straggling  shrub,  0.7-2  m.  high,  bark  grayish,  young  shoots  red- 
dish brown  and  ridged ;  leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  narrowed,  truncate 
or  cordate  at  the  base,  mostly  with  three  shallow  lobes,  dentate,  glabrous 
above,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-9  cm.  long,  4.5-9.5 
cm.  wide,  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  cymes  few  flow-ered,  3-4  cm.  long, 
about  2  cm.  broad,  flowers  all  perfect,  5-6  mm.  broad,  stamens  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  drupe  globose  to  ovoid,  light  red,  acid,  8-10  mm.  long, 
stone  ovate,  pointed:  pauciflorum,   few   flowered. 

In  cold  woods  north  of  Lake  Superior.  Distributed  from  Newfound- 
land to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  N.  H.,  Vt.,  Pa.  and  in  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains to  Colorado.     Blossoms  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Viburnum   americanum    ]\r  i  11  e  r    1768      Highbush    Cranberry 

Fembina 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  branches  nearly  erect,  smooth  and  grayish; 
leaves  deeply  3-lobe(l,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  lobes  taper-pointed, 
coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate  or  sometimes  almost  entire,  glabrous  above, 
with  a  few  scattered  hairs  along  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,  4.5-12 
cm.  broad,  petioles  1.5-3  cm.  long  with  1-3  glands  below  the  blade, 
cymes  flat-topped,  5-10  cm.  in  diameter,  the  outer  flowers  large  and  sterile, 
]-2  cm.  broad,  the  fertile  ones  very  small,  2-3  mm.  broad;  fruit  an  ovoid 
drupe,  about  1  cm.  long,  stone  round,  flattened  :  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  u  m,  Ameri- 
can. 

In  swamjis  and  low  ground,  connnon  throughout  the  northern  half 
of  the  state  and  in  the  Big  Woods,  less  frequent  southward  to  Houston 
county.  Distributed  from  Newfoundland  and  (Quebec  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  New  Jersey,   Pa.,  Midi,  and  northeastern  Iowa. 

This  species  seems  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  European  V.  o  p  u  1  u  s 
with    which    it    has    usually    been    identified. 

The  fruit  is  used  for  m.aking  sauve  and  preserves,  "Pembina,  born,' 
first  by  a  river,  and  then  given  to  the  town  and  county  is  stated  by  Keating 
to  be  frt)m  the  Chippewa  word  for  this  fruit,  a  n  e  p  e  m  b  i  n  a  n,  wliicli 
name  has  been  shortened  and  corruoted  into  Pembina"  (Narrative  of 
Long's  Expedition) . 

Viburnum   Opulus      Linne   var.    sterilis        DeCandolle    1830 

Guelder  Rose 

A  shrub  2-3  m.  higli,  with  smooth  grayish  branches;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,   3-l()bed,   lobes  shorter  tlian  in  the  preceding  species,   coarselv  and 


VIBURNUM 


283 


irregularly  serrate,  truncate  t)r  slightly  cordate  at  the  hase,  with  scattered 
hairs  above,  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  3.5-10  cm.  long,  4-11  cm. 
wide,  petioles  2-3  cm.  long,  with  several  glands  below  the  blade;  flowers 
all  sterile,  in  dense  globose  clusters  5-10  cm.  in  diameter,  at  first  greenish, 
later  becoming  white  :  O  p  u  1  u  s,  Latin  name  of  a  tree,  s  t  e  r  i  1  i  s,  sterile. 
Extensivelv  planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub,  perfectly  hardy;  the 
leaves  are  likely  to  be  badly  infested  with  aphis  causing  them  to  curl  and 
shrivel  very  badly.      Blossoms  in  June. 

Viburnum   Lantana   L  i  n  n  e   1753  Wayfaring   Tree 

A  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  1-3  m.  high,  branches  brown, 
young  shoots  ashv  pubescent,  winter  buds  naked  ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate- 
oblong,  mostly  cordate  at  the  base,  blunt  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  finely 
and   sharply   serrate,   densely    stellate   pubescent   on    both   sides,    petioles 


1-2  cm.  long  pubescent;  cvmes  short-peduncled,  the  whole  cluster  about 
6-8  cm.  broad,  flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  7-10  mm.  broad,  stamens  6-7 
mm.  long:  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  flattened,  about  1  cm.  long;  Lantana, 
a   genus  name   of   mythological   origin. 

Frequentlv  cultivated  and  perfectly  hardy.     Introduced  from  Eurasia. 
Blossoms  in  May,   fruit  ripe  in  August. 


284  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

Viburnum  Lentago  L  i  n  u  e  1753     Black  Haw 

A  tall  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  3-6  m.  high,  bark  smooth  and 
gray  or  brownish,  winter  buds  scaly,  acuminate,  young  shoots  glabrous; 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely 
and  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  sometimes  slightly  puberu- 
lent  beneath,  4-11  cm.  long,  2.5-5.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  about  2  cm.  long, 
often  widened  and  wavy-margined  below  the  middle;  inflorescence  con- 
sisting of  4-6  sessile  cymes,  the  cluster  hemispherical,  6-10  cm.  broad; 
flowers  wdiite,  6-7  mm.  broad,  stamens  about  3  mm.  long;  drupe  oval,  blu- 
ish-black, 10-12  mm.  long,  slightly  flattened,  edible,  stone  oval:  Lenta- 
g  o,   Latin  name  of   a  shrub. 

In  rich  woods,  frequently  along  banks  of  streams,  common  throughout 
the  south  half  of  the  state,  less  frequent  northward.  Distributed  from 
Quebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Ind.  and  Mo.  Blossoms  in  May 
and  June,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Viburnum  pubescens   (Aiton  )    P  u  r  s  h   1814     Arrowwood 

A  branching  shrub,  6-14  dm.  high,  bark  gray,  on  young  shoots  reddish 
brown ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  coarsely  dentate,  veins  few  and  very 
prominent  on  the  upper  side,  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs  above,  soft 
downy  beneath  at  least  when  young,  4-7  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  petioles 
8  cm.  or  less  long,  pubescent ;  cymes  peduncled,  the  cluster  3-4  cm. 
broad,  flowers  4  mm.  broad,  stamens  about  3  mm.  long ;  drupe  oval,  dark 
purple,  about  8  mm.  long;  stone  2-grooved,  on  each  face :  pubescens, 
hairy. 

In  rocky  woods,  common  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from 
western  Quebec  and  Vermont  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Ga.,  111.,  Iowa  and 
Wyo.     Blossoms  in  May,  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

Symphoricarpus  J  ti  s  s  i  e  u    1789     Snowberry    Wolf  berry 
(Gr.  s  y  m  p  h  o  r  a,  borne  in  clusters,  c  a  r  p  0  s.  fruit) 

Low,  upright,  branching  shrub ;  leaves  opposite  and  simple ;  flowers 
pink  or  white,  small,  perfect,  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters,  calyx-tube 
short,  5-toothed,  regular,  corolla  campanulate,  4-5-lobed,  sometimes  hairy 
on  the  inside,  occasionally  gibbous  at  the  base,  stamens  4-5,  borne  on  the 
corolla-tube,   ovary  inferior,  4-celled,   2   of  the  cells  containing  abortive 


SYMPHORICARPUS  285 

ovules,  the  others  with  a  single  ovule  in  each,  style  slender,  stigma  capitate 
or  2-lobed  ;  fruit  a  2-seeclecl  berry,  seeds  bony. 

A  genus  of  about   10  species,  natives  of  North  America. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Flowers  in  dense,  axillary  and  terminal  spikes,  stamens  and  styles  pro- 

truded S.   occidcntalis 

2.  Flowers  in  few-flowered,  interrupted  spikes,  at  the  ends  of  the  branch- 

es, stamens  and  styles  not  protruded  S.  raccinosiis 

Symphoricarpus  occidentalis  H  o  o  k  e  r  1833     Wolfberry 

A  low,  erect  shrub,  0.3-1  m.  high,  sometimes  considerably  branched, 
bark  gray  and  shreddy  on  the  older  branches ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or 
narrowed    at    the   base,   blunt   or   acute   at   the   apex,   entire    or  undulate- 


crenate  or  sometimes  lobed,  glabrous  above,  thinly  pubescent  at  least 
along  the  veins  beneath,  2-7  cm.  long,  1.5-4.5  cm.  wide,  or  occasionally 
much  larger,  petioles  4-10  mm.  long,  often  pubescent;  flowers  in  dense 
axillary  and  terminal  spikes,  corolla  pinkish,  short  funnel-form,  6-9  mm. 
long,  very  hairy  within,  stamens  and  style  protruding  beyond  the  end  of 
the  corolla;  fruit  a  nearly  globular  berry,  white,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter: 
occidentalis,  western. 

In   dry  or  rocky  soil,  common  and  often  abundant  except  northeast- 
ward.     Distributed   from    northern   Mich,   and   111.   to   Kan.   and   west   to 


286  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

the  Rocky  mountains.     Blossoms  in  June  and  July,  fruit  ripe  in  Septem- 
ber, often  persistent  throughout   the   winter. 

This  species  is  very  variable  in  the  size  and  form  of  leaf. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus  M  i  c  h  a  u  x  1803     Snowberry 

An  erect  branching  shrub,  0.3-1  m.  high,  bark  on  older  branches  gray 
and  shreddy,  young  shoots  slender,  yellowish  brown;  leaves  oval,  elliptic- 
oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  above,  pilose  beneath,  margin  entire  or  crenate,  length 
2-5  cm.,  width  1-3  cm.,  petioles  2-3  mm.  long;  flowers  1-2  or  several  in 
interrupted  spikes,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  corolla  pink  or  white, 
campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long  and  about  as  broad,  hairy  within,  stamens  and 
style  not  protruded  beyond  the  corolla  ;  fruit  a  snow-white  berry,  globose, 
5-10  mm.  in  diameter :  racemosus,  racemed. 

In  rocky  and  dry  soil,  throughout  the  state.  Distributed  from  north- 
eastern Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to  western  Mass.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Mont,  and 
California.      Blossoms  in  June  and  July,  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus  var.  pauciflorus  Robbins  1867 
Symphoricarpjus   pauciflorus    (Robbins)    Britton    1894 

A  dwarf  shrub,  differing  from  the  species  in  having  uniformly  smaller 
leaves  which  are  much  paler  beneath  and  more  pubescent. 

Common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,   infrequent   farther   south. 

Symphoricarpus    racemosus    \ar.    levigatus    F  e  r  n  a  1  d    Cultivated 

Snowberry 

Erect  shrub,   1-1.5  m.  high,  leaves  larger  than  in  the  species,  glabrous 
on  both  sides ;   flowers  often  numerous,  in  intermitted  spikes. 
Freiiuently  cultivated  in  gardens  and  occasionally  escaping. 

Lcnicera   L  i  n  n  e    1753     Honeysuckle 
(Named   for  Adam    Lonitzer) 

Erect  shrubs  or  woody  twining  vines ;  leaves  opposite,  entire  ;  flowers 
in  terminal  heads  or  spikes,  or  in  pairs  on  axillary  peduncles,  calyx  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  its  limb  usually  minute,  5-toothed  or  nearly  entire, 
petals  5,  united  into  a  more  or  less  irregular  corolla,  corolla  trumpet-,  fun- 
nel-, or  bell-shaped,  the  tube  often  gibbous  at  the  base  and  honey  bearing, 
the  limb  5-cleft  or  2-lipped,  the  ui)per  lip  consisting  of  4  petals,  the  lower 
of  1,  stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  alternate  with  the  petals,  pistil 


LONICERA  287 

1,    cuniimund,  2-3-partecl,    ovary    inferior,    i-3-cellL'(,l     (rari-ly     l-celled), 

style   1,  stigma  1,  capitate  or  2-3-lobed ;  fruit  a  berry,  usually  2-3-celled, 

few-seeded,    in  species   with    Howers    in    pairs,   the   two   berries   sometimes 
coalescent. 

A  genus  of  about   100  species,  chieflx'  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Flowers    terminal,    in    dense    clusters    or    inter- 

rupted spikes,  upper  leaves  of  tiowering- 
shoots  connate-perfoliate.  usually  vines : 
sub-genus    C  a  p  r  i  f  o  1  i  u  m 

a.  Flowers    long    trumpet-shaped,    cultivated  L.  scmpcrr'vcns 

b.  Flowers  with  a  short  tube  and  spreading   2- 

lipped  limb,  native 

(1)  Margin    of    leaves    parchment-like,    not 

ciliate 

(a)  Leaves  ncarlv  or  quite  glabrous  ■   L.  dioica 

(b)  Leaves  pubescent  beneath  L.  dioica 

glauccsccns 

(2)  Margin   of   leaves   green-,   ciliate  L.   hirsiita 

2.  Flowers   in  pairs,    on   axillary'  peduncles,  none 

of  the  leaves  connate-perfoliate.  mostly  up- 
right  shrubs  :    sub-genus     X  y  1  o  s  t  e  u  m 

a.  Peduncles  long  and  slender,  over  1   cm.  long 
( 1  )      Leaves  pubescent,  native  shrubs 

(a)  Leaves  thick,   woolly,  corolla  2-lipped      L.   o'-lougifolia 

(b)  Leaves    thin,     bristly,    corolla    nearly 

regular  L.   canadensis 

(2)      Leaves    glabrous,    corolla    not    2-lipped. 

cultivated  L.   tatarica 

b.  Peduncles    mostly   under    1    cm.    long,    leaves 

thick  and  veiny 

( 1 )  (Ivaries  united,   berry  blue-black,   native      L.   co-rulca 

(2)  Ovaries  separate,   berries  red.   cultivated      L.  Morroui 

Lonicera    sempervirens    L  i  n  n  e    1753       Trumpet    Honeysuckle 

Tall  twining  vine,  bark  pale  brown,  shredded,  twigs  glabrous;  leaves 
broad-oval,  ovate,  or  the  lower  ones  lanceolate,  the  uppermost  pair  on 
flowering  shoots  connate-perfoliate  forming  usually  a  broad  elliptical  disk, 
upper  side  dark  green,  smooth,  lower  side  glaucous,  smooth  or  somewhat 


HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 


L.dio'ica. 


onicera 


* 


hairy,  margin  smooth  and  parchment-like,  tip  retuse,  rounded,  or  slightly 
acute,  base  of  lower  leaves  narrowed,  sessile  or  short  petioled,  length  4.7 
cm.,  width  1-5.5  cm.;  flower  in  interrupted,  terminal  spikes,  limb  of  calyx- 
minute,  5-lobed,  corolla  scarlet,  often  with  more  or  less  yellow,  trumpet- 
shape,  nearly   regular,   its   tube  4-5    cm.   long,   about   6  mm.   wide   at  the 


LONICERA  289 

throat,  its  limb  scarcely  spreading,  about  5  mm.  long ;  berries  scarlet : 
s  e  m  p  e  r  V  i  r  e  n  s,  evergreen,  a  character  which  it  has  in  the  southern 
states  but  not  in  Minnesota. 

Cultivated;  native,  Maine  to  Nebraska  and  southwards.  A  hardy  and 
handsome  climber,  often  grown  upon  porches,  etc.  Its  conspicuous  scarlet 
flowers  are  in  bloom  for  a  long  period  in  summer. 

Lonicera  dioica  L  i  n  n  e  1767 
Lonicera  glauca  Hill  1769 
Lonicera  parviflora   Lamarck  1783 

Twining  vine  or  shrubby,  1-3  m.  high;  bark  grayish,  peeling  on  old 
stems,  twigs  glaucous  and  glabrous ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  the  upper- 
most 2-4  pairs  on  flowering  stems  connate-perfoliate,  the  uppermost  pair 
forming  a  rhomboid  or  elliptic  usually  obtusely  angled  disk,  upper  side 
of  leaves  bright  green,  glabrous,  lower  side  very  glaucous,  entirely- 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  m.argin  parchment-like  and  with- 
out hairs,  tip  obtuse  to  rounded,  base  when  not  connate,  sessile  and  clasp- 
ing; flow'ers  in  dense  terminal  clusters,  calyx-limb  barely  1  mm.  long, 
obscurely  5 -toothed,  corolla  yellowish,  or  more  frequently  dull-maroon, 
with  a  yellowish  tube,  its  tube  7-10  mm.  long,  gibbous  at  the  base  and 
expanding  to  a  width  of  about  3  mm.  at  the  throat,  its  limb  2-lipped,  cleft 
into  5,  somewhat  unequal  linear  petals,  5-10  mm.  long,  corolla  smooth 
without,  hairy  within,  stamens  exserted,  filaments  hairy,  style  hairy, 
stigma  capitate ;  berries  red :  dioica,  dioecious  which  this  plant  is  not, 

Maine  to  Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Ohio  and  Missouri.  In 
its  typical  form  occurring  somewhat  rarely  in  copses  and  rocky  woods  in 
eastern  and  southern  Minnesota.      Flow^ers  in  May  and  June. 

Lonicera  dioica  var.  glaucescens  (R  y  d  b  e  r  g) 
Lonicera  glaucescens  Rydberg   1897 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  often  only  one  pair  connate-perfoliate,  the 
lower  ones  narrowed  at  the  base  and  sometimes  short-petioled,  glabrous 
on  the  upper  side  and  margin  but  the  lower  side  more  or  less  hairy,  often 
densely  so ;  flowers  more  frequently  pale  yellow,  tube  of  corolla  hairy  on 
the  outside,  10-15  mm.  long,  somewhat  more  slender  than  in  the  type. 

Ontario  and  Michigan  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  Virginia,  Nebraska 
and  A\'yoming.  Rocky  woods,  copses,  bluffs,  etc.,  throughout  the  wooded 
part  of  Minnesota.      Much  more  abundant  than  the  type. 


290  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

This  form  has  been  described  as  a  distinct  species  but  in  Minnesota 
it  intergrades  completely  with  L.  d  i  o  i  c  a.  Only  two  of  the  Minnesota 
specimens  of  that  species  in  the  LIniversity  herbarium  are  completely 
glabrous.  Several  others,  agreeing  in  all  other  respects  with  typical  L. 
dioica  have  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf:  the 
form  and  number  of  the  perfoliate  disks  often  varies  greatly  in  the  same 
individual,  and  out  of  20  flowering  specimens  showing  the  foliage  char- 
acters of  the  variety  glaucescens  five  have  the  floral  characters  of 
typical  L.  dioica.  Very  pubescent  specimens  of  this  variety  are  some- 
times confused  with  L.  h  i  r  s  u  t  a  but  can  be  readily  distinguished  from 
that  species  by  their  smooth  and  parchment-like  leaf  margin. 

Lonicera  hirsuta  Eaton  1818 

Twining  vine,  bark  grayish  and  peeling,  twigs  usually  pubescent 
aliove  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  the  upper  1-2  pairs  on  flowering 
branches  connate-perfoliate,  the  upjjermost  disk  orbicular  or  rhombic, 
upper  side  dark  green  slightly  hairy%  lower  side  whitish  and  densely  hairy, 
margin  ciliate  and  not  at  all  parchment-like,  tip  of  leaf  obtuse  or  short- 
acuminate,  base,  when  not  connate,  rounded,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
length  6-11  cm.,  width  4-7  cm.;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters,  often 
with  either  sessile  or  stalked  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  perfoliate 
disk,  calyx-limb  scarcely  1  mm.  long,  obscurely  5-lobed,  corolla  yellow, 
its  tube  10-18  mm.  long,  gibbous  at  the  base,  expanding  gradually  into 
the  2-lipped.  5-petaled  limb  of  about  the  same  length,  corolla-tube  hairy 
and  glandular  on  the  outside,  hairy  within,  stamens  and  style  exserted,  the 
filaments  and  style  somewhat  hairy  below  :  hirsuta,  hairy,  bearded. 

Vermont,  Ontario  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Pa.,  Mich,  and  Minn.  In 
Minnesota  common  in  the  region  of  coniferous  forest  in  the  northern 
and  northeastern  parts  of  the  state,  not  occurring  elsewhere.  Flowers  in 
June  and  July. 

Lonicera  oblongifolia    (Goldie)   Hooker   1833 

Shrub,  5-15  dm.  high,  bark  grayish,  twigs  puberulent ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  thick,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  finely-woolly 
pubescent,  especially  beneath,  margin  thickened,  woolly  but  not  ciliate, 
tip  acute  or  obtuse,  base  tapering,  length  2.5-10  cm.,  width  1-3.5  cm., 
petioles  2  mm.  long  or  wanting ;  flowers  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  lower 
leaves,  peduncles  slender,  1-3  cm.  long,  bracts  at  base  of  ovaries  very 
minute  or  deciduous,  before  the  flowers  open,  ovaries  more  or  less  fused. 


LONICERA 


291 


limb  of  the  calyx  nearly  wanting,  having  5  minute,  triangular  teeth,  less 
than  0.5  mm.  li)ng,  rtirolla  yellow,  often  streaked  with  purple,  the  tube 
about  5  mm.  long,  gibbous  just  above  the  base,  more  or  less  hairy  within 
and  without,  limb  2-lipped,  spreading,  about  1  cm.  across,  the  upper  lip 
slightly  4-cleft,   the  lower  consisting  of  a  single   i)etal,  stamens  exserted, 


L.coecuka. 


L.Ta.ta.cica. 
Lonicera,  x^ 


L.Morvowi 


the  filaments  hairy  ;  fruit  red  or  purplish,  the  two  berries  nearly  distinct 
or  more  or  less  completely  united  :  o  b  1  o  n  g  i  f  o  1  i  a,  oblong-leaved. 

Swamps.     New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  northern  New  Eng- 
land,   Pa..    Mich.,   and    Minn.      In   Minnesota  confined   to    the    region   of 


292  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

evergreen   forest,    in    the   northern    and    northeastern    parts    of    the    state. 
Flowers  in  June,  fruit  ripe  in  late  July. 

Lonicera  canadensis  ]\I  a  r  s  h  a  11   1785 
Lonicera  ciliata  Muhlenberg"  1813 

Irregular  shrub,  1-1.5  m.  high,  bark  grayish,  twigs  glabrous;  leaves 
ovate  or  lance-ovate,  thin,  bright  green,  upper  side  glabrous,  lower  side 
slightly  hairy,  margin  ciliate,  tip  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse,  base  acute 
rounded  or  cordate,  length  2-9  cm.,  width  1.5-4  cm.,  petioles  5-8  mm. 
long;  flowers  in  pairs,  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves,  peduncles  slender, 
about  1  cm.  long,  bracts  at  base  of  ovaries  small,  the  longest  lanceolate, 
about  2  mm.  long,  the  others  about  0.5  mm.  long,  ovaries  separate,  limb  of 
calyx  obscurely  lobed,  about  1  mm.  long,  corolla  greenish  yellow,  funnel- 
shaped,  the  tube  gibbous  at  the  base,  1.5  cm.  long,  expanding  gradually 
into  a  nearly  equally  5-lobed  limb  about  5  mm.  long,  slightly  hairy  within, 
stamens  included ;  berries  separate,  red .  canadensis,  Canadian. 

Moist  woods.  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to 
Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.  In  Minn,  occurring  throughout  the  region  of  ever- 
green forest  in  the  northern  and  northeastern  parts  of  the  state.  Flowers 
in  May,  fruit  rijie  in  July. 

Lonicera    tatarica    L  i  n  n  e    1753     Tartarian    Honeysuckle      Twin 

Honeysuckle 

Upright  shrub,  1.5-3  ni.  high,  bark  light  gray,  twigs  glabrous,  green 
or  reddish;  leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  rather  thin,  upper  side  dark  green, 
lower  paler  but  not  glaucous,  margin  smooth  or  with  a  very  few  sparse 
hairs,  tip  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse,  base  heart-shaped,  length  3-7  cm. 
width  1.7-4  cm.,  petioles  about  5  mm.  long;  flowers  in  pairs,  from  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  peduncles  slender,  1-2  cm.  long,  bracts  at  the 
base  of  ovaries  partly  awl-shaped,  about  5  mm.  long,  partly  ovate,  less 
than  1  mm.  long,  ovaries  distinct,  glabrous,  limb  of  calyx  Avith  5  lanceo- 
late sepals,  about  1  mm.  long,  corolla  pink  or  whitish,  the  tube  gibbous 
at  the  base,  about  5  mm.  long,  hairy  within,  the  limb  irregularly  cleft 
into  5  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  about  1  cm.  long,  stamens  somewhat 
exserted,  filaments  hairy  ;  berries  separate,  red  :  t  a  t  a  r  i  c  a,  Tartarian,  re- 
ferring to  its  native  land. 

Cultivated,  native  of  southeastern  Russia  to  central  Asia. 

A  hardy  shrub,  much  planted,  ornamental  both  in  flower  and  in  fruit. 


LONICERA  293 

Besides  the  typical  form  with  pink  flowers  there  are  forms  with  white 
flowers  and  with  various  shades  of  pink  flowers,  some  with  considerably 
larger  leaves  and  flowers  than  the  type.     Flowers  in  May. 

Lonicera  coerulea  L  i  n  n  e   1753 

Erect  shrub,  3  dm.  to  1  m.  high,  bark  light  brown,  much  shredded, 
twigs  pubescent ;  leaves  oval,  narrows-oblong  or  obovate,  thick,  upper  side 
hairy,  or  smooth,  lower  side  pale,  coarsely  hairy,  margin  ciliate,  tip  round 
or  obtuse,  base  rounded  or  narrowed,  length  2-4  cm.,  width  8-20  mm., 
petioles  about  1  mm.  long ;  flowers  in  pairs  from  the  axils  of  the  lower 
leaves,  peduncle  2-8  mm.  long,  bracts  at  base  of  ovaries  awl-shaped,  3-5 
mm.  long,  hirsute,  ovaries  of  the  two  flowers  completely  united,  glabrous, 
limb  of  calyx  very  minute,  scarcely  lobed,  glabrous,  corolla  pale  yellow, 
glArous  in  Minnesota  specimens,  the  tube  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base, 
about  7  mm.  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  about  5  mm.  long,  stamens 
exserted ;  fruit  an  oval  bluish-black  berry,  bearing  the  scars  of  two  flowers 
close  together  near  the  summit,  edible :  coerulea,  blue,  from  the  color 
of  the  fruit. 

Wet  woods  and  bogs.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Pa.,  Mich.  Yel- 
lowstone Park  and  Oregon,  also  occurs  in  Scandinavia  and  Switzerland. 
In  Minnesota  confined  to  the  northeast  corner  of  the  state.  Flowers  in 
May  and  June,  fruit  ripe  about  August  1. 

The  American  specimens  of  this  species  are  assigned  to  the  variety 
villosa  (Michaux)  Torrey  &  Gray.  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  specimens, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  western  U.  S.  have  thinner  and  less  veiny  leaves 
than  those  from  Europe  and  eastern   North  America. 

Lonicera  Morrowi  A.   G  r  a  3^  1856 

Spreading  shrub,  about  2  m.  high,,  bark  grayish  broAvn,  twigs  finely 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  thick  and  veiny,  dark  green  above,  paler  be- 
neath, upper  side  finely  and  sparsely  hairy,  lower  side  hairy,  margin 
ciliate,  tip  obtuse  or  rounded,  base  cordate,  length  2.5-5  cm.,  width  1.5-2.5 
cm.,  petioles  about  3  mm.  long;  flowers  in  pairs,  axillary,  peduncles  7-10 
mm.  long,  bracts  small,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  the  two  longest  linear,  3-5 
mm.  long,  the  others  ovate,  about  2  mm.  long,  ovaries  separate,  limb  of 
calyx  with  5  obtuse,  triangular,  ciliate  teeth,  corolla  white,  yellow  or 
fading,  pubescent,  the  tube  7-10  mm.  long,  the  limb  with  5  slightly  ir- 


294  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

regular  lobes,  8-12  mm.  long,  stamens  exserted,  the  filaments  hairy;  ber- 
ries separate,  bright  red :  M  o  r  r  o  w  i,  named  for  Dr.  James  Morrow. 

Cultivated.     Native  of  Japan. 

A  very  handsome  and  hardy  shrub,  ornamental  both  in  flower  and 
fruit  and  covered  with  foliage  from  earliest  spring  until  hard  freezing  in 
the  fall.  A  very  useful  plant  for  untrimmed  hedges  where  there  is  plenty 
of  space.  This  plant  grows  readily  from  seed :  it  is  distributed  extensively 
by  birds  and  is  apt  to  appear  spontaneously  in  the  vicinity  of  cultivated 
plants.     Flowers  in  May  and  June,  fruits  from  August  to  late  autumn. 

Diervilla    M  o  e  n  c  h    1794 
(Named  for  Dr.  Dierville) 

Upright  shrubs ;  leaves  opposite,  serrate ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
c>Tnose  or  solitary,  calyx-tube  slender  and  elongated,  narrowed  below  the 
5  persistent  sepals,  corolla  tubular,  or  funnel-shaped,  the  tube  slightly 
gibbous  at  the  base,  5-lobed,  stamens  5,  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
anthers  linear,  ovary  2-celled,  inferior,  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity, 
style  long  and  slender,  stigma  capitate;  fruit  a  capsule,  oblong,  slender- 
beaked  or  pointed,   2-valved. 

A  genus  of  about  8  species,  two  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others 
of  eastern   Asia. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Native,  flowers  less  than  2  cm.  long,  yellow  D.  Loniccra 

2.  Cultivated,  flowers  more  than  2  cm.  long,  rose-pink  or  whitish 

D.  florid  a 

Diervilla  Lonicera  M  i  1 1  e  r    1768 

Low  upright  shrub,  1  m.  or  less  high,  bark  grayish  brown,  twigs 
smooth  except  for  two  narrow  hispid  lines,  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth,  except  a  little  rough  hairy  along  the  veins,  margins  finely 
serrate,  tip  long-acuminate,  base  wedge-shaped  to  rounded,  6-13  cm.  long, 
2-7  cm.  wide,  petioles  5-10  mm.  long;  flowers  terminal  or  axillary,  in 
clusters  of  2-6,  sepals  bristle-like,  about  5  mm.  long,  corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  free  portion  of  the 
petals  linear,  corolla  pale  3'ellow,  growing  darker :  Lonicera,  the 
generic  name  of  the  honeysuckle. 

Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Indiana  and 
Minnesota.  In  Minnesota  throughout  the  wooded  part  of  the  state. 
Flowers  in  June. 


Diervilla  Lonicera 


296  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY 

Diervilla  florida  Siebold  &  Zuccarini  1835     Weigela 
Weigela  rosea  Lindley 

Shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  bark  grayish-brown,  twigs  hairy  in  two  lines; 
leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  upper  side  smooth,  lower  side  rough-hairy  along 
the  veins,  margin  finely  serrate,  tip  acuminate,  base  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded,  4-7  cm.  long,  2.5-3.5  cm.  wide,  petioles  about  2  mm.  long;  flow- 
ers axillary  or  terminal,  in  clusters  of  1-4,  sepals  narrow-lanceolate,  about 
1  cm.  long,  united  for  one-third  to  one-half  of  their  length,  corolla  broad- 
funnel-shaped,  nearly  regular,  about  3  cm.  long,  3.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the 
free  part  of  the  petals  broadly  triangular,  rose-pink  or  whitish  in  some 
varieties,  stigma  2-lobed :  florida,   flowering. 

Cultivated.      Native   of  northern   China. 

A  very  ornamental  bush,  much  cultivated  under  the  name  of  Weigela 
and    apparently    quite    hardy    in    the    vicinity    of    Minneapolis    where    it 


XS.-florid^. 


D.Lonicara. 


blooms  in  early  June.  There  arc  numerous  hybrids  between  this  and 
other  related  Asiatic  species.  They  appear  to  be  less  hardy  than  D. 
florida. 


ARTEMISIA  297 

Asterales     Aster  Order 
Compositae     Composite  Family 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees;  flowers  in  dense  heads,  surrounded  by  a 
calyx-like  involucre,  the  receptacle  naked  (i.  e.  bearing  only  flowers)  or 
bearing  scales  among  the  flowers,  flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  polygamous 
or  dioecious,  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  free  limb  (pappus)  variously 
modified  as  scales,  spines,  bristles,  plumes,  etc.,  or  entirely  wanting,  petals 
5,  rarely  0,  united,  corolla  either  regular,  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  or  ir- 
regular, 2-lipped  or  flat  and  ligulate,  the  marginal  flowers  of  the  head 
often  different  in  form,  from  the  central  ones,  stamens  5  or  0,  usually 
united  by  their  anthers,  pistil  1,  compound,  ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  1- 
seeded,  style  1,  2-cleft  above,  stigmas  2,  fruit  an  achene. 

An  immense  family,  the  largest  of  flowering  plants,  containing  about 
12,000  species.  Herbaceous  species  of  this  family  are  very  abundant  in 
our  flora  especially  in  prairie  regions,  comprising  such  Avell  known  plants 
as  sunflowers,  asters,  goldenrods,  daisies,  thistles,  dandelions,  etc.  Woody 
plants  of  this  family  are  rare  and  are  largely  confined  to  warmer  climates. 
Our  only  shrubby  genus  is  the  following. 

Artemisia   L  i  n  n  e   1753     Wormwood    Sage-Brush 
(Named  for  Artemisia,  wife  of  IMausolus) 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  often  canescent  or 
tomentose;  leaves  alternate;  heads  few  to  many-flowered,  pendulous  or 
nodding,  in  panicles,  racemes,  or  spikes,  flowers  all  tubular,  greenish  or 
yellowish,  involucre  ovoid,  oblong  or  hemispherical,  its  bracts  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  ones  shorter,  receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked 
or  pubescent,  not  chaffy,  central  flowers  perfect,  sometimes  sterile,  margin- 
al flowers  usually  pistillate  and  fertile,  their  corolla  2-3-toothed,  in  some 
species  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile;  achenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  2- 
ribbed  or  striate,  with  a  small  rounded  summit,  and  no  pappus. 

A  genus  of  about  200  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and 
southern  South  America.  The  following  species  is  the  only  shrubby  one 
within  the  state. 

Artemisia  frigida  W  i  1 1  d  e  n  o  w  1804     Mountain  Sage 

A  low  tufted  perennial,  3-6  dm.  high,  woody  at  the  base,  densely  silky- 
canescent  throughout,  aromatic;  leaves  1-3  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted 
and   3-5-cleft,   the  divisions   linear,   the   leaves   towards   the  base    of  the 


298 


SMILAX   FAMILY 


stems  with  shorter  and  slightly  broader  lobes,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and 
less  divided;  heads  globose,  mostly  numerous,  in  racemes,  or  sometimes 
paniculate,  short-peduncled,  about  5  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  broad,  involucre 
hemispheric,  bracts  oblong,  canescent,  receptacle  villous-pubescent,  central 
flowers  fertile  ;  achenes  ovate,  about  1  mm.  long  :  f  r  i  g  i  d  a,  frosty. 


On  dry  prairies  and  in  dry  rocky  soil,  common  in  the  western  and 
northwestern  parts  of  the  state  as  far  southeast  as  Minneapolis,  less  fre- 
quent and  local  farther  south.  Distributed  from  Minn,  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  Tex.,  New  Mexico  and  Oregon;  Asia.  Blossoms  in 
August  and  September.     The  leaves  appear  in  early  April. 


Liliales     Lily  Order 

Smilacaceae  Smilax  Family 

Woody  or  herbaceous  vines,  usually  with  prickles,  climbing  by  means- 
of  tendrils;    leaves  alternate,   simple,  usually  entire,  netted   between  the 


300  SMILAX   FAMILY 

parallel  veins;  flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels;  sepals  3,  petals  3^ 
separate,  stamens  6,  stigmas  1-3,  ovary  3-celled;  fruit  a  1-6-seeded 
globose  berry. 

A  family  of  3  genera,  found  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

Smilax  L  i  n  n  e  1753 
(Greek  name  of  a  woody  climber) 

Vines,  with  tendril-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  tlie  petals ;  leaves 
alternate,  simple,  entire,  or  sometimes  lobed,  the  lower  ones  reduced  to 
scales,  veins  3-7;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  axillary  6-80-flowered  umbels; 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  separate,  3  each  ;  stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the 
sepals  and  petals,  staminate  flowers  without  a  pistil,  pistillate  flowers 
with  1-6  imperfect  stamens,  ovary  3-celled;  berry  globose,  black  or  bluish 
black. 

Propagation   by   seeds. 

A  genus  of  about  195  species,  widely  distributed,  but  especially  abun- 
dant in  tropical  America  and  Asia;  16  species  occur  in  the  United  States. 

Key  to  the  Species 

1.  Stem  not  prickly,  annual  and  herbaceous  S.   hcrbacea 

2.  Stem  prickly,  perennial  and  woody, 

(a)  Stem  very  prickly,  leaves  mostly  7-nerved  S.  hispida 

(b)  Stem    with    few    j^rickles,    leaves    mostly 

5-nerved  S.  rotiiudifolia 

Smilax  herbacea  Linne  1753     Carrion-flower 

S.  ptilverulenta  Michaux   1803 

Stem  2-8  ft.  high,  annual  but  more  or  less  Avoody,  arising  from  short 
thick  tubers ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  ovate  or  round,  the  margin  entire  or 
minutely  toothed,  tip  abruptly  sharp-pointed,  base  heart-shaped,  smooth 
and  green  above,  gray-downy  or  flaky  below,  thin,  veins  5-9,  5-15  cm. 
long,  4-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  3-8  cm.  long,  with  two  or  more  tendrils  at 
the  base;  umbels  15-80-flowered  on  peduncles  2-20  cm.  long,  flowers 
greenish,  ill-smelling,  6-8  mm.  wide,  on  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  berries 
bluish  black,  2-4-seeded,  6-8  mm.  diameter;  herbacea,  herb-like,  re- 
ferring to  the  annual  habit. 

Frequent  throughout  the  state,  especially  in  woodlands ;  New  Bruns- 
wick-Fla-Tex-Nebr-Saskatchewan. 

The  variety  e  c  i  r  r  h  a  t  a,  which  lacks  tendrils,  is  found  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state. 


SMILAX  301 

Smilax  hispida   M  u  h  1  e  n  b  e  r  g    1843     Prickly   Greenbriar 

Stem  high-climbing,  perennial  and  woody,  thickly  armed  as  a  rule 
with  long  slender  bristles;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate  or  rounded, 
margin  usually  fringed  with  minute  teeth,  or  entire,  tip  pointed,  base 
rounded  or  cordate,  smooth  above  and  below,  thin,  veins  7-9,  5-15  cm. 
long,  3-12  cm.  wide,  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  umbels  6-20-flowered  on 
peduncles  3-4  cm.  long,  flowers  greenish,  5  mm.  wide,  on  pedicels  5-10 
mm.  long;  berries  bluish  black,  5-6  mm.  diam. ;  hispida,  prickly,  re- 
ferring to  the  stem. 

Occasional  in  thickets  and  the  edges  of  woods  in  the  southern  half 
of  the  state ;  Ontario-Va-Tex-Nebr-Minn. 

Smilax  rotundifolia  L  i  n  n  e  1753     Greenbriar,  Catbriar 

Stem  high-climbing,  perennial  and  woody,  sparsely  armed  Avith  stout 
prickles,  arising  from  somewhat  tuberous  rootstocks ;  leaves  ovate  to 
nearly  round,  margin  entire  or  nearly  so,  tip  abruptly  short-pointed,  base 
rounded  or  cordate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  smooth  below,  thick,  veins 
5-7,  4-8  cm.  long,  3-8  cm.  wide,  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  tendrils  usually 
2-3;  umbels  2-10-flowered,  on  peduncles  1-2  cm.  long,  flowers  greenish, 
4-5  mm.  wide,  on  pedicels  1  cm.  long;  berries  bluish  black,  1-3-seeded, 
5-6  mm.  diam. ;  rotundifolia,  round-leaved. 

In  woods  along  streams  throughout  the  forest  district;  Ontario-Ga- 
Tex-Colo-Minn. 


Glossary 


Achene     A  dry  one-seeded  fruit 

Acrid  Sharp,  sour,  unpleasant  to  the 
taste 

Acuminate  Tapering  into  a  long- 
point 

Acute     Sharp-pointed 

Adherent  More  or  less  grown  to- 
gether 

Adnate     Grown  together 

Aerial     Growing  in   the   air 

Aggregate     Grouped    together 

Alternate  With  a  single  leaf  at  each 
point    of    attachment 

Anatropous  Turned  back  or  down- 
ward 

Annual  Lasting  only  one  growing 
season 

Anther  The  upper  part  of  the  sta- 
men   containing   the   pollen 

Apetalous     Without    petals 

Apex     Tip    or    upper    end 

Apocarpous  Having  or  consisting 
of    separate    carpels    or    pistils 

Apopetalous  Having  or  consisting 
of  separate  petals 

Appendaged  With  an  addition  or 
projection 

Appressed  Lying  close  to  or  against 
another  part 

Aquatic     Growing   in    the    water 

Aril  The  fleshy  often  bright-colored 
outer  coat  of  some  seeds 

Arilled     With   a  fleshy   outer  coat 

Aromatic     Spicy,   fragrant 

Ascending  Growing  obliquely  up- 
ward 

Astringent  Drawing  together,  hence 
puckering 

Auricle  An  appendage  more  or  less 
ear-like  in  shape 

Awl-shaped     More    or   less    spine-like 

Awn     A  slender  bristle-like   structure 

Awn-pointed     Tipped  with   an   awn 

Axil  The  angle  between  leaf  and 
stem 

Axillary     Borne  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf 


Axis  The  part  of  a  stem  or  branch 
which  bears  leaves,  flowers,  or  flow- 
er parts 

Barbed     Curved    like    a   fish-hook 

Basal     At  the  base  or  arising  from  it 

Beak  An  elongated  tapering  struc- 
ture 

Beaked     Bearing  a  beak 

Bearded  With  hairs  restricted  more 
or   less  to  a  definite  area 

Berry  A  fleshy  fruit  with  a  thin  skin 
or  soft  rind,  the  seeds  embedded  in 
pulp 

Bifoliate     Consisting    of    two    leaflets 

Bipinnate  With  two  sets  of  leaflets, 
primary   and   secondary 

Bipinnatifid  Pinnately  lobed,  with 
the    lobes    again    divided 

Biternate  With  three  divisions,  each 
subdivided  into  three  leaflets 

Blade     The  flat  part  of  a  leaf 

Boreal     Northern 

Boss     A   raised   knob    or    disk 

Bract  The  leaf  found  below  a  flow- 
er  or   flower    cluster 

Bracteole,  bractlet  A  small  leaf  or 
scale  on  the  pedicel  below  the  flow- 
er 

Bulb  A  short  stem  with  fleshy  scales, 
usually  below  ground 

Bulblet  A  small  bulb,  often  above 
ground 

Bulbous     Like   a   bulb;   bearing   bulbs 

Calcareous     Containing    much    lime 
Calyx     The     cup-     or     saucer-shaped 

outer    part    of    the    flower,    usually 

green 
Campanulate     Bell-shaped 
Cane     The    elongated    new    shoot    of 

bushes    and   shrubs 
Canescent     Gray  and  hoary 
Capitate     Head-like 
Capsule     A    dry    fruit    consisting    of 

two  or  more  carpels  or  pistils 


304 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Carpel  A  simple  pistil,  or  the  unit 
part  of  a  compound  pistil 

Cartilaginous  Firm  and  tough,  like 
cartilage 

Catkin  A  long  hanging  cluster  of 
flowers 

Cell  The  cavity  or  chamber  of  an 
ovary 

Chaffy  Applied  to  a  head  with  scales 
between  the  flowers,  as  in  the  sun- 
flower   head 

Ciliate     Margined  with  hairs 

Claw  The  narrowed  lower  part  of  a 
petal 

Cleft  Cut  about  halfway  to  the  mid- 
dle 

Coherent  United,  or  clinging  to- 
gether 

Compound  Consisting  of  two  or 
more    similar   parts   united 

Compound  leaf  Consisting  of  two  or 
more   leaflets 

Concrescent     Grown    together 

Cone  An  elongated  axis  bearing  sta- 
mens or  ovule-bearing  scales,  as  in 
the  pine 

Conifer  Cone-bearer,  as  in  the  pine, 
spruce   and  fir 

Connate     Grown   together  or  united 

Constricted     Narrowed  or  pinched 

Convolute     Rolled    up    lengthwise 

Cordate     Heart-shaped 

Coriaceous     Leathery    in    texture 

Corm  A  solid  bulb-like  organ,  as  in 
the  crocus 

Corolla  The  brightly  colored  part  of 
most  flowers,  just  within  the  green 
calyx 

Corymb  A  flat-topped  or  convex 
flower  cluster,  blooming  first  at  the 
edge 

Corymbose  Corymb-like;  arranged 
as  in  a  corymb 

Cotyledon     A    seed    leaf 

Creeping     Growing  along  the  ground 

Crenate  Scalloped;  with  rounded 
shallow    teeth 

Crenulate     Finelj^  crenate 

Cuneate     Wedge-shaped 

Cyme  A  flower  cluster  blooming 
from  the  apex  or  middle  first,  usu- 
ally   somewhat    flat 

Cymose     In    a    cyme;    cyme-like 

Cymule     A   small   cyme 

Deciduous     Falling  off,  usually  at  the 

close    of    the    season 
Declined     Bent   down 
Decumbent     The    lower    part    of    the 

stem   flat   on   the  ground 


Decurrent  Running  down  the  stem, 
as  the  bases  of  some  leaves 

Defiexed     Bent   down 

Dehisce     To    split    open 

Dehiscent  Splitting  open,  used  of 
pods,    etc. 

Deltoid     Delta-like,   triangular 

Dentate     Toothed 

Denticulate     With  small  teeth 

Depressed     Flattened    from    above 

Dichotomous     Two-forked 

Digitate  Resembling  the  fingers  of 
a  hand 

Dilated     Broadened 

Dimorphous   Of    two    forms 

Dioecious  Bear'ing  pistils  and  sta- 
mens  on  different  plants 

Disk  The  base  of  a  flower  to  which 
the  parts  are  attached;  the  center 
of   a   head 

Dissected  Cut  or  divided  into  nu- 
merous parts 

Divided  Lobed  nearly  or  quite  to 
the    base 

Drupe  A  fleshy  fruit  with  a  pit  or 
stone    such   as    the   plum 

Drupelet     A    small    drupe 

Elongated     Long,    drawn     out 

Emarginate     Indented  at  the  tip 

Embryo     The  young  plant  in   a   seed 

Endocarp  The  inner  wall  of  a  fruit, 
as  the  stone  of  a  plum 

Endosperm  The  food  supply  stored 
about  the  plantlet  in  many  seeds 

Entire  Without  teeth,  lobes  or  divi- 
sions 

Epidermal  The  outer  layer,  the  skin 
of  plants 

Epigynous  Applied  to  a  flower  with 
the  parts  upon  the  ovary 

Even-pinnate  With  all  the  leaflets 
paired 

Exfoliated     Split  off,  usually  in  scales 

Exocarp  The  outer  part  or  wall  of 
a  fruit 

Exserted  Projecting  beyond  the  sur- 
rounding   parts 

Exudation  Sap,  resin  or  milk  that 
has  oozed  out,  usually  dried 

Fascicle     A    cluster,    usually    dense 
Fascicled     Borne    in    dense   clusters 
Ferruginous     Rusty    or    rust-colored 
Fertile     Bearing  fruit;  bearing  pollen 
Fertilization     The    process    by    which 

pollen    changes    the    ovule    into    a 

seed 
Fetid     Ill-smelling 
Fibrous     Consisting  of  fibers;   woven 

in    texture 


GLOSSARY 


305 


Filament     The   stalk   bearing  the   an- 
ther 
Filiform     Thread-like 
Fimbriate     Fringed 
Flexible     Bending    readilj^ 
Flower     An   axis   bearing   stamens   or 

pistils    or    both,    and    usually     also 

sepals  and  petals 
Foliaceous     More    or   less    green    and 

leaf-like 
Follicle     A    dry    fruit    of    one    carpel, 

splitting   on    one   side    only 
Fruit     A  developing  or  ripened  ovary; 

often    also    the   axis    containing   the 

real    fruits 
Fungus     A  colorless  plant,  such  as  a 

mold    or   mushroom 

Gametophyte  The  structure  which 
produces  gametes  or  sex  cells 

Genus  A  group  of  related  species, 
as   the  elm  genus,  the  lilac  genus 

Gibbous     Sv^ollen 

Glabrate,   glabrous     Without   hairs 

Gland  x\  surface  or  structure  vv^hich 
produces  nectar,  resin,  oil,  etc,;  of- 
ten a  small  appendage  or  projec- 
tion 

Glandular  Bearing  glands,  or  gland- 
like 

Glaucescent  Somewhat  bluish  or 
whitish 

Glaucous  Covered  with  a  bloom,  a 
bluish    or   whitish   wax    coating 

Globose     Ball-like  or  nearly  so 

Globular     Ball-like 

Glume  The  small  scales  at  the  base 
of  grass  or  sedge  flower 

Glutinous     Sticky,  glue-like 

Grafting  The  artificial  union  of  two 
twigs  of  different  kinds 

Habitat     The    home    of    a   plant 
Hastate     Arrow-shaped,  but  with  the 

basal  lobes  diverging 
Head     A     dense     cluster,     of     sessile 

flowers    such    as    that    of    the    aster 

and    sunflower 
Herb     A     non-woody     plant,     which 

dies  annually,  at  least  down  to  the 

ground 
Herbaceous     Herb-like,   soft 
Hip     The    fleshy    ripened     receptacle 

of     a     rose,     containing     the     bony 

fruits 
Hirsute     With   somewhat   coarse   stiff 

hairs 
Hispid     With    stiff   bristly   hairs 
Hybrid     A    cross    between    two    dif- 
ferent  but  related  plants 


Hypogynous  Applied  to  a  flower 
with  the  other  parts  attached  be- 
low  the   ovary 

Imbricated  Overlapping  like  the 
shingles   of  a  roof 

Incised     Cut 

Included  Not  projecting  beyond  the 
other   parts 

Indehiscent  Applied  to  fruits  that 
do    not    split    to    let    out    the    seeds 

Inferior  Applied  to  an  organ  situated 
below  another  one,  especially  to  the 
ovary  when  below  the  other  flow- 
er parts 

Inflorescence     A    flower    cluster 

Infrastipular  Below  the  stipules  at 
the  base  of  a  leaf 

Integument  A  protective  layer  'or 
coat,  as  the  covering  of  an  ovule 
or    seed 

Internode  The  part  of  a  stem  be- 
tween two  joints,  often  itself  called 
a    "joint" 

Involucre  The  group  of  leaves  or 
scales  just  below  a  head  of  flowers, 
as  in  the  sunflower,  or  sometimes 
below  a   single   flower  or  cluster 

Involucral  Pertaining  to  the  in- 
volucre 

Irregular  Applied  to  a  flower  in 
which  the  petals  are  unlike 

Keel  The  two  fused  lower  petals  of 
the  flower  of  the  pea  family 

Keeled  Ridged,  like  the  keel  of  a 
boat 

Lacerate     Torn 

Laciniate     Torn  or  cut  into  a   fringe 

Lanceolate     Shaped  like  a  lance 

Leaflet  The  division  of  a  compound 
leaf 

Leaf-scar  The  scar  left  by  the  fall- 
ing of  the  leaf 

Legume  A  dry  fruit  of  one  carpel, 
splitting  on  two  sides,  as  in  pea 
and    bean    pods 

Lenticel  A  corky  projection  on  the 
bark 

Ligule  A  ribbon-shaped  corolla,  as 
in  the   rays   of  a  sunflower  head 

Ligulate     Strap-   or   ribbon-shaped 

Linear  Line-like,  long  and  narrow, 
with   the  sides   nearly  parallel 

Lip  The  upper  and  lower  halves  of 
an  irregular  corolla  or  calyx,  as  in 
the  snap-dragon;  the  irregular  pet- 
al  of   an   orchid 

Lobe     A   division   of   a   simple   leaf 


3o5 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Lobed  With  the  margin  more  or  less 

cut  or  divided 
Loculicidal     Applied    to    a    dry    fruit 

which     splits     between     the     cross 

walls 
Lustrous     Shining 

Membranous     Membrane-like,    papery 

Micropyle  The  opening  through 
which  the  pollen  tube  enters  the 
ovule 

Monoecious  Bearing  stamens  and 
pistils  in  different  flowers  of  the 
same  plant 

Monotypic  Used  of  a  genus  contain- 
ing  a    single   species 

Mucronate     With   a  sharp  point 

Nerve  One  of  the  lines  or  ridges 
running  through  a  leaf 

Net-veined  With  veins  running  in 
various  directions  and  connecting 
with   each   other 

Nodding     Hanging  on  a  bent  pedicel 

Node  The  part  of  the  stem  which 
normally  bears  a  leaf 

Nut  A  dry,  one-seeded,  indehiscent 
fruit  with  a  stony  shell  or  cover- 
ing 

Nutlet     A  diminutive  nut 

Ob-  A  prefix  meaning  reversed  or 
inverted 

Obcordate  Reverse  heart-shaped,  the 
tip   of   the  heart  downward 

Oblanceolate  Reversed  lance-shaped, 
the   tip   downward 

Oblique     Slanting,    uneven 

Oblong  About  twice  as  long  as 
broad,    the    sides   nearly   parallel 

Oblong-lanceolate  Broadly  lance- 
shaped 

Obovate  Reversed  egg-shaped,  the 
tip    downward 

Obtuse     Blunt 

Odd-pinnate  With  an  odd  or  un- 
paired leaflet  at  the  tip  of  a  com- 
pound leaf 

Opposite  Of  leaves,  directly  across 
from  each  other;  of  flower  parts,  in 
front  of 

Ovate,    ovoid     Egg-shaped 

Ovule  The  young  unfertilized  seed, 
as   found   in   the  flower 

Palmate     Like     the     fingers     of     the 

hands 
Panicle     A   compound   flower  cluster, 

the     lower     branches     longer     and 

blooming   first 


Paniculate     In   a   panicle 

Papilionaceous  Butterfly-like,  as  the 
flowers  of  the  pea  family 

Papillose     With  tiny  projections 

Pappus  The  bristles,  hairs,  awns, 
etc.,  found  on  the  tips  of  fruits  of 
dandelions,  aster,   sunflowers,  etc. 

Parasitic  Growing  upon  and  getting 
its  nourishment  from  some  other 
plant 

Parted     Deeply    cut 

Pedicel     The  stalk  of  a  single  flower 

Peduncle  The  stalk  of  a  flower  clus- 
ter or   of  a  solitary   flower 

Peltate  Shield-like,  the  stalk  attach- 
ed in  the  middle  below 

Pendent     Hanging 

Pendulous     Hanging 

Perennial     Lasting  from  year  to  year 

Perfect  A  flower  having  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils 

Perfoliate  Applied  to  leaves  which 
are  united  around  the  stem 

Perianth  The  term  applied  to  the 
calyx  and  corolla  when  they  are 
similar 

Pericarp  The  ripened  ovary;  the 
wall   of  the   fruit 

Perigynium  The  sack  enclosing  the 
ovary  or  fruit  in  the  sedges 

Perigynous  Applied  to  a  flower  in 
which  the  parts  form  a  cup  around 
the    ovary 

Persistent  Remaining  after  bloom- 
ing or  fruiting 

Petal  The  term  applied  to  the  parts 
of  the  corolla 

Petaloid     Petal-like,    brightly    colored 

Petiole     The  stalk  of  a  leaf 

Petiolule     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet 

Pinna  A  division  or  leaflet  of  a  pin- 
nate   leaf 

Pinnate  With  leaflets  on  both  sides 
of  a  common  stalk 

Pinnatifid  Pinnately  cleft  to  the 
middle   or   beyond 

Pistil  The  central  part  of  the  flow- 
er containing  the  j^oung  seeds 

Pistillate  With  pistils  but  without 
stamens 

Plumose     Plume-like   or  feathery 

Pod  A  dry  fruit  of  one  carpel,  split- 
ting  along  two  lines 

Pollen  The  dust-like  matter  found 
in    the    anther 

Polygamous  With  both  perfect  and 
imperfect,  staminate  or  pistillate, 
flowers 

Polygamo-dioecious  The  perfect  and 
imperfect  flowers  on  different  plants 


GLOSSARY 


307 


Polypetalous     With    separate    petals 

Pome  A  fleshy  fruit  with  a  core,  as 
the    apple 

Prickle  A  sharp  needle-like  out- 
growth of  the  bark 

Primary     Of  the  hrst  rank 

Propagation  The  process  by  which 
new  individuals  arise  or  are  pro- 
duced without  the  use  of  seed 

Puberulent,   puberulous     Finely   hairy 

Pubescent     Hairy 

Pungent     Sharp 

Pyriform     Pear-shaped 

Raceme  A  somewhat  elongated  axis 
bearing  flowers  with  about  equal 
pedicels 

Racemose     In  a  raceme 

Rachis  The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a 
compound    leaf 

Radiate     Like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel 

Ray  One  of  the  ribbon-like  flowers 
of  the  composites 

Receptacle  The  end  of  a  flower  stalk 
bearing  the  flower  parts,  or  in  the 
composites    bearing    the    flowers 

Recurved     Bent   back 

Refiexed     Bend  down  or  back 

Regular  Having  the  members  of 
each    part    alike    in    size    and    shape 

Reniform     Kidney-shaped 

Resinous,   resiniferous     Bearing    resin 

Reticulate     Net-like 

Reticulation  A  net-like  marking  or 
roughening 

Retrorse  Turned  downward  or  back- 
ward 

Revolute  With  the  margin  rolled 
back 

Rhizome  An  underground  root-like 
stem 

Rhomboid  More  or  less  diamond- 
shaped 

Rootstock     An    underground    stein 

Rostrate     Beaked 

Rotate  Flat  and  circular  in  outline; 
wheel-shaped 

Rudimentary     Imperfect;     beginning 

Rugose     Wrinkled,    roughened 

Salver-form,  salver-shaped  With  a 
slender  tube,  abrupt))'  widened  into 
a   flat   top 

Samara  A  winged  fruit,  as  in  the 
maple  and   elm 

Scabrate,     scabrous     Rough 

Scale     A   minute   leaf 

Scape  A  leafless  flower-bearing  stalk 
arising   from    the   ground 

Sclerenchyma  Hard  stone-like  tis- 
sue 


Scurfy     With  bran-like  scales 
Segment     A  part  or  division 
Segregated     Separated    from 
Semiherbaceous     Partly  herbaceous 
Sepal     One    of    the    outer    circle    of 

flower  parts,   usually   green,   a   divi- 
sion   of   the   calyx 
Septicidal     Splitting  through  or  along 

the  septa  or  cross  partitions  of  the 

fruit 
Serrate     With   teeth   as   in   a  saw 
Serrulate     Finely    saw-toothed 
Serration     A   tooth 
Sessile     Not    stalked;    seated 
Sheath     The    part    of    a    leaf    or    leaf 

base   which    clasps   or   encloses   the 

stem 
Shrub     A    woody    plant,    usually    less 

than    20    feet    tall 
Simple     Consisting    of    one    part,    not 

compound 
Sinuate     With    wavy   margin 
Sinuous   Wavy,    twisted 
Sinus     A   notch   or  bay 
Spadix     A  fleshy  axis  bearing  sessile 

flowers 
Spathe     A  leaf-like  structure  more  or 

less    enclosing    a    flower    cluster 
Spatulate     Spoon-shaped,   shaped  like 

a   spatula 
Species     A  group  of  like  individuals, 

as   white  pine,  bur  oak,  etc. 
Spherical     Ball-shaped 
Spike     An  elongated  axis  bearing  ses- 
sile   flowers 
Spikelet     A  small  few-flowered  spike, 

the    flower    cluster    of    grasses    and 

sedges 
Spine     A  sharp  woody  outgrowth  of 

the    stem,    a    reduced    leaf 
Sporangium     A     spore-bearing     sack 

or  structure 
Spray     A    feathery    branch 
Spur     A    hollow    projection    from    a 

sepal    or  petal 
Stamen     The  part  of  the  flower  which 

bears   the  pollen 
Staminate     With    stamens    but    with- 
out pistils 
Staminoid     A  stamen  which  no  long- 
er  produces  pollen 
Standard     The    large    upper    petal    of 

the  flower  of  the  pea  family 
Stellate     Star-shaped 
Sterile     Not  producing  seed;   without 

pollen 
Stigma     The    tip    of   the    pistil    which 

receives    the   pollen 
Stipule       A  leaf-like  part  at  the  base 

of  the    stalk    of   the   leaf 


3o8 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Stipulate     With    stipules 
Strap-shaped     Long    and    narrow    in 

outline 
Stratified     Used  of  seeds   germinated 

artificially   in   layers 
Striate     Marked    with     parallel     lines 
Stoloniferous     With  runners,  or  with 

runner-like   branches 
Style     The   pin-like    extension    of   the 

pistil,   bearing  the   stigma  at  its   tip 
Stylopodium     A    disk-like     expansion 

at  the  base   of  the   style,   as   in   the 

carrot  family 
Subcordate     Somewhat    heart-shaped 
Submerged     Under    water 
Subsessile     Nearly  sessile 
Subtend     To  stand  below  on  the  axis 
Sucker     A  shoot  arising  from  an  un- 
derground   bud 
Superior     Applied    to    a    part    placed 

above  another  part 
Sympetalous     Having     or     consisting 

of  united  petals 
Syncarpous     With   united  carpels 

Teeth  The  regular  projections  along 
the  leaf  margin 

Tendril     A  slender  coiling  holdfast 

Ternate     Of   three    leaflets 

Terrestrial  On  the  ground,  not 
water-dwelling 

Thorn  A  reduced  sharp-pointed 
branch 

Thyrse  A  dense  much-branched  flow- 
er cluster 

Tomentum     A    dense    layer    of    hairs 

Tomentose  With  a  dense  mat  of 
hairs 

Trailing     Creeping  along  the   ground 

Tribe  A  group  of  genera  within  the 
family 


Trifoliate     With    three    leaflets 
Truncate     Cut  of?  squarely 
Tuberous     With  a  tuber  or  with  large 

swollen   roots 
Tubular     Like  a  tube 
Tundra     An  arctic  meadow  or  marsh 
Twice-compound     With    two    sets    or 

ranks    of   leaflets 
Twining     Winding    spirally    about    a 

support 
Two-ranked     In   two    rows 

Umbel     A  flower-cluster  with  all  the 
pedicels  arising  from  the  same  point 
Umbellate     Borne   in  umbels 
Unarmed     Without  spines,  thorns,  or 
prickles 

Valve  One  of  the  portions  into 
which  some  dry  fruits  split;  a 
trapdoor-like  opening  in  the  pollen 
chambers    of    some    anthers 

Verticillate     Three  or  more  in  a  circle 

Vestigial  Reduced  almost  to  disap- 
pearence 

Villous  With  long  soft  hairs  not 
matted  together 

Webby     With  a  tuft  of  slender,  curly 

hairs 
Weft     A  tuft  of  hair 
Whorl     A    group    of    three    or    more 

similar   organs,   as  leaves,  radiating 

from  the   place   of  attachment 
Whorled     Borne   in   a   whorl 
Wing     One  of  the  two  lateral  petals 

of  the  Pea  family 

Zygomorphic  Applied  to  a  flower 
with  petals  of  different  form 


Index 


The   lirst   number  is   regularly  the   page  of  the   description,   the   second  number   the 
page  of  the  illustration.   Synonyms  are   in  italics. 


Abies,  20,  21 

balsamea,  22,  21 
concolor,  23 
Menziesii   var.    Parry- 
ana,   26 

Abietineae,  19,  21 

Acer,  219,  223,  226 
negundo,   227,  226 
nigrum,  224,  223 
platanoides,  222,  223 
rubrum,  225,  226 
saccharinum,    225,  226 
saccharum,   224,    226 
spicatum,     220,      221, 
223 
tataricum,    222,    223 

Aceraceae,  219 

Aesculus,  216 

glabra,  219,  218 
Hippocastanum,    217 

Ailanthus,   83 

glandulosa,  83,   84 

Ailanthus   Family,   83 

Alder,  254 

Alnus,  254,  255 

alnobettda,   254 
crispa,   254,  255 
incana,  256,  255 

Almond    Willow,   67 

Amelanchier,  150,  152 
alnifolia,   153 
canadensis,    151,    152 
oblongifolia,   151,    152 
oligocarpa,    153,    152 
rotiiiidifolia,   153 
spicata,   153,    152 
spicata,   151 

American  Bladdernut,  216 
Elm,   76 
Hornbeam,   244 
Larch,  29 
Laurel,   89 
Linden,  72 
Mountain   Ash,    148 
Yew,    41 

Amorpha,    177,   178 
fruticosa,    178 


canescens,  179,  178 

microphylla,    179 

nana,    179,   178 
Ampelopsis       Engelmanii, 

207 

quiiiqiiefolia.   205 
Anacardiaceae,   227 
Andromeda,  92,  93 

glaucophylla,  92 
Angiospermae,  44 
Apple,  162 
Arctostaphylos,   94,   93 

Uva-ursi,  94 
Arbor  vitae,  35 
Aronia,  153 

nigra,   154,   147 
Arrowwood,    284 
Artemisia,  297 

frigida,  297-298 
Aspen,  56 
Asterales,  297 
Aster  Order,  297 
Airagene  americana,  46 
Austrian    Brier,    144 

Pine,  34 

Bailey's   Dogwood,  273 
Balsam,  22,  59 
Balsam  Fir,  22 

Poplar,  59 

Willow,  64 
Barberry,  48 
Barberry  Family,  48 
Basilima    sorbifolia,    132 
Basswood,  70,  72 
Bayberry    Family,    268 
Beak  Willow,  70 
Beaked   Hazel-nut,  243 
Bearberry,  94 
Bee    Tree,    72 
Beech  Family,  256 
Berberidaceae,  48 
Berberis,   48 

Thunbergii,    50,    49 

vulgaris,  49 
Betula,  246,  248,  251,  253 

alba,   249 


var.    papyrifera,   247 

lutea,   250,   251 
nigra,  250,  251 

papyrifera,  247,  248 

pumila,  252,  253 

var.  glandulifera,  254 

populifolia      var.      la- 

ciniata,   249 

Sandbergii,    252,    253 

verrucosa,  249,  248 
Betulaceae,  240 
Bignonia    caialpa,    116 
Bignoniaceae,    116 
Bilberry,    99 
Birch,   246 
Birch  Family,  240 
Bitternut,   240 
Bittersweet    Family,     194 
Bittersweet    Order,    194 
Black  Alder,  214 

Ash,    111 
Blackberry,   121,   126 
Black   Chokeberry,   154 

Haw,    284 

Oak,  260,  261 

Raspberry,    123 

Spruce,   27 

Sugar    Maple,   224 

Walnut,   235 

Willow,  67 
Bladdernut,    215 
Bladdernut    Family,    215 
Blue   Ash,    110 
Blue    Beech,    244 
Blueberry,    100,    102 
Bog  Wil'low,  64 
Boston   Ivy,  205 
Box    Elder,   227 
Bramble,  121 
Bridal   Wreath,    129 
Bristly   Locust,   177 
Buckeye,  216 
Buckthorn,    197,    198 
Buckthorn    Family,    197 
Buffalo-berry,  213 
Buffalo    Currant,    192 
Burning    Bush,    195 


310 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Bur   Oak,  264 
Buttercup    Family,    46 
Buttercup    Order,    44 
Butternut,   235 
Buttonbush,    277 

Cabbage    Rose,    145 
Cabinet   Cherry,    164 
Canada  Plum,  166 
Canadian     Buffalo     Berry, 

212 
Canoe   Birch,  247 
Caprifoliaceae,   277 
Caragana,    179,    180 
arborescens,    180 
digitata,   181,   180 
Carrion-flower,  300 
Carrot   Order,  270 
Carpinus,  243 

caroliniana,     244 
Carya,  238,  239 

cordiformis,    240,   239 
ovata,  238,  239 
Caryophyllales,   51 
Catalpa,   116,  117 

bignonioides,    116 
catalpa,    116,    117 
speciosa,    118,    117 
Catalpa   Family,    116 
Catbriar,   301 
Ceanothus,    199 

americanus,    199,    200 
ovatus,  201,  200 
Celastraceae,   194 
Celastrales,    194 
Celastrus,   195 

scandens,    196 
Celtis,   77 

occidentalis,    77,    78 
Cephalanthus,    276 

occidentalis,    277,    276 
Chamaedaphne,    91 
calyculata,   92 
Checkerberry,   93 
Chimaphila,    86 
maculata,  87 
umbellata,  86,  87 
Chinquapin    Oak,    267 
Chiogenes,  95,  96 
hispidula,  95 
Chionanthus,    115,   114 

virginica,    115 
Chokeberry,    153 
Choke   Cherry,    164 
Cinnamon  Rose,  141 
Cinquefoil,    119 
Clematis,  46,  48 

paniculata,  48,  47 
verticillaris,  46,  45 
virginiana,  47 


Climbing    Bittersweet,    196 

Cockspur  Thorn,   159 

Colorado   Blue   Spruce,  26 

Common    Elder,  279 
Juniper,   40 
Lilac,    112 
Locust,   176 
Tamarisk,    53 

Compositae,  297 

Composite  Family,  297 

Comptonia,   269 

peregrina,  270,  269 

Coniferales,   19 

Cordate   Willow,   64 

Cork   Elm,  74 

Cornaceae,  270 

Cornus,  270,  272 

alternifolia,    275,    272 
Amomum,  271,   272 
Baileyi,    273,    272 
circinata,    271,    272 
paniculata,    273,    272 
stolonifera,    274 

Corylus,  241,  242 
americana,   242 
rostrata,    243,   242 

Cottonwood,    56 

Crataegus,    154,    156,    158 
Chapmani     var.     Pln- 
heneiii,    158 
Crus-Galli,    159,    156 
macracantha,  157,  156 
var.    succulenta,    157 
mollis,    155,    156 
punctata,    158 
rotundifolia,     157,  156 
tomentosa,    158 

Creeping    Snowberry,    95 

Crowberry,   105 

Crowberry    Family,    195 

Cultivated    Snowberry,  286 

Cupressineae,    35,    20,    36 

Cut  Leaf  Birch,  249 
Sumac,    230 

Cucumber    Tree,    45 

Cydonia,    146 

japonica,    146,    147 

Cypress  Tribe,  35,  20 

Dasiphora    jruticosa,     120 
Dewberry,    124 
DierviUa,   294,   296 

florida,   296 

Lonicera,     294,     295, 

296 
Dirca,   208 

palustris,    208 
Dogberry,    186 
Dogwood,  273,  275 
Dogwood    Family,   270 


Douglas    P^ir,   23 

Spruce,    23 
Dwarf    Alder,    199 

Bilberrv,    99 

Birch,  252 

Plum,    168 

Savin,  40 

Willow,   68 

Elaeagnaceae,   209 
Elaeagnus,  209 

angustifolia,   211,    210 

argentea,  211,   210 
Elder,   278 
Elm,   73 

Elm  Family,  73 
Empetraceae,    105 
Empetrum,    105 

nigrum,  105 
English  Elm,  76 
Epigaea,    90 

repens,  91 
Ericaceae,   84 
Ericales,   84 
Euonymus,    195 

atropurpureus,        195, 

196 
European    Barberry,  49 

Gooseberry,     186 

Linden,    72 

White   Birch,  249 

Fagaceae,    256 
False   Acacia,    176 

Indigo,    178 
Fetid  Buckeye,  219 

Currant,  190 
Fir,  20 

Fir    Tribe,    19 
Fivefinger,    119 
Flowering  Almond,   170 

Crab,   160 

Plum,   171 
Forsythia,    113 

suspensa,  113,  114 

viridissima,    113,    114 
Fragrant      False      Indigo, 

179 
Frost  Grape,  203 
Fraxinus,    107,    109 

amei;icana,    108,    109 

lanceolata,    110,    109 

nigra.    111,    109 

pennsilvanica,         108, 

109 

lanceolata,    110 

quadrangulata,       110, 

109 

viridis,    110 
Fringe  Tree,   115 


INDEX 


311 


Garden  Roses,  146 
Garden    Syringa,    183 
CJaultheria,    93 

procumbens,    93 
Gaylussacia,  95,  96 

baccata,    96 
Gentianales,   107 
Gentian    Order,    107 
Geraniales,  80 
Geranium  Order,   SO 
Ginkgo,  44,  43 

biloba,  44 
Ginkgoaceae,  43 
Ginkgoales,   43 
Ginkgo    Family,   43 
Ginkgo  Order,  43 
Glandular    Thorn,    157 
Gleditsia,    173 

triacanthos,    175,    174 
Glossy   Willow,   63 
Golden    Currant,    192 
Grape    Family,    201 
Green    Alder,    254 

Ash,    110 

Briar,   301 
Guelder  Rose,  282 
Gymnocladus,    172 

dioica,    173 
Gymnospermae,    19 

Hackberry,   77 

Hairy   Lilac,    112 

Hamamelidaceae,    193 

Hamamelis,    193 

virginiana,     193,     194 

Hardback,    132 

Hard    Maple,    224 

Hardy   Catalpa,    118 

Hazelnut,  242 

Heath    Family,   84 

Heath    Order,    84 

Hemlock,    24 

Hickory,  238 
Hicoria,    238 

minima,   240 
ovata,  238 
Highbush    Cranberry,   282 
Hoary  Alder,  256 

Willow,    68 
Holly   Family,   213 
Honey   Locust,   175 
Honeysuckle,   286 
Honeysuckle    Family,    277 
Hop    Hornbeam,  246 
Hop-tree,  82 
Hornbeam,   243 
Horse   Chestnut,   216,   217 
Huckleberry,    96 
Huntingdon    Willow,    67 


Hydrangea,    183,    184,    185 
arborescens,     184 
paniculata,    185,    184 

Ilex,  213 

verticillata,    214 
Ilicaceae,   213 
Indian    Bean,    116 
Iron  wood,  246 

Jack  Pine,  35 

Juglandaceae,   232 

Juglans,  232 

cinerea,  235,  233,  234 
nigra,   235,   236,   237 

June-berry,    150 

Juniper,  40 

Juniperus,   40,   36 

communis,   40,  36,  39 
sibirica,    41 
nana,  41 

sabina     var.     procum- 
bens, 40 
•virginiana,   3?> 

Kalmia,  89,  88 

polifolia,    90 
Kentucky    Coffee-tree,    173 
Kinnikinnik,    271,    274 

Labrador  tea,  88 
Larch,  28,  29 
Large    Cranberry,    104 
Large-flowered        Syringa, 

182 
Large-fruited    Thorn,    158 
Larix,   28,   21 

americana,  29 

decidua,   29 

eiiropaea,    29 

laricina,  29,  21 

Larix,  29 
Lead-plant,    179 
Leatherwood,    208 
Leatherwood    Family,   207 
Ledum,  87,  88 

groenlandicum,    88 
Leguminosae,    171 
Lepargyraca  argentca    213 

canadensis,    212 
Ligustrum,    115,    114 

vulgare,    115 
Lilac,    111 
Liliales,   298 
Lily   Order,  298 
Lime   Tree,    72 
Linden,    70 
Linden    Family,    70 
Lombardy    Poplar,    57 
Longleaf  Willow,   61 


Long-spined    Thorn,    157 
Lonicera,  286,   288,  291 
canadensis,    292,    291 
ciliata,  292 
coerulea,   293,   291 
dioica,  289,  288 
glaiica,  289 
glaucescens,   289 
glauccscens,    289 
hirsuta,  290,  288 
Morrowi,   293,   291 
oblongifolia,  290,   291 
parviflora,   289 
sempervirens,  287,  288 
tatarica,   292,  291 
Lycium,   106 

vulgare,    106 

Madder  Family,  275 
Madder  Order,  275 
Magnolia,   45 

acuminata,  45 
Magnoliaceae,  44 
Magnolia    Family,   44 
Maiden-hair   Tree,  44 
Mallow    Order,    70 
Malus,    159,    161 

baccata,   160,   161 
floribunda,    160 
ioensis,    162,    161 
Malus,    162 
silvestris,    162,     161 
Soulardi,    162 
Malvales,    70 
Maple,   219 
Maple   Family,   219 
Maple    Order,   215 
Matrimony   Vine,    106 
Meadow    Sweet,    130 
Menispennaceae,    50 
Menispermum,   50 
canadense,    51 
Menziesia,   89 

glabella,  89 
Missouri    Goosberry,    ISS 
Mock   Orange,    181,    183 
Moonseed,    50,    51 
Moonseed    Family,   50 
Moosewood,    208 
Moraceae,  77 
Morello   Cherry,    168 
2\Iorus,   79,   78 
alba,   80,    78 
rubra,   79,  78 
Mountain    Alder,   254 
Ash,    147 
Cranberry,     102 
Maple,   220,   221 
Pine,    34 
Sage,  297 


31- 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Mugho   Pine,  34 
Mulberry,    79 
Mulberry    Family,    77 
Myrica,    268 

asplenifolia,    270 

Gale,    268,   269 
Myricaceae,    268 

Narrow-leaf    Cottonwood, 

57 
Newcastle  Thorn,   159 
New  Jersey  Tea,    199 
Ninebark,   127 
Northern    Black    Currant, 

191 

Fox-grape,  203 

Gooseberry,    188 

Pin-oak,    261 
Norway    Maple,   222 

Pine,  ZZ 

Spruce,  28 

Oak,  257 

Ohio   Buckeye,   279 
Oleaceae,    107 
Oleaster    Family,   209 
Olive   Family,   107 
Opulasier  opiiUfolins,    127 
Osier  Willow,  68 
Ostrya,  245 

virginiana,    246,    244, 

245 
Oxycoccus       macrocarpits, 

104 

Oxycoccus,     103 

palustris,    103 

Paper  Birch,  247 

Parthenocissus,    203,    206 
Engelmannii,    207 
quinquefolia,  205,  206 
Saint    Paulii,   207 
tricuspidata,   205,   206 
vitacea,   207,   206 

Pea   Family,    171 

Pear   Haw,    15S 

Pear-thorn,    158 

Pembina,  282 

Persian    Lilac,    112 

Philadelphus,   181,   182 
coronarius,    183,    182 
grandiflorus,    182 

Phlox  Order,  106 

Physocarpus,    127 

opulifolius,     127,     128 
intermedins,    128 

Picea,  25,  21 
Abies,    28 
alba,   26 
canadensis,    26 


excelsa,    28 
mariana,   27,   21 
nigra,    27 
Parryana,   26 
pungens,    26 

Pin    Cherry,    168 

Pinaceae,    19 

Pine,  30 

Pine    Family,    19 

Pine  Order,   19 

Pink  Order,  51 

Pinus,  30,  31 

banksiana,  35,   21,   31 
divaricaia,   35 
Laricio,    34 

austriaca,   34,  31 
montana,  34,  31 
Mughus,   34 
resinosa,   33,   31 
silvestris,  33,  31 
Strobus,   32,   21,  31 

Pipsissewa,    86 

Poison    Ivy,    231 
Oak,   230,    231 
Sumac,  230 

Polemoniales,    106 

Populus,  S3,  55,  58 
alba,   54,   55 
angustifolia,    5'/,    58 
balsamifera,    59,   58 

candicans,   58 
deltoides,  56,  55 
grandidentata,    56,    55 
nigra   italica,   57,    58 
tremuloides,   56,   55 

Potato    Family,    106 

Potentilla,    119 
fruticosa,    120 

Prairie    Rose,    136 
Wild    Rose,    138 
Willow,    70 

Prickly  Ash,  81 

Gooseberry,   186 
Greenbriar,  301 

Prim,    115 

Privet,    115 

Prunus,     163,      165,      167, 
169,    171 

americana,  166,  167 
Besseyi,  170,  167 
Cerasus,  168,  169 
japonic  a,  170,  171 
serotina,  164,  165 
nigra,  166,  169 
pennsylvanica  168, 

169 

pumila,    168,    167 
triloba,    171 
virginiana,    164,    165 

Pscdera    quinquefolia,   205 


I'seudotsuga,  23,  21 

Douglasii,   23 

f)i7icronata,  23 

taxifolia,  23,   21 
Ptelea,    82 

trifoliata,   82 
Pulse  Family,   171 
Purple  Virgin's  Bower,  46 
Purple    Willow,   63 
Pussy  Willow,   66 
Pyrus    americana,    148 

aucuparia,    1 50 

haccata,    160 

ioensis,   162 

nigra,     154 

floribunda,    160    . 

Malus,    162 

sambucifolia,   148 

sitchcjisis,     148 

Quaking  Asp,  56 

Quercus,   257,   264 
alba,    263,    264 
bicolor,  266,  264 
coccinea,   262,   261 
ellipsoidalis,    261 
macrocarpa,  264,  257, 
265 

platanoides,   266 
prinoides,  267,  264 
rubra,    258,    259 
tincioria,   260 
velutina,  260,  259 

Quince,    146 

Rambler  Rose,   136 
Ranales,    44 
Ranunculaceae,    46 
Raspberry,    121 
Red    Ash,    108 
Red-berried    Elder,    278 
Red    Birch,   250 

Cedar,  38 

Currant,    191 

Elm,    74 
Red-fruited  Thorn,    155 

Maple,  225 

Mulberrv,    79 

Oak,  258 
Red-osier    Dogwood,   274 

Pine,  2,7> 

Raspberry,    123 
Rhamnaceae,     197 
Rhamnus,    197 

alnifolia,    199,    198 

cathartica,    198 
Rhus,  227,  229 

glabra,  230,  229 
laciniata,    230 

hirta,  228 


INDEX 


313 


radicans,  231 
toxicodendron,        231, 
229 

radicans,   232 
typhina,  228,  229 
laciniata,    230 
vernix,  230,  231 
Ribes,    185,   187,   189 
aureum,    192 
Cynosbati,    186,    187 
floridum,   192,   187 
gracile,    188,    187 
grossularia,    186,    187 
hudsonianum,  191, 

189 

lacustre,   190,  192 
inissouricnse,    188 
oxyacanthoides,       188, 
187 

prostratum,    190,    189 
rubrum,   190,   191 
triste,    190,    189 
uva-crispa,     186 
vulgare,   191,   189 
River-bank   Grape,   203 

Birch,  250 
Robinia,    175 

hispida,   177,    176 
pseud-acacia,    176 
Rock    Elm,   74 
Rosa,    134 

acicularis,    137,    139 
arkansana,    138,    137 
blanda,    138,    137 
centifolia,    145 
cinnamomea,    141 
eglanteria,     144 
Engelmanni,    139 
Fendleri,    140 
foetida,    144,    143 
gallica,    145,    143 
multiflora,   136,   143 
pratincola,  138 
rubiginosa,    142,    143 
rugosa,    142,    143 
Sayi,   139 
setigera,   136,   143 
spinosissima,  144,   143 
Woodsii,   140,   137 
Rosaceae,   118 
Resales,  118 
Rose,    134,   145 
Rose  Acacia,   177 
Rose  Family,  118 
Rose   Order,  118 
Round-leaved       Dogwood, 

271 
Rowan  Tree,  150 
Rubiaceae,  275 
Rubiales,   275 


Rubus,   121,  124,   125 

allegheniensis,         126, 
124 

amabilis,  126 
canadensis,    126,    124 
canadensis,    124 
idaeus,    123 

aculeatissimus, 
123 
nigrobaccus,    126 
nutkantis,    122 
occidentalis,    123,    125 
parviflorus,    122 
prociunbens,    124 
strigosus,    123,    125 
villosus,   124,   125 
villosus,    126 

Rue   Family,  80 

Russian   Mulberry,  80 

Rum    Cherry,    164 

Russian  Olive,  211 

Rutaceae,  80 

Sabina,  38,  36 

horizontalis,    40,     39 
prostraia,   40 
virginiana,  38,   36,   37 
Sage-brush,    297 
Salicaceae,     53 
Salisburia    adianiifoUa,   44 
Salix,  59,  62,  65,  69 
alba,  67,  69 
amygdaloides,    67,    65 
babylonica,   63,  62 
balsamifera,   64,    65 
bebbiana,    70 
Candida,  68,  69 
cordata,  64,  62 
discolor,    66,    65 
fluviatilis,    61,    62 
humilis,   70,   69 
longifolia,  61 
lucida,   63,    62 
myrtilloides,   64,   62 
nigra,  67,   65 
petiolaris,   66,    65 
purpurea,  63,  62 
rostrata,    70,    69 
sericea,   66,    65 
tristis,  68,  69 
viminalis,  68,  69 

Salmon    Berry,    122 

Sambucus,  278,  279 
canadensis,    279 
pubens,   278 
racemosa,  278,  279 

Sandbar    Willow,   61 

Sand   Cherry,   168 

Sapindaceae,   216 

Sapindales,    215 


Savin,   38 
Saxifragaceae,    181 
Saxifrage    Family,    181 
Scarlet   Oak,   262 
Quince,   146 
Sumac,  230 
Scotch   Fir,   ZZ 
Pine,  ZZ 
Rose,   144 
Scrophulariales,   116 
Service-berry,   150,   151 
Shadbush,  151 
Shagbark    Hickory,    238 
Shellbark   Hickory,  238 
Shepherdia,  211,  212 
argentea,  213,   212 
canadensis,    212 
Shrubby    Bittersweet,    196 
Cinquefoil,   120 
Trefoil,  82 
Shoestrings,    179 
Siberian    Crab,    160 
Lilac,    112 
Pea-tree,    ISO 
Silkv   Cornel,  271 

Willow,    66 
Silver-berrv,    211 
Leaf,  54 
Maple,  225 
Simarubaceae,   83 
Slender   Willow,    66 
Slippery  Elm,  74 
Small  Cranberry,  103 
Smaller    Redroot,  201 
Smilacaceae,   298 
Smilax,   300,   299 

herbacea,   300,    299 
hispida,  301,  299 
pidverulcnta,    300 
rotundifolia,   301,   299 
Smilax   Family,   298 
Smooth    Gooseberry,    188 

Wild    Rose,    138 
Snapdragon    Order,    116 
Snowberry,  284,  286 
Soapberry   Family,    216 
Soft  Maple,  225 
Solanaceae,    106 
Sorbaria,    132 

sorbifolia,   132,   133 
Sorbus,    147 

americana,    148,    149 
aucuparia,    150,    149 
sambucifolia,    148,  149 
Soulard's   Crab   Apple,  162 
Sour  Cherrv,   168 
Speckled   Alder,  256 
Spiraea,   130,  131 

arguta,    130,    133 
Bumalda,     130,    131 


314 


MINNESOTA  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Anthony     Water- 
er,    130 
opuli  folia,    127 
salicifolia,   130,    121 
sorbijoUa,    132 
tomentosa,    132,    131 
Van  Houttei,  129,  131 

Spruce,  25 

Squash  Berry,  282 

Staghorn   Sumac,  228 

Staphvlea,   215 

trifolia,    216,   215 

Staphyleaceae,   215 

Steeple    Bush,    132 

Sugar   Maple,   224 

Sumac,  227 

Sumac    Family,   227 

Swamp    Hickory,    240 
Maple,    225 
Gooseberry,     190 
Laurel,  90, 
White  Oak,  266 

Symphoricarpus,   284,    285 
occidentalis,   285 
racemosus,  286,  285 
levigatus,    286 
pauciflorus,   286 

Syringa,   111,   181 
amurensis,    112 
persica,    112 
villosa,    112 
vulgaris,    112,    114 

Tamarack,  28,  29 
Tamaricaceae,    51 
Tamarisk,  52 
Tamarisk    Family,   51 
Tamarix,    52 

gallica,    S3,    52 
Tatarian  honeysuckle,   292 

Maple,    222 
Taxaceae,  41 
Taxus,   41 

baccala  var.  minor,  41 

canadensis,    41,    42 
Thimble   Berry,    122 


Thuja,  35,  36 

occidentalis,   35,    36 
Thymelaeaceae,  207 
Tilia,  70 

americana,  72,  71 

europaea,  72,  71 
Tiliaceae,   70 
Toothache  Tree,  81 
Toothed   Aspen,   56 
Trailing    Arbutus,    91 
Tree-of-Heaven,    83 
Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  287 
Tsuga,  24,   21 

canadensis,    24,    21 
Twin   Honeysuckle,   292 

Ulmaceae,    73 

Ulmus,  73,  75 

americana,  76,  75 
campestris,    76,    75 
fulva,  74,   75 
racemosa,   74,   75 

Umbellales,   270 

Upland   Sumac,  230 

Vaccinium,    97 

caespitosum,    99,    98 
canadense,    102,     101 
macrocarpum,    104 
Oxycoccus,    103,    104 
pennsylvanicum,     100, 
101 

nigrum,    102 
uliginosum,  99,  98 
Vitis-idaea,     var.     mi- 
nus,   102 

Viburnum,   280 

americanum,   282,   281 

Lantana,  283 

Lentago,  284,  281 

Opulus     var.     sterilis, 

282 

pauciflorum,   282,    281 

pubescens,  284,  283 

"\'irginia    Creeper,    205 
Virgin's    Bower,   47 
Winter-berrj',    214 


Virgin's   Bower,  46,   203 

Mtaceae,  201 

Vitis,  202 

Labrusca,   203,    202 
vulpina,   203,  202 

Wahoo,   195 
Walnut  Family,  232 
Water   Ash,    111 
Wayfaring   Tree,   283 
Weigela,    296 

rosea,  296 
Western     Mountain     Ash, 

148 
White   Ash,   108 

Cedar,  35 

Elm,  76 

Mulberrv,   80 

Oak,  263 

Pine,  32 

Poplar,    54 

Spruce,  26 

Walnut,    235 

Willow,  67 
Wild    Black    Cherry,    164 

Currant,    192 

Crabapple,    162 

Hydrangea,    184 

Plum,     166 

Red   Cherry,    168 
Raspberry,   123 
Willow    Family,    53 
Wintergreen,    93 
Witch-hazel,     193 
Witch-hazel   Family,    193 
Wolfberry,    285 
Woodbine,   203,   204,   205 
^Vormwood,    297 

Xanthoxylum,   80 
americanum,   81 

Vellow   Birch,  250 

Yew,  41 

Yew   Family,   41 


